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Cell Communication Review Figure 11.4 Plasma membranes Gap junctions between animal cells (a) Cell junctions (b) Cell-cell recognition Plasmodesmata between plant cells Figure 11.5a Local signaling Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter. Target cell Secreting cell Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid. (a) Paracrine signaling Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse. Secretory vesicle Target cell is stimulated. (b) Synaptic signaling Figure 11.5b Long-distance signaling Endocrine cell Blood vessel Hormone travels in bloodstream. Target cell specifically binds hormone. (c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling Figure 11.6-1 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception Receptor Signaling molecule CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Figure 11.6-2 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane 2 Transduction Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule Figure 11.6-3 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Activation of cellular response Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule Figure 11.7a Signaling molecule binding site Segment that interacts with G proteins G protein-coupled receptor Figure 11.7b G protein-coupled receptor Plasma membrane Activated receptor 1 Inactive enzyme GTP GDP GDP CYTOPLASM Signaling molecule Enzyme G protein (inactive) 2 GDP GTP Activated enzyme GTP GDP Pi 3 Cellular response 4 Figure 11.7c Signaling molecule (ligand) Ligand-binding site helix in the membrane Signaling molecule Tyrosines CYTOPLASM Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Receptor tyrosine kinase proteins (inactive monomers) 1 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Dimer 2 Activated relay proteins 3 Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P 6 ATP Activated tyrosine kinase regions (unphosphorylated dimer) 6 ADP Fully activated receptor tyrosine kinase (phosphorylated dimer) 4 Inactive relay proteins Cellular response 1 Cellular response 2 Figure 11.7d 1 Signaling molecule (ligand) 3 2 Gate closed Ions Plasma Ligand-gated membrane ion channel receptor Gate closed Gate open Cellular response Figure 11.9-1 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-2 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-3 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-4 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-5 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM New protein Figure 11.10 Signaling molecule Receptor Activated relay molecule Inactive protein kinase 1 Active protein kinase 1 Inactive protein kinase 2 ATP ADP P Active protein kinase 2 PP Pi Inactive protein kinase 3 ATP ADP Pi Active protein kinase 3 PP Inactive protein P ATP P ADP PP Pi Active protein Cellular response Figure 11.10a Activated relay molecule Inactive protein kinase 1 Active protein kinase 1 Inactive protein kinase 2 ATP ADP P Active protein kinase 2 PP Pi Inactive protein kinase 3 ATP ADP Active protein kinase 3 PP Pi Inactive protein P ATP P ADP PP Pi Active protein Figure 11.12 First messenger (signaling molecule such as epinephrine) Adenylyl cyclase G protein G protein-coupled receptor GTP ATP cAMP Second messenger Protein kinase A Cellular responses Figure 11.15 Growth factor Reception Receptor Phosphorylation cascade Transduction CYTOPLASM Inactive transcription factor Active transcription factor P Response DNA Gene NUCLEUS mRNA Figure 11.16 Reception Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule) Transduction Inactive G protein Active G protein (102 molecules) Inactive adenylyl cyclase Active adenylyl cyclase (102) ATP Cyclic AMP (104) Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A (104) Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase (105) Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Active glycogen phosphorylase (106) Response Glycogen Glucose 1-phosphate (108 molecules) Signal Transduction Which of the following best describes a signal transduction pathway? A. binding of a signal molecule to a cell protein B. catalysis mediated by an enzyme C. sequence of changes in a series of molecules resulting in a response D. binding of a ligand on one side of a membrane that results in a change on the other side Steroid Receptors A steroid hormone binds to an intracellular receptor. When it does, the resulting complex is able to do which of the following? Why? A. open channels in the membrane for other substances to enter B. open channels in the nuclear envelope for cytoplasmic molecules to enter C. mediate the transfer of phosphate groups to/from ATP D. act as a transcription factor in the nucleus In reactions mediated by protein kinases, what does phosphorylation of successive proteins do to drive the reaction? A. B. C. D. make functional ATP change a protein from its inactive to its active form change a protein from its active to its inactive form produce an increase in the cell’s store of inorganic phosphates Signal Amplification Which of the following is an example of signal amplification? A. activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event B. activation of a specific gene by a growth factor C. activation of an enzyme molecule D. utilization of a second messenger system
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