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Chapter 4 Organizing Data and Information THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 1 Principles and Learning Objectives • The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach. – Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management. – Name three database models and outline their basic features, advantages, and disadvantages. THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 2 Principles and Learning Objectives • A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making. – Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify three popular end-user database management systems. THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 3 Principles and Learning Objectives • Further improvements in the use of database technology will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits. – Identify and briefly discuss recent database applications. THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 4 The Hierarchy of Data THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 5 Keys and Attributes THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 6 The Traditional Approach To Data Management THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 7 The Database Approach to Data Management THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 8 Advantages of the Database Approach THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 9 Disadvantages of the Database Approach THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 10 Data Modeling • • • • Planned data redundancy Data model Enterprise data modeling Entity-relationship diagrams THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 11 Entity-Relationship Diagram for a Customer Ordering Database THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 12 Database Models • Hierarchical (tree) • Network • Relational THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 13 Hierarchical Database Model THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 14 Network Database Model THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 15 Relational Database Model THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 16 Relational Models Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files. – – – – Domain Selecting Projecting Joining THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 17 Linking Database Tables to Answer an Inquiry THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 18 Building and Modifying a Relational Database THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 19 Database Management Systems THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 20 Providing a User View • Schema - a description of the entire database • Subschema - a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can modify the data items in that subset THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 21 The Use of Schemas and Subschemas THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 22 Creating and Modifying the Database • Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database • Data dictionary – detailed description of data in a database THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 23 Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary • • • • • • • Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements Assist programmers in designing and writing programs Simplify database modification Reduce data redundancy Increase data reliability Speed program development Ease modification of data and information THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 24 Storing and Retrieving Data THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 25 Structured Query Language THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 26 Database Output THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 27 Popular Database Management Systems • • • • Paradox database FileMaker Pro Microsoft Access Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 28 Worldwide Database Market Share (2001) THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 29 Selecting a Database Management System • • • • • • • Database size Number of concurrent users Performance Integration Features Vendor Cost THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 30 Database Applications THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 31 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining • Data Warehouse - a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers. • Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse. • Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 32 Elements of a Data Warehouse THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 33 Common Data Mining Applications THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 34 Business Intelligence Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form. – Competitive intelligence – Counterintelligence – Knowledge management THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 35 Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 36 Advantages of ODBC THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 37 Object-Relational Database Management System • Stores the following types of data as objects: – – – – – audio images unstructured text spatial data THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 38 Spatial Technology THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 39 Summary • Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses. • Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is collected, stored, and maintained. • Attribute - a characteristic of an entity. • DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs. • Data mining - the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. THE LEONS COLLEGE OF LAW 40