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AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN
18. II2.2OO4
New frontiers in functional morphology of molluscs:A tribute to Drs. Vera Fretter and
Ruth Tirrner
Shirley M. Baker' and Dianna K. Padilla'
1 Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,University of Florida, 7922 NW Tlst St.,
Gainesville,Florida 32653,[email protected]
2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, StateUniversity of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245,[email protected]
Abstract: The symposium "New Frontiers in Functional Morphology of Molluscs" was held at the secondWorld Congressof Malacology in
Vienna, Austria, in August 2001. The symposium honored Drs. Vera Fretter and Ruth Turner, two outstanding women scientistswho
made significant contributions to the study of form and function of molluscs and played important roles in laying the groundwork for a
growing field of researchin functional morphology. The goals of the symposium were to focus attention on the vast potential of the use of
molluscsasmodel systemsin the study of form and function and to provide a forum for presentingnew ideasand approachesand for proposing
directions for future study. Symposium topics ranged from the processesof feeding in bivalvesand gastropodsto the biomechanicsof byssal
threads.Thesepapers represent some of the diversity of researchgoals and methods in the field today and, it is hoped, will rejuvenate the
field among the international community of malacologists.
Key words: Symposium, Form and Function
The study of form and function has been fundamental to the
development of major areas of biological science,from
medicine, physiology,and biomechanics,to ecologyand
evolution. The overwhelming complexity of bio study,
presentedobstaclesto comprehensiveunderstandingof function. Recently,important contributions to the understanding of
functional morphology have been made by the comparative
study of groups of organisms that are diversebut that share
unifying structures at their basic levels of organization. One
such group of model organisms is the phylum Mollusca.
TWo women scientists. Drs. Vera Fretter and Ruth
Tirrner, were pioneers, making significant contributions to
the study of form and function of molluscs and playing
important roles in laying the groundwork for this growing
field of research.Both were also outstanding role models for
women in science.
Dr. Vera Fretter (1905-1992)is best known for her
outstanding contributions to our understandingof functional
morphology of the "prosobranch" gastropods.She dedicated
her career to understanding the relationships between
morphology, function, and the fitness of speciesin different
habitats. With her mentor, Alastair Graham, she produced
the key referenceon gastropods,British ProsobranchMolluscs,
published by the Ray Society in 1962 and republished after
her death (Fretter and Graham 1962, 1994). She published
other key books on the functional morphology of molluscs
and numerous papers on the biology, form, and function of
a wide rangeof gastropods.In addition, shewas a teacherand
mentor to several generations of students, many of whom
have become leadersin malacology.Dr. Fretter's life and
scientific contributions have been summarized by Graham
(1993),Chatfield (1993),and Morse (2003).
Dr. Ruth Dixon Turner (1914-2000) was the world
experton boring bivalve molluscs, the Pholadidae and
the Teredinidae(shipworms). Shewas a dedicatedteacher,a
skilled dissectionist,and excellentillustrator. Dr. Turner was
the first woman scientist to use the Deep Subermergence
ResearchVehicleALVIN to study the deep seaand was honored
by the Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution as a "Woman
Pioneer in Oceanography."Her works include detailed
descriptions of shipworm anatomy and boring, as well as
notes on techniques in anatomical work and the use of
cinephotomicrography in the study of form and function.
Dr. Turner was an Honorary Life member of the American
MalacologicalUnion beginningin l98l and serveda term as
Honorary President of the American Malacological Union
(from 1997until her death in 2000).Over the courseof her
career,Dr. Turner was a mentor to hundreds of students.
From the symposium "Frontiers in Functional Morphology" presentedat the World Congressof MalacologS held 19-25 August 2001 in
Vienna, Austria, and supported by the American Malacological Society and the National ScienceFoundation Ecological and Evolutionary
PhysiologyProgram (IBN-0090902).
L2l
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AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN
Severalauthors have honored the life and contributions of
Dr. Turner (Abbott 1973,7987,Downing 1983,Boss 1989,
Weberand Thurman 1991,Anonymous 2000,Buckley2000,
Mann 2000,Martin 2000,Morse 2003).
ln 2001 a symposium at the secondWorld Congressof
Malacology (Vienna, Austria) was held not only to honor the
past contributions and accomplishmentsof these two
. outstanding scientists,but also to look to the future. The
following papersin this issuewereinspiredby this symposium.
An establishedresearcherwho knew Drs. Vera Fretter
and Ruth Turner, M. Patricia Morse, started the symposium
with a tribute to their lives and studies. This tribute was
followed by contributions from younger scientistsworking in
a variety of subdisciplineswho have demonstratedthe ability
to take the field of molluscan functional morphology into
innovative new directions. Our goal was to focus attention
on the vast potential of the use of molluscs as model systems
in the study of form and function by providing a forum for
putting forward new ideas and proposing directions for
future study. Symposium topics ranged from the feeding
processesof bivalves and gastropods to the mechanical
design ofbyssus, and servedas the starting point for a lively
discussionforum. Thesepapersrepresentsomeof the diversity
of researchobjectives and methods in the field today. Our
hopesarethat these contributions will draw attention to
the study of functional morphology of molluscs and rejuvenate
the field among malacologists.
18. TI2.2OO4
Newsletter16:10.
Boss,K. I. 1989.Ruth Dixon Turner. OccasionalPaperson Molluslcs
4: iii-v [portrait].
Buckley, G. 2000. In memoriam. Ruth Dixon Turner. American
MalacologicalSocietyNewsletter3l: 3.
Chatfield, I. 1993.Vera Fretter (1905-1992).Journal of Conchology
34: 337-338 [portrait].
Downing, /. B. 1983. Ruth Turner - Benthic biology. Oceanus26: 53-56.
Fretter,V and A. Graham. 1962-1965British ProsobranchMolluscs:
Their FunctionalAnatomy and Ecology.Ray Society,London.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham.1994. Britbh ProsobranchMolluscs:Their
Functional Anatomy and Ecology.Revised and Updated. Ray
Society,London.
Graham, A. 1993. Vera Fretter, 1905-1992.Journal of Molluscan
Studies59:267-268.
Mann, R. 2000. In memoriam: Ruth Dixon Turner. lournal of
ShellfishResearchl9(1): 7 -12 lportrait, bibliography] .
Martin, D. 2000 May 9. Ruth D. Turner, 85, expert on wood-eating
mollusk. New York Times C30.
Morse, P. 2003. In celebration of two outstanding molluscan functional morphologists: Drs. Vera Fretter and Ruth D. Turner.
American MalacologicalBulletin 18:.
Weber,H. H. and H. V Thurman. 1991.Ruth D. Turner - Investigation
of deep-seabenthos. 1r; H. H. Weber and H. V. Thurman, eds.,
Marine Biology,SecondEdition. Harper Collins, NewYork. Pp.
285-286.
SELECTED LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
-VERA
FRETTER
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the American
Malacological Society for sponsoring and supporting this
symposium. This symposium was also partially funded by
NSF grant IBN-0090902 to SMB and DKP. The authors
would especiallylike to thank R. Robertson and E. Coen for
providing important referencesfor Turner and Fretter. DKP
also acknowledgesthe support of NSF grant IBN-994594 and
the director, staff, and library of the Friday Harbor Laboratories.
LITERAIURECITED
Abbott, R.T. (ed.). 1973. American Malacologists.Falls Church,
Virginia.
Fretter, V. 1946. The genital ducts of Theodoxus,Lamellaria and
Trivia, and a discussion on their evolution in the prosobranchs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom 26: 312-351.
Graham, A. and V. Fretter. 1947.The life history of Patina pellucida
(L). Journal of the Marine BiologicalAssociationof the United
Kngdom 26: 590-601.
Fretter, V. 1948. The structure and life history of some minute
prosobranchs of rock pools - Skeneopsis
planorbis (Fabricius),
(Philippi),
Omalogyra atomus
Rissoelladiaphana (Alder) and
Rissoellaopalina (|effueys).Journal of the Marine Biological
Associationof the United Kingdom 27:597-632.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham. 1949.The structure and mode of life of
the Pyramidellidae,parasitic opisth obranchs.lournal of theMarine
Abbott, R. T. 1987. Register of American Malacologists. In: R. T.
Abbott, ed,.,A National Registerof Professionaland Amateur
BiologicalAssociationof the United Kingdom 28: 493-532.
Fretter, V and A. Graham. 1949. Feeding and reproduction in the
pyramidellids. Nature 163: 361-362.
Malacologists and Private Shell Collectors, Second Edition.
Melbourne, Florida. P. 136.
Fretter, V. 1951. Turbonilla elegantissima(Montagu), a parasitic
opisthobranch. Iournal of the Marine BiologicalAssociationof
Anonymous 2000. Ruth Turner, 1914-2000. Unitas Malacologica
the United Kingdom 3O:37-47.
FRONTIERSIN FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM
Fretter, V. 1951. Observations on the life history and functional
morphology of Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Montagu) and
Triphora peryersa (L). Journal of the Marine Biological
Associationof the United Kingdom2g:567-586.
Fretter, V. 1952. Experiments with P-32 and I-l3l on speciesof
Helix, Arion, andAgriolimax. QuarterlyJournal of Microscopical
Science93: 133-746.
Fretter,V. 1953.Experiments with radioactive Strontium (Sr-90) on
certain molluscs and polychaetes. Journal of the Marine
BiologicalAssociationof the United Kingdom 32: 367-384.
Fretter,V and A. Graham. 1954.Observationson the opisthobranch
mollusc Acteon tornatilis (L). lournal of the Marine Biological
Associationof the United Kingilom 33i 565-585.
Fretter, V. 1955. Uptake of radioactive Sodium (Na-2a) by Nereis
diversicolor(Mueller) and Perinereiscultrifera (Grabe). lournal
of the Marine BiologicalAssociationof the United Kingilom 34:
l5 I - 160.
Fretter, V and A. M. Patil. 1961. Observations on some British
Rissoaceansand a record of Setia inflataMonterosato, new to
British waters. Proceedingsof the Malacological Society of
London 34:212-223.
Fretter,V and A. Graham. 1962, 1965British ProsobranchMolluscs:
Their Functional Anatomy and Ecology.Ray Society,London.
Fretter, V. 1966. Biological investigations of deep sea, 16.
Observations on anatomy of Perotrochus.Bulletin of Marine
Science16:603.
Fretter, V. 1966. Turner Rd - a survey and illustrated catalogue of
Teredinidae(Mollusca - Bivalvia). Nature 2ll : 1345.
Fretter, V and M. C. Montgomery. 1968. Treatment of food by
prosobranch veligers. Iournal of the Marine Biological
Associationof the United Kingdom 48: 499.
Fretter, V. 1968. Studiesin the Structure, Physiologyand Ecologyof
Molluscs;The Proceedings
of a SymposiumHeld at the Zoological
Society of London on 8 and 9 March, 1967. Symposiaof the
Zoological Society of London, No. 22. (Published for the
Zoological Study of London). Academic Press,New York.
Pilkingt, M. C. and V. Fretter. 1970.Some Factors affecting growth
of prosobranch veligers. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche
Meeresuntersuchungen 2Ol.576.
Fretter, V. and M. C. Pilkingt. 1971. Larval shell of some prosobranch gastropods.,lournalof the Marine BiologicalAssociation
of the United Kingdom 5l: 49.
Fretter,V. 1972. Metamorphic changesin velar musculature, head
and shell of some prosobranch veligers.Journal of the Marine
BiologicalAssociationof the United Kingdom 52: 16l.
Fretter,V. and D. Shale. 1973.Seasonalchangesin population density and vertical distribution of prosobranch veligers in offshore plankton at Plymouth. Journal of the Marine Biological
Associationof the United Kngdom 53: 471-492.
Fretter, V 1975. Umbonium yestiarium, a filter-feeding trochid.
Journalof Zoology177:541-552.
Fretter,V and I. Peake.1975.Pulmonates.Vol.1,FunctionalAnatomy
and Physiology.Academic Press,London, New York.
Fretter, V and A. Graham. 1976. A Functional Anatomy of
t23
Inyertebrates.Academic Press,London, New York.
Fretter,V. and R. Manly. 1977. Settlement and early benthic life of
Littorina neritoides (L) at Wembury, S Devon. lournal of
Molluscan Studies43: 255-262.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham. 1977. Prosobranch mollusks of Britain
and Denmark, 2. Tiochacea.Journal of Molluscan Stuilies 43:
39-100.
Fretter,V. and R. Manly. 1977. Ngal associationsof Tiicolia pullus,
Lacuna vincta and.Cerithiopsistubercularis(Gastropoda) with
special reference to settlement of their larvae. lournal of the
Marine BiologicalAssociationof the United Kingdom 57: 99910t7.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham. 1978. Prosobranch mollusks of Britain
and Denmark, 3. Neritacea,Viviparacea,Valvatacea,terrestrial
and freshwater Littorinacea and Rissoacea.Journal of
MolluscanStudies44i l0l-150.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham. 1978. Prosobranch mollusks of Britain
and Denmark, 4. Marine Rissoacea.Journal of Molluscan
Studies44:153-241.
Fretter,V. and R. Manly. 1979Observations on the biology of some
sublittoral prosobranchs./ournal of Molluscan Studies 45:209-
2r8.
Fretter,V. and K. B. Hian. 1979. Specializationof the aplysiid gut.
Malncologia
18:7-11.
Fretter,V. and J. Peake1975 - 1979Yol. l. Functional Anatomy and
Physiology.Yol.2a.Systematics,Eyolution and Ecology.Vol. 2b.
Economic Malacology, with Particular Referencefo Achatina
fulica. Academic Press.London.
Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1980. The prosobranch molluscs of
Britain and Denmark, 5. Marine Littorinacea. Journal of
Molluscan SrudiesSupplement 7: | - 44.
Fretter, V. 1980 Observations on the gross-anatomy of the female
genital duct of British Littorina spp. Journal of Molluscan
Studies46:148-153.
Fretter V and I. Peake(eds.). 1980.Pulmonates.Vol.2A, Systematics,
Evolution and Ecology.AcademicPress,London.
Fretter,V., A. Graham, and J. H. Mclean. 1981.The anatomy of the
GalapagosRift limpet, Neomphalusfretterae. Malacologia 2l:
337-36r.
Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1981. The prosobranch molluscs of
Britain and Denmark, 6. Cerithiacea, Strombacea,
Hipponicacea, Calyptraeacea,Lamellariacea, Cypraeacea,
Naticacea,Tonnacea,Heteropoda./ournal of Molluscan Studies
Supplement 9: l-82.
Fretter, V. 1982. Observations on the anatomy of the littorinid
Bembicium.lournal of Molluscan Stuilies 48i 30-231.
Frettet V. 1982. An External vascular opening in Littorina spp.
Journal of Molluscan Studies48i 105.
Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1982. The prosobranch molluscs of
Britain and Denmark., 7. "Heterogastropoda"(Cerithiopsacea,
Triforacea, Epitoniacea, Eulimacea). Iournal of Molluscan
SrudiesSupplementll: 1-74.
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AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN
Fretteq V. 1983.The odontophore of some rhipidoglossans.lournal
of Molluscan Stuilies 491174-175.
Fretter,V. 1984.Prosobranchs(reproduction).In; A. S. Tompa, N.
H. Verdonk, and J.A. van den Biggelaar,eds.,TheMollusca, Vol.
7. Reproduction Academy Press,NewYork. Pp. I-45.
Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1984. The prosobranch molluscs of
Britain and Denmark, 8. Neogastropoda.Journal of Molluscan
Stuilies Stpplement 15: l- 124.
Fretter, V. 1984. The functional-anatomy of the neritacean limpet
Phenacolepasomanensis Biggs and some comparison with
Septaria.Journal of Molluscan Studies50:8-18.
Fretter,V. and K. B. Hian. 1984.Observations on the reproductive
system of the aplysid Dolabella auricularia. Malacologia 25
193-201.
Fretter, V., A. Graham, and E. B. Andrews. 1986. The prosobranch
molluscs of Britain and Denmark, 9. P1'ramidellacea.
fournal of
Molluscan SfudiesSupplement 16: l-95.
Fretter,V. 1988.New archaeogastropodlimpets from hydrothermal
vents - Superfamily Lepetodrilacea.2. Anatomy. Philosophical
Transactionsof the Royal Societyof London (B) 3319:33.
Fretter, V. 1989. The anatomy of some new archaeogastropod
limpets (Superfamily,Peltospiracea)from hydrothermal vents.
lournal of Zoology 218:123-169.
Fretter, V. 1990. The anatomy of some new archaeogastropod
limpets (Order Patellogastropoda,Suborder Lepetopsina)
from hydrothermal vents.,fournal of Zo ology 222: 529- 555.
Fretter,V. and A. Graham.7994. British ProsobranchMolluscs:Their
Functional Anatomy and Ecology.Revised and Updated. Ray
Society,London.
SELECTED LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
- R. D. TURNER
Turner, R. D. 1943.Birding the first year of the war. Bulletin of the
Massachusetts
Audubon Society28:-33-42.
Tirrner, R. D. 1944.Vassarbirds. VassarAlumnae Magazine 33l. 1517.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1946 The gems Bankia in the
Western Atlantic. Johnsonia2: l-28.
Turner, R. D. 1946.John Gould Anthony, with a Bibliography and
Catalogueof his Species.()ccasionalPaperson Mollusksl:81108.
Turner, R. D. 1947. Procedimientos para recolectarbromas y otros
moluscos perforantes marinos. Revista de la Sociedad
Malacol6gicaCarlosde la Torre5:43-44.
Turner, R. D. 1947. Collecting shipworms. Limnological Societyof
America SpecialPublication 19:.7 -8.
Turner, R. D. 1948.A new Thais from Angola and notes on Thais
haemastomaLinne American Museum Novitates 1374: l-14.
Clench W f. and R. D. Turner 1948.The genrs Truncatella in the
western Atlantic. Johnsonia2: 149-764.
Turner, R. D. 1948.William Henry Fluck, 1870-1948.Nautilus 62:
69-70.
18. II2. 2OO4
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1948. A catalogue of the family
Truncatellidae with notes and descriptions of new species.
OccasionalPaperson Mollusks l: 157-212.
Turner, R. D. 1948. The family Tonnidae in the western Atlantic.
Johnsonia2: 165-192.
Clench, W. I. and R. D. Turner. 1950.The western Atlantic marine
mollusks described bv C. B. Adams. Occasional Papers on
Mollusksl:233-403.
Turner, R. D. 1950.The voyageof the Tomas Barrera. Johnsonia2:
220.
Clench, W. I. and R. D. Turner. 1950. The genera Sthenorytis,
Cirsotrema,Acirsa, Opalia and Amaea in the western Atlantic.
Iohnsonia2:221-248.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1950.Edward Chitty, with a bibliography and a catalogueof his speciesof Jamaicanland mollusks.
OccasionalPapersMuseum of the Institute of lamaica l: l-12.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1951. The genusEpitonium in the
western Atlantic, Part I: SubgeneraEpitonium s. s., Cycloscala,
Gyroscala.lohnsonia 2: 249-288.
Turner, R. D. 1952.Someproblems in the Pholadidae.Bulletin of the
AmericanMalacologicalUnionAnnual Report(for l95l): 9-10.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1952.The generaEpitonium (Partll
Isubgenera Asperiscala and, Boreoscala]), Depressiscala,
Cylindriscala,Nystiella and Solutiscalain the western Atlantic.
lohnsonia2:289-356.
Turner, R. D. 1953. New England malacologists. American
MalacologicalUnion Annual Report (for 1952):4-6.
Turner, R. D. 1953.The generaEpitonium, Opalia and Cylindriscala
in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia2:361-363.
Turner, R. D. 1953. Monographs of the Marine Mollusks of the
WesternAtlantic. Iohnsonia 2: 357-359.
Turner, R. D. 1953. Recent works on the marine mollusks of
Ar gentina.I ohnsonia 2: 3 80.
Turner, R. D. 1954. The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic
and the easternPacific,Part I: Pholadinae./ohnsonia3: l-63.
Turneq R. D. 1955.The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic
and the easternPacific, Part II: Martesiinae, Juannetiinae and
Xylophaginae.lohnsonia3: 65-100.
Clench W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1955. The North American genus
Lioplax in the family Viviparidae. Occasional Papers on
Mollusks2: l-20.
Turner, R. D. 1955. Scaphopods of the Atlantis dredgings in the
westernAtlantic with a catalogueof the scaphopodtypes in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. Deep Sea Research
Supplement to 3: 309-320.
Turner, R. D. 1955.Collecting shipworms. /n: How to collect shells.
American Malacological Union. Pp. 32-35.
Clench,W. J.and R. D. Turner. 1956.The familyMelonginidae in the
western Atlantic. Johnsonia3: 16l-788.
Turner, R. D. 1956.Melongenacorona Gmelin, an excellent marine
laboratorymollusk. TurtoxNews34: 106-108.
Turner, R. D. 1956.Notes on XylophagawashingtonaBartsch and on
the genus.Nautilus 7O: 10-12.
FRONTIERS IN FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM
Turner, R. D. 1956. Additions to the Western Atlantic Marine
Mollusks described by C. B. Adams. Occasional Papers on
Mollusks 2: 134-136.
Turner, R. D. 1956.Additions to the Pholadidae - Part lI. Johnsonia
3: 188.
Turner, R. D. 1956.The easternPacific mollusks describedby C. B.
Adams.Occasional
Paperson Mollusks2:21-133.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1956. Freshwater mollusks of
Alabama, Georgia and Florida from the Escambia to the
Suwannee River. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum l: 97239.
Turner, R. D. 1957.CharlesJohnsonMaynard and his work in malacology.OccasionalPaperson Mollusks 2: 137-152.
Turner, R. D. 1957. Molluscan wood borers. American Societyfor
Testingand Materials SpecialTechnicalPublications200: 10-13.
Clench, W. f. and R. D. Turner. 1957.The family Cymatiidae in the
western Atlantic. lohnsonia 3: 189-244.
Turner, R. D. 1958. The genus Hemitrochus in Puerto Rico.
Occasional
Paperson Mollusks2: 153-180.
Tirrner, R. D. and f. Rosewater.1958. The family Pinnidae in the
western Atlantic. Johnsonia3: 283-326.
Turner, R. D. 1958.The works of Georgius EverhardusRumphius.
lohnsonia3:326-327.
Turner, R. D. 1959.Notes on the genus Taheitia (Truncatellidae) in
New Guinea with the description of a new species.Occasional
Paperson Mollusks2: 181-188.
Turner, R. D. 1959.The generaHemitoma and,Diodora in the western Atlantic. /ohnsonia 3: 334-344.
Turner, R. D. 1959.Henry A. Prlsbry.Iohnsonia 3: ii-iv.
Turner, R. D. 1959. Notes on the feeding of Melongena corona.
Nautilus 73: ll-13.
Turner, R. D. 1959.Melongenaegg cases.Nautilus 73: 77.
Turner, R. D. 1959.The status of systematicwork in the Teredinidae.
In: Symposium on Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms.
Universityof WashingtonPress,Seattle.Pp. 124-136.
Clench, W. f. and R. D. Turner. 1959.Two new generaof land mollusks (Papuininae) from the Central Highlands of New
Gtinea. Journal of the MalacologicalSocietyof Australia 3: 4-9.
Turner, R. D. 1960. Some techniques for anatomical work. Annual
Report of the American MalacologicalUnion (for 1959): 6-8.
Turner, R. D. 1960. Land shells of NavassaIsland, West Indies.
Bulletin of the Museum of ComparativeZoology 122 233-244.
Turner,R. D. 1960.Mounting minute radulae.Nautilus 73: 135-137.
Clench, W. |. and R. D. Turner. 1960.The gerr,tsCalliostomain the
western Atlantic. Johnsonia4: l-80.
Turner, R. D. 1961. Helix pomatia Linne, colonized at Plymouth,
Mass.Nautilus 74: 122.
Turner, R. D. 1961.Natural history museums of Europe. American
MalacologicalUnion Report(for 1960):13-14.
Turner, R. D. 1961. Report on the American Malacological Union
meeting at McGill University. American Malacological Union
Report (for 1960): 28-32.
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Turner, R. D. 1961.Pleurotomariidae in Bermuda waters.Nautilus
74:162-163.
Turner, R. D. 1961. Remarks on Nettastomella and louannetia.
American MalacologicalUnion Report (for 196I ) : I 7- I 8.
Turner, R. D. 1961. The genus Lignopholas Turner (Mollusca:
Pholadidae). Mitteilungen aus dem ZoologischenMuseum in
Berlin37:287-295.
Turner, R. D. 1962. Nettastomellajaponica Yokoyama in North
America and notes on the Pholadidae. OccasionalPaperson
Mollusks2:289-308.
Clench, W. |. and R. D. Turner. 1962.New names introduced by H.
A. Pilsbry in the Mollusca and Crustacea.Acailemy of Natural
Sciences
SpecialPublications4: I-218.
Turner, R. D. 1962.Books help beachcombersplay the shell game.
Natural History 7l: 4-7.
Turner, R. D. and K. I. Boss.1962.The genusIlrh ophagain the westernAtlantic. ]ohnsonia4: 8l-116.
Turner, R. D. 1962. Review: British Prosobranch Molluscs, their
functional anatomy and ecology,by V. Fretter and A. Graham.
lohnsonia4: 116.
Turner, R. D. 1962.JamesH. Orton, his contributions to the field of
fossil and Recent mollusks. Revista del Museo Argentino de
CienciasNaturalesBernardino Riyadavia 8: 89-99.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1963. Monographs of the genera
Papustyla,Forcartia and Meliobba (Papuininae: Camaenidae).
Journal of the MalacologicalSocietyof Australia 6:3-33.
Merrill, A. S. and R. D. Tirrner. 1963. Nest building in the bivalve
mollusk genera,Musculus and Lima. The Veliger6:55-59.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1964. The subfamilies Volutinae,
Zidoninae, Odontocymbiolinae and Calliotectinaein the western Atlantic. Iohnsonia4: 129-180.
Clench, W. I. and R. D. Turner. 1964. Monographs of the genera
Megalacron and Rhytidoconcha (Papuininae: Camaenidae).
Journal of the MalacologicalSocietyof Australia 8:36-71.
Turner, R. D. 1964. Anatomical relationships in the Teredinidae.
Annual Report of the American MalacologicalUnion (for 1964):
t6-17.
Turner, R. D. 1965. foseph C. Bequaert. Occasional Papers on
Mollusks 2: r-tx.
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1966. Monograph of the genus
Rhynchotrochus (Papuininae, Camaenidae). lournal of the
MalacologicalSocietyof Australia 9:59-95.
Turner, R. D. 1966. A survey and illustrated catalogue of the
Teredinidae. Special Publications of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Press,Cambridge
Massachusetts.
Tirrner, R. D. 1966. Some results of deep water testing. Annual
Report of the American MalacologicalUnion (for 1965):9-l l.
Turner, R. D. 1966.Report to the government of India on systematic and biological researchon marine wood-boring Mollusca.
FAO Report TA 2155.
Turner, R. D. 1966. Implications of recent research in the
t26
AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN
Teredinidae.Beiheftezu Material und Organismenl:437-446'
Tumer, R D. 1966.Marine borer researchin cooperationwith the Office
of Naval R€search.Report of First Inter-American Naval Raearch
Congress.
from
Turner, R. D. 1967. A new species of Lyria (Yoltidae)
83-84.
80:
Hispaniola. Nautilus
Turner, R. D. 1967. A new speciesof fossil Chlamys from Wright
Valley, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica' New Zealanil lournal of
Geologyand GeophysicslO: 446-455'
Turner, R. D. 1968.The Xylophagainaeand the Teredinidae a study
Malacological
American
the
in contrasts. Annual Report of
Union (for 1967): 46-48.
Turner, R. D. and A. C. Johnson. 1969' Biological studies in marine
wood borers. Annual Report of the American Malacological
Union(for 1968):14-16'
on
Turner, R. D. 1969. Pholadacea. In: R' Moore, ed'' Treatise
42'
InvertebratePaleontology.Mollusca 6: 702-7
Turner, R. D. and A. C. Johnson' 1970' Some problems and techniques in rearing bivalve larvae.Annual Reportof theAmerican
Malacological Union (for 1969)"9-lZ'
the'
Clench, W. J. and R. D. Tirrner. 1970' The family Volutidae in
western Atlantic. ]ohnsonia 4: 369-372'
Tirrner,R.D.andJ'Culliney.lgTl.Someanatomicalandlifehistory studiesof wood boring bivalve systematics'Annual Reportof
the American MalacologicalUnion (fot l97O):65-66'
Turner, R. D. 1971.Identification of marine wood boring mollusks
of the world. In: E.B. G. jones and S' K' Eltringham' eds''
Marine Borers, Fungi anil Fouling Organisms of Wood'
Organisation of Economic Cooperations and Development'
Paris.PP. l8-64.
Turner, R. D. and A' C. Johnson. 1971' Biology of the marine wood
K'
boring mollusks of the world. In: E' B' G' |ones and S'
Organisms
Fouling
anil
Fungr
Borers,
Marine
Eltringham, eds.,
of Wiod. Organisation of Economic Cooperations and
Development. Paris.PP. 259-301.
TurneE R. D. 1971. Australian shipworms' Australian Natural
HistorY17:.139-145.
of
Clench W. J. and R. D. Turner. 1972'Land and freshwater snails
descriptions
anatomical
with
Savo Island' Solomons,
(Mollusca, Gastropoda). Steenstrupia 2: 207-232' pls' I I 3'
Turner,R. D.1972. Anew genusand speciesof deepwater wood-boring bivalve (Mollusca, Pholadidae, Xylophagainae)' Basteria
36:.97-104.
fTpicusC' B'Wilson'
Humes,A. G. and R. D. Turner.1972'Teredicola
in Australia'
shipworms
from
1942 (Copepoda' Cyclopoida)
Marine anil
of
Australian
]ournal
New Zealand, and fapan.
23:'
63-72.
FreshwaterResearch
Turner, R. D. 1972' Line photo micrography: A tool in biological
(for
studies. Bulletin of the American Malacological IJnion
1972):30
Turner, R. D. 1972.Xyloredo,new teredinid-like abyssalwood-borers (Mollusca, Pholadidae,Xylophagainae)'Breviora 397: 1-19'
in
Turner, R. D. 1973.Wood-boring bivalves,opportunistic species
l80l-1377-1379'
Science
the deep sea.
Turner, R. D' 1974.In the path of a warm saline effluent' American
18' II2'2OO4
MalacologicalUnion Bulletin (for 1973): 36-44'
ftom
Turner, R. D. and W. J. Clench. 1974' A new blind Physa
environcave
the
to
Wyoming with notes on its adaptation
ment.N autilus88: 80-85.
larTurner, R. D. and P' f. Boyle. 1975' Studiesof bivalve of bivalve
point
critical
and
microscope
electron
scanning
the
vae using
(for
dryng. Bultetin of the American Malacological Union
1974):59-65.
the wood
Boyle, P.J. and R. D. Turner. lg76.Larvaldevelopment of
(Mollusca:
(L\nnaeus)
boring piddock Martesia striata
Pholadidae). Iournal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology22:55-68.
Turner, R. D. 1976.Fixation and preservation of marine zooplankton. In: H. F. Steedman, ed'' SCOR/UNESCO Handbook
Zooplankton Fimtion and Preservation'UNESCO Press'Paris'
8: 290-304.
ed''
Turner, R. D. 1976. Search for a weak link' In: D' Bultman'
Tropical
of
Biodeterioration
on
Workshop
Proceedingsof the
I-aboratoryWashington' D' C'' Pp' 31-40'
l4loods.Naval Resesearch
involved in the settlement and
factors
Some
1976.
D.
R.
Turner,
andmetamorphosis of marine bivalve larvae' '[n: ]' M' Sharpley
International
3rd
A. M. Kaplan , eds., Proceedings of the
Pp'
BiodegradationSymposium.Applied Science'Barkin' UK'
409-416.
of the
Culliney, I. L. and R. D. Turner. 1976'Larval development
Richards
atlantica
Xylophaga
bivalve
boring
wood
deep-water
(Mollusca'Bivalvia,Pholadidae)'Ophelia15: 149-161'
and H'
Garethjones, E. B. , R. D' Turner G' |ones, S' E' Furtado'
l'
Lignicolous
Kuhne. 1976.Marine biodeteriogenic organisms'
the wood boring Mollusca and
fungi and bacteria and
Bulletin 12:.120-134'
Biodeterioration
Crustacea.International
D' Turner' 1976'
R'
and
Ummersen,
Van
A.
Rex, M.A., C.
Zoologist
American
snall'
abyssal
in
an
pattern
Reproductive
16:269.
and
Turner, R. D. 1976. Bivalve larvae, their behavior' dispersal
U'S'
the
of
identification. In: J. Costlow, ed, Proceedings
of
biochemistry
and
proiluctitity
U.S.S.R'worlcshopin biological
the worlds oceans-Ecologyof Fouling Communities' Pp' 23-25'
Cole, T. ]. and R. D. Turner' 1977' Geneticsimilarities of wood-boring bivalves (Pholadidae and Teredinidae) based on comparisons of allozymes.Biologial Bulletin 153: 420'
Perron,F.E.andR.D.Turner.1977'Development'metamorPhosis
and natural history of the nudibranch Doridella obscuraYeril
(Corambidae: Opisthobranchia)' Iournal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecolog 27: l7l-185'
to
Turner, R. D. 1978.Contribution of field and life history studies
an understanding of some casesof opportunism' /n; U'S'S'R'
anil
(J.S.A.Symposiumon the Program Biological Productitity
Biochemistryof the Worlds aceans' Pp' 241-244'
chains'
Turner, R. D. 1978' Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food
(for
13-19'
1977):
Union
Bulletin American Malacological
woodCole T. and R. D. Turner. 1978' Genetic relations of deep-sea
tJnion (for
Malncological
American
the
of
Bulletin
borers.
1977): 19-25.
and diet
Perrone, F. and R. D. Turner. 1978' The feeding behaviour
FRONTIERSIN FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY SYMPOSIUM
of Calliostoma occidentale,a coelenterate-associatedprosobranch gastropod.Journal of Molluscan Studies44i 100-103.
Pechenik,I. A., F. A. Perron and R. D. Turner. 1979.The role of
phltoplankton in the diets of adult and larval shipworms,
Lyroduspedicellatus(Bivalvia: Teredinidae).Estuaries2: 58-60.
Turner, R. D. and f. L. McKoy. 1979.Bankia neztalian. sp. (Bivalvia:
Teredinidae) from Australia-NewZealand, and its relationships.lournal of the Royal Societyof New Zealand 9: 465-473.
Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1980. Range extension of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetesin the vicinity of a temperate-zonenuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58:55t)4-
Boss,K. j. and R. D. Turner. 1980. The giant white clam from the
Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica n.sp. (Bivalvia;
Vesicomyidae). Malacologia 20: 161-194.
Lutz, R. A., D. )ablonski, D. C. Rhoads, and R. D. Turner. 1980.
Larval dispersalof a deep-seahydrothermal vent bivalve from
the GalapagosRjft. Marine Biology 57:127-133.
Tracy,G. A., C. I. Berg, and R. D. Turner. 1980.Effects of closedculture competitive interactions on growth of Teredonayalis.
BiologicalBulletin 159:.465.
Turneq R. D. 1981.Wood islands and thermal vents as centers of
diversecommunities in the deep-sea.BiologiaMorya l:3-70,
Iin Russian]
Gallager, S. M., R. D. Turner, and C. Berg. 1981. Physiological
aspectsof wood consumption, growth, and reproduction in
the shipworm, Lyrodus pedicellatus Quatrefages (Bivalvia:
Teredinidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology52:63-76.
Wright, A., C. Cavanaugh, R. Mann, and R. D. Turner. 1981.
Preliminary observations of bacteria and shipworms
(Bivalvia:Teredinidae).Biologi cal B ulletin | 6l : 332.
Hoagland,K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1981.Evolution and adaptiveradiation of wood-boring bivalves (Pholadiacea).Malacologia 2l
I l 1-148.
Turner, R. D. and Y. Yakovlev.1983.Dwarf males in the Teredinidae
(Bivalvia: Pholadacea).Science219: 1077- 1078.
Waterbury, I., C. B. Calloway,and R. D. Turner. 1983.A cellulolytic
nitrogen-fixing bacterium cultured from the gland ofDeshayes
in shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae).Science221; 1401-1403.
Turner, R. D., Y.Yakovlev,and E. M. Karaseva.1983.Some aspectsof
the life history of a bivalve mollusc, Zachsia zenkewitschi.
BiologiyaMorya 9:27-34. lin Russianl
Calloway, C. B. and R. D. Turner. 1983.Documentation and implications of rapid successivegametogeniccyclesand broods in the
shipworm, Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch) (Bivalvia:
Teredinidae)./ournal of ShellfishResearch3:65-69.
Turner, R. D. 1984.An overview ofresearch on marine borers: Past
progress and future directions. In: I. D. Costlow and R. C.
Tipper, eds., Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary
Srudy.Naval Institute Press,Annapolis, Maryland. Pp. 3-16.
Turner, R. D. 1984. Some aspectsof the life hifiory of Zachsia zenkewitschi (Teredinidae, Bivalvia). The Soviet Journal of Marine
Biology 9:257-264 [Tianslation from the Russian Biologiya
Morya 1983,with Y. M. Yakovlevand E. M. Karaseual.
127
Turner, R. D. and R.A. Lutz. 1984.Growth and distribution of mollusks
at deep-seaventsand seeps.Oceanus27:55-62.
Lutz, R. A., D. Jablonski,and R. D. Turner. 1984.Larval development
and dispersal at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Science226;
1451-t454.
Turner, R. D. 1985.Hydrothermal vents, sulfide seepsand mollusks.
American MalacologicalBulletin 3: 96.
Turner, R. D. 1985.William J. Clench - October 24,1897 - February
1984.MalacologicalReview 18l.123-124.
Lutz, R. A., P. Bouchet, D. fablonski, R. D. Turner, and A. Waren.
1986. Larval ecology of mollusks at deep-seahydrothermal
vents.American MalacologicalBulletin 4: 49-54.
Williams, A. B. and R. D. Turner. 1986.Squat lobsters (Galatheidae:
Munidopsis) associatedwith mesh-enclosedwood panels
submergedin the deepsea.Journal CrustaceanBiology 6: 617-624.
Berg, C. f. fr., B. Butman, f. A. Early,and R. D. Turner. 1987.Seasonal
recruitment of marine invertebrates to hard substrates on
GeorgesBank and the easterncontinental shelf of the United
States.Nautilus l0ll. 19-24.
Vandover, C. L., C. J. Berg, and R. D. Turner. 1988.Recruitment of
marine invertebratesto hard substratesat deep-seahydrothermal
vents on the East Pacific Rise and Galapagosspreading center.
Deep-SeaResearchPart A - OceanographicResearchPapers35l.
1833-1849.
Turner, R. D. 1988.Wood, phltoplankton, dissolvedorganic material and nitrogen in teredinid nutrition (Mollusca: Bivalvia:
Teredinidae).In; M. F.Thompson and N. Tirmizi, eds.,Marine
Scienceof the Arabian Sea, Proceedingsof the International
Conference- Washington,D. C. Institute of Biological Sciences.
Pp. 58s-606.
Turner, R. D. and L. N. Santhakumaran. 1989.The GeneraMartesia
and Lignopholas in the Indo-Pacific. (Mollusca: Bivalvia:
Pholadidae).Ophelia30: 155-186.
Conway,N. M., B. L. Howes, l.E. Capuzzo,R. D. Turner, and C. M.
Cavanaugh. 1992. Characterization and site description of
Solentyaborealb (Bivalvia, Solemyidae),another bivalve, bacteria
symbiosis.Marine Biology 112l.601-613.
Gustafson,R. G., R. D. Tbrner, R. A. Lutz and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1998.
A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia,
Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the
Gulf of Mexico. Malacologia 4O:63-112.
fones, E. B. G., R. D. Turner, S. E. J. Furtado, and H. Kuhne. 2001.
Marine biodeteriogenic organisms - l. Lignicolousfungi andbacteria and the wood boring mollusca and crustacea[Reprinted].
International Biodeteriorationand Biodegradation48: ll2- 126.
Turner, R. D. 2002. On the subfamily Xylophagainae (family
Pholadidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca). Bulletin of the Museum of
ComparativeZoology 157l-223-307[Final completion and revision
by H. Ferrantil.
Accepted: 15 August 2003