Download Throat Cancer - Hart Welfare Society

A Lecture on
Throat Cancer
Arranged by
HART Welfare Society
Presented by
H/Dr.Muhammad Abid Khan
On
28/08/2009
What is Cancer ?
Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo
a transformation whereby they grow and
multiply without normal controls. As the
cells multiply, they form small
abnormalities called lesions. Eventually,
they form a mass called a tumor. Tumors
are cancerous only if they are malignant.
This means that, because of their
uncontrolled growth, they encroach on
and invade neighboring tissues.
Malignant tumors
• Malignant tumors may spread to neighboring
tissues by direct invasion or by traveling
along lymphatic vessels and nerves or
through the blood stream.
• They may also travel to remote organs via the
bloodstream.
• This process of invading and spreading to
other organs is called metastasis.
• Tumors overwhelm surrounding tissues by
invading their space and taking the oxygen
and nutrients they need to survive and
function.
Tumors in the mouth and throat
• Tumors in the mouth and throat include
both benign and malignant types.
• Benign tumors, although they may grow
and penetrate below the surface layer
of tissue, do not spread by metastasis to
other parts of the body.
• Premalignant conditions are cell
changes that are not cancer but which
may become cancer if not treated.
• Dysplasia is another name for these
precancerous cell changes.
• Dysplasia can be detected only by taking a
biopsy of the lesion. This means to collect
a tiny sample of the abnormal area.
• Examining the dysplastic cells under a
microscope indicates how severe the
changes are and how likely the lesion is to
become cancerous.
• The dysplastic changes are usually
described as mild, moderately severe, or
severe.
• The 2 most common kinds of
premalignant lesions in the oropharynx
are leukoplakia and erythroplakia.
• Leukoplakia is a white or whitish area. It
can often be easily scraped off without
bleeding. Only about 5% of leukoplakias
are cancerous at diagnosis or will become
cancerous within 10 years if not treated.
• Erythroplakia is a raised, red area. If
scraped, it may bleed. Erythroplakia is
generally more severe than leukoplakia
and has a higher chance of becoming
cancerous over time.
• Several types of malignant cancers occur
in the mouth and throat.
• Squamous cell carcinoma is by far the
most common type, accounting for
more than 90% of all cancers.
• These cancers start in the squamous
cells, which form the surface of much of
the lining of the mouth and pharynx.
• They can invade deeper layers below
the squamous layer.
• Other less common cancers of the mouth
and throat include minor salivary gland
tumors and lymphoma.
• Cancers of the mouth and throat do not
always metastasize, but those that do
usually spread first to the lymph nodes
of the neck. From there, they may spread
to more distant parts of the body.
• Cancers of the mouth and throat occur in
twice as many men as women.
• These cancers can develop at any age but
occur most frequently in people aged 45
years and older.
Throat cancer is strongly associated with
certain environmental and lifestyle risk
factors, including tobacco smoking,
alcohol consumption, UV light and
occupational exposures, and certain
strains of viruses, such as the sexually
transmitted human papillomavirus.
These cancers are frequently aggressive
in their biologic behavior; patients with
these types of cancer often develop a
second primary tumor. Head and neck
cancer is highly curable if detected early
CLASSIFICATION OF THROAT CANCER
1 Oral Cancer
2 Nasopharyngeal cancer
3 Oropharyngeal Cancer
4 Hypopharyngeal Cancer
5 Laryngeal Cancer
6 Esophageal Cancer
7 Trachea Cancer
Oral Cancer
Squamous cell cancers are common in
the oral cavity, including the inner lip,
tongue, floor of mouth, gingivae, and
hard palate. Cancers of the oral cavity
are strongly associated with tobacco
use, especially use of chewing tobacco
as well as heavy alcohol use.
Cancer of Tongue and Cheek
Mouth Cancer
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Nasopharyngeal cancer arises in
the nasopharynx, the region in
which the nasal cavities and the
Eustachian tubes connect with the
upper part of the throat.
Oropharyngeal Cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer begins in the
oropharynx, the middle part of the throat
that includes the soft palate, the base of the
tongue, and the tonsils. Squamous cell
cancers of the tonsils are more strongly
associated with human papillomavirus
infection than are cancers of other regions
of the head and neck.
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Tumors of the hypopharynx
frequently have an advanced
stage at diagnosis, and have the
most adverse prognoses of
pharyngeal tumors. They tend to
metastasize early due to the
extensive lymphatic network
around the larynx.
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer begins in the larynx or
"voice box." Cancer may occur on the
vocal folds themselves ("glottic"
cancer), or on tissues above and below
the true cords ("supraglottic" and
"subglottic" cancers respectively).
Laryngeal cancer is strongly associated
with tobacco smoking.
Laryngeal cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the
esophagus. There are various subtypes,
primarily squamous cell cancer and
adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell cancer
arises from the cells that line the upper
part of the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma
arises from glandular cells that are
present at the junction of the esophagus
and stomach. Esophageal tumors
usually lead to dysphagia (difficulty
swallowing), pain and other symptoms,
and are diagnosed with biopsy.
Esophageal Cancer
Endoscopic image of patient with esophageal
adenocarcinoma seen at gastro-esophageal junction.
Cancer of the Trachea
Cancer of the trachea is a rare
malignancy which can be biologically
similar in many ways to head and
neck cancer, and is sometimes
classified as such.
SYMPTOMS OF THROAT CANCER
Throat Cancer usually begins with symptoms
that seem harmless enough, like an enlarged
lymph node on the outside of the neck, a sore
throat or a hoarse sounding voice. However, in
the case of throat cancer, these conditions
may persist and become chronic. There may
be a lump or a sore in the throat or neck that
does not heal or go away. There may be
difficult or painful swallowing. Speaking may
become difficult. There may be a persistent
earache. Other possible but less common
symptoms include some numbness or
paralysis of the face muscles.
SYMPTOMS OF THROAT CANCER
Presenting symptoms include
• Mass in the neck
• Neck pain
• Bleeding from the mouth
• Sinus congestion, especially with
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Bad breath
• Sometimes a sore tongue
SYMPTOMS OF THROAT CANCER
• Painless ulcer or sores in the mouth that
do not heal.
• White, red or dark patches in the mouth
that will not go away.
• Ear-ache.
Homeopathic Treatment of
Throat Cancer
Condurango:
Cancer of esophagus; painful cracks in
corners of the mouth.
Cistus Can
Cancer of glands of the neck; patient
sensitive to cold. Sensation of coldness
in various parts.
Carcinocin:
Cancerous history in the family or past
history of cancer in the patient.
Silicea:
To expel the poison from the effected
lision.
Fuligo Ligni
Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth and
throat with sadness and thoughts of
suicide.
Thuja
Throat cancer due to human
papillomavirus with fixed ideas, as if a
strange person was at his side; as if soul
and body were separated; as if
something alive in abdomen.
Calc Carb
Throat Cancer with persistent sore taste,
mouth fills with sore water.
Carbo Animalis
Glands indurated, oral ulcerations, all
secretions are offensive, local
congestions with out heat.
Phytolaca
Dark or bluish red erythroplakia in
throat, ulcerative sore throat feels very
hot, shooting pain into ears on
swallowing,
Mercuris Iodatus
Boggy mucus membranes of throat,
fauces dark red; sub maxillary glands
painfully enlarged; history of syphilis.
Thank you very much
The end