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The wealth of Africa
The historical discourse about Africa, at least that which has emerged from colonial and so-called “Western” powers, has largely
been of a homogenous, amorphous “dark continent”; a land of disease and famine, flies and relentless poverty. Today Africa is
home to powerful emerging economies, multinational corporations and one-eighth of the world’s burgeoning population. The
global view of the continent is changing as its massive potential becomes apparent. Today, Africa is as easily defined by a more
prudent use of our abundant resources – including gold, platinum, oil, copper, diamonds, natural gas, iron and human capital – as
we are by the sadly widening gap between the poor and the superrich.
Geared For Growth
Absolute gross domestic product (GDP) figures and growth are important factors in measuring the relative wealth of countries.
According to the World Bank's Africa Pulse, some 25 percent of the countries in Africa, notably Sierra Leone, Niger, Ivory Coast,
Liberia, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Rwanda, grew at 7 percent or higher in 2012. Furthermore, the publication found that economic
growth remains strong – an estimated 4.7 percent – throughout the African region.
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If you exclude the area’s powerhouse, South Africa (the largest economy in Africa), from the picture, the remaining countries show
growth of 5.8 percent. This is remarkable, especially given that the developing countries together averaged 4.9 percent over the
same period and that in 2013, global GDP growth is expected to hover around 2.4 percent. In fact, nine of the 15 countries with the
highest rate of economic growth in the world are in Africa.
With economic growth rates slowing and birth rates way down in the developed world, global businesses will look to Africa more
and more when seeking to expand. According to Mauritian newspaper, Le Mauricien, Africa’s roughly one billion people – almost 15
percent of the world’s population and growing – represent a potentially massive consumer market, particularly in the continent’s
emerging middle-class countries. In 2012, The Economist reported that 60 million African households are now middle class, a
number expected to grow to 100 million by 2015. Additionally, 60 percent of the world’s arable, uncultivated land is in Africa.
According to research produced by Africa investor (AI) and The Africa Group (TAG), Africa holds $1.671 trillion of potential wealth
and additional production potential in six key sectors: agriculture, water, fisheries, forestry, tourism and human capital. These
figures have enticed foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa, which has more than doubled over the last decade according to Ernst
& Young. Africa attracted 5.5 percent of global FDI projects in 2011, up from 4.5 percent in the previous year. Although the
continent’s take remains a low proportion of the total, this is the highest slice of the global FDI pie that Africa has ever received.
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Income Disparity
The continent’s growth prospects aside, absolute poverty and an increasing Gini coefficient (a commonly used measure of
inequality, representing the deviation in the distribution of income between the richest and poorest individuals) are very real
barriers to growth and economic transformation. A Global Finance analysis shows that Liberia has one of the highest percentages of
people living on less than $2 per day. Others on this list of dubious achievement include Malawi and Madagascar. The Global
Finance data also show that in South Africa, Namibia and the Seychelles, the 10 percent of the population “at the top of the
economic ladder control the highest share of national income compared to the rest of the world”.
Trade Not Aid
Despite the bleak picture the inequality statistics paint, Africa’s “haves” are living it up, and the number of US-dollar
millionaires and billionaires on the continent is rising. A report by UK-based consultancy, WealthInsights, titled
‘World City Millionaire Rankings 2013’, and released in May this year, shows that Johannesburg is the preferred home of African
millionaires, followed by Cairo and Lagos. The report further reveals that, of African countries, the Ivory Coast and Ethiopia are
expected to see their millionaire populations grow fastest. Ghana’s Accra is currently the fastest growing
trends hold, the number of millionaires within the city limits will rise from 800 in 2012 to 1,500 by 2020.
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It is not surprising, then, that Accra also ranks as having the highest growth potential among African cities, according to research
produced by the University of South Africa (UNISA). The MasterCard African Cities Growth Index, released in January this year, aims
to demonstrate the importance of cities in driving national and regional growth, and how they need to attract “inward investment”
and manage their resources effectively while growing. This report also ranked Lusaka, Zambia, and Luanda, Angola as having
medium-high growth potential.
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Cash Is King
The success of Africa’s elite is even more remarkable in light of two things: the relative expense of living in Africa and the systematic
barriers to commerce that persist in so many African countries. At least in terms of ease of doing business, there is a silver lining.
According to the World Bank, of the 50 economies making the most improvement in business regulation for domestic firms since
2005, 17 are in Africa.
According to the 2013 Cost of Living Survey from US-based consulting firm, Mercer, Luanda in Angola is not only the most expensive
city in Africa but the most expensive in the world. It must be noted that the Mercer report is compiled with international companies
and their expatriate workers in mind, and as such weights housing highly in the calculations. Still, with a two-bed luxury apartment
rental running to $6,500 per month and burger meals costing $20, it is safe to conclude that most anyone’s income would be
stretched in Luanda. The only other African city in the world’s top 10 costliest is N’Djamena, Chad, sitting at fourth place.
Africa’s Time
Given the continent’s potential for exponential growth, both as a hungry market for regional and international goods and as a player
in the global economy, Africa’s future wealth horizons are wide open. The key is to manage this growth effectively in order to create
stable and more equal countries. If we achieve this goal, argue people such as former South African president Thabo Mbeki, we will
be entering into the African century – one characterised by peace and prosperity