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The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity Advanced Ecology 2014 Climate change alone is expected to threaten with extinction approximately one quarter or more of all species on land by the year 2050, surpassing even habitat loss as the biggest threat to life on land. Species in the oceans and in fresh water are also at great risk from climate change, especially those that live in ecosystems like coral reefs that are highly sensitive to warming temperatures, but the full extent of that risk has not yet been calculated. IPCC Climate Change Predictions The average temperature of the Earth’s surface during the peak of the last Ice Age, 20,000 years ago, when large areas of North America, northern Europe and northern Asia were under a sheet of ice 2 miles and more thick, was only about 6 degrees C. cooler than it is now. Review of Biomes Plant and Animal Responses to Climate Change Phenological Changes and Disequilibria Facilitation of Biological Invasions Alteration of Migratory Habitats Changing Human Pressures Responding to Climate Change