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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVXHYx8zYeI Overview of cellular respiration 4 metabolic stages http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JGXayUyNVw Anaerobic respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu9U 1. Glycolysis respiration without O2 in cytosol Aerobic respiration respiration using O2 in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain C H O6 + AP Biology 6 12 6O2 ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat) Cellular Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk92uswY AP Biology Major Metabolic Pathway Glucose Glycolysis Glc-6-P Kinase 6 3 Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen Glc-1-P P digestion Starch Oxidation of Carbon Mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation P H O P 4 H3-C-H 0 ↓ 3 H3-C-OH 1 Change ↓ of carbon 2 H2-C=O 1 number ↓ 1 H-COOH 2 ↓ Pyruvate 0 O=C=O 2 3 AP Biology 2 Acetyl CoA A Pyruvate ATP $ $$ Citric acid cycle NADH H2O CO2 1 STAGE 3 Energy production STAGE 2 Unit molecule → Key small molecule Juang RH (2004) BCbasics STAGE 1 Macromolecule → Unit molecule Overview 10 reactions glucose C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP 2 ADP convert fructose-1,6bP glucose (6C) to P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P 2 pyruvate (3C) DHAP G3P produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH P-C-C-C C-C-C-P 2H consumes: 2Pi 2 ATP net: 2Pi 2 ATP & 2 NADH AP Biology pyruvate C-C-C 2 NAD+ 2 4 ADP 4 ATP What’s the point? Cellular Respiration Stages 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle The point is to make AP Biology ATP! 2013-2014 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu9U Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 pyruvate CO2 AP Biology 3C 1C x3 Cellular respiration AP Biology Mitochondria — Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae intermembrane space fluid-filled space between membranes matrix inner fluid-filled space DNA, ribosomes enzymes free in matrix & What cells would have AP Biology a lot of mitochondria? outer intermembrane membrane inner membrane-bound space membrane cristae matrix mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria – Function Oooooh! Form fits function! Dividing mitochondria Membrane-bound proteins Who else divides like that? Enzymes & permeases bacteria! What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis! AP Biology Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membranebound enzymes & permeases Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix [ 2x pyruvate acetyl CoA + CO2 3C 2C 1C NAD Where does the CO2 go? Exhale! 3 step oxidation process releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!) reduces 2 NAD 2 NADH (moves e ) produces 2 acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle AP Biology ] AP Biology Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA reduction NAD+ Pyruvate C-C-C [ Coenzyme A CO2 Acetyl CoA C-C oxidation 2 x Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2 AP Biology ] Pyruvate Oxidation 2 NADH's are generated 2 CO2 are released AP Biology Krebs cycle 1937 | 1953 aka Citric Acid Cycle in mitochondrial matrix 8 step pathway each catalyzed by specific enzyme Hans Krebs 1900-1981 step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule Evolved later than glycolysis does that make evolutionary sense? bacteria 3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis) free O2 2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago (aerobic AP Biology respiration = organelles mitochondria) Count the carbons! pyruvate 3C 2C 6C 4C This happens twice for each glucose molecule 4C citrate oxidation of sugars 4C 6C CO2 x2 4C AP Biology acetyl CoA 5C 4C CO2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw5nWB0xN0Y&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-k0biO1DT8&feature=related Count the electron carriers! pyruvate 3C 2C CO2 acetyl CoA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFiaIS1IKIA&feature=related This happens twice for each glucose molecule 6C 4C NADH 4C 4C citrate reduction of electron carriers x2 FADH2 4C ATP AP Biology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG12CMszYLI NADH 6C CO2 NADH 5C 4C CO2 NADH Figure 9.12-1 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH 1 Oxaloacetate Citrate Citric acid cycle AP Biology Figure 9.12-2 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle AP Biology Figure 9.12-3 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD Citric acid cycle 3 NADH + H CO2 -Ketoglutarate AP Biology Figure 9.12-4 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 NAD NADH Succinyl CoA AP Biology + H CO2 Figure 9.12-5 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 CoA-SH 5 NAD Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP AP Biology Pi Succinyl CoA NADH + H CO2 Figure 9.12-6 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD Citric acid cycle Fumarate NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 6 CoA-SH 5 FADH2 NAD FAD Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP AP Biology Pi Succinyl CoA NADH + H CO2 Figure 9.12-7 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD H2O Citric acid cycle 7 Fumarate NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 6 CoA-SH 5 FADH2 NAD FAD Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP AP Biology Pi Succinyl CoA NADH + H CO2 Figure 9.12-8 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH NADH + H H2O 1 NAD 8 Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD H2O Citric acid cycle 7 Fumarate NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 6 CoA-SH 5 FADH2 NAD FAD Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP AP Biology Pi Succinyl CoA NADH + H CO2 Figure 9.12a Acetyl CoA CoA-SH H2O 1 Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate AP Biology Figure 9.12b Isocitrate NAD NADH 3 + H CO2 CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate 4 NAD NADH Succinyl CoA AP Biology + H CO2 Figure 9.12c Fumarate 6 CoA-SH 5 FADH2 FAD Succinate Pi GTP GDP ADP ATP AP Biology Succinyl CoA Figure 9.12d NADH + H NAD 8 Oxaloacetate Malate H2O 7 Fumarate AP Biology Whassup? So we fully oxidized glucose C6H12O6 CO2 & ended up with 4 ATP! What’s the point? AP Biology http://www.johnkyrk.com/krebs.html AP Biology Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers H+ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers NADH FADH2 go to Electron Transport Chain! AP Biology What’s so important about electron carriers? H+ H+ H+ + H+ H H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP H+ Energy accounting of Krebs cycle 4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2 2x pyruvate CO2 3C 3x 1C 1 ADP 1 ATP ATP Net gain = 2 ATP = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 AP Biology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPCs5pn7UNI Value of Krebs cycle? If the yield is only 2 ATP, how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation? value of NADH & FADH2 electron carriers & H carriers reduced molecules move e-s reduced molecules move H+ ions to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$ in the bank AP Biology NADH and FADH2 So much more to give AP Biology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCpNk92uswY What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP AP Biology 2013-2014 H+ And how do we do that? H + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP synthase set up a H+ gradient allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + P ADP + Pi ATP ATP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGU-g4IYD7c AP Biology But… Have we done that yet? http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie.htm H+ NO! The final chapter to my story is next! Any Questions? AP Biology 2013-2014 Overview – sites of reactions AP Biology FAD Reduction AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology Coenzyme A (CoA) AP Biology Pyruvate to acetyl CoA AP Biology