Download Conservation The Sea and Indonesia Indonesian Navy Is a Power of

Conservation The Sea and Indonesia Indonesian Navy Is a Power of Maritime Indonesia
Introduction
Indonesia spans 17,480 islands and 81,000 kilometers of coastline, intimately
linking it to the ocean. In addition to providing a steady stream of revenue to the
government in the form of taxes and fees, marine resources are of vital importance for
food, livelihoods, and traditional culture. More than 140 million Indonesians live in
coastal areas and more than 2.62 million people are primarily employed in marine and
inland capture fisheries in Indonesia. It is one of the most fish-dependent countries in the
world yet also one of the most threatened; reefs in Indonesia face a myriad of threats,
such as sedimentation from deforestation, coastal pollution, and thermal stress, but
overfishing and destructive fishing are believed to be the most acute threats.
The urgency of improving marine resource management in Indonesia cannot be
overstated. From an ecological perspective, Indonesia is located in the center of the Coral
Triangle, which contains 76% of all coral species—the highest coral and coral reef fish
diversity in the world. From an economics and livelihoods perspective, Indonesia is the
world’s second largest producer of wild-capture fish, accounting for 6.5 million tons in
2011, 60% of which was from small-scale fishers. There are more than 2.62 million
fishers in the marine and inland capture sector in Indonesia,1and the country is one of the
most fish-dependent countries in the world. The average annual per capita fish
consumption (including aquaculture products) reached 30.4 kilograms in 2007,
accounting for 72% of total animal protein in human consumption nationwide.
If wealth in Indonesia sea can be managed properly then Indonesia can be a world
maritime center. but many problems occurred in the Indonesian sea in terms of natural
resources, including overfishing, damage to coral reefs. Another problem in terms of
military defense in Indonesia.

Overfishing
Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world with the potential and abundant
natural resources. Indonesia, with a total area of 7.7 million km2, is the fourth longest
coastline country, i.e. along for more than 95.181 km, and has more than 17.480 islands.
If all of the potency can be managed into tangible economic assets, it can be used to
improve the people welfare, source of foreign exchange, environmental preservation, and
become a medium for unifying the nation. Indonesia has an important position in the
fishery sector. Fishery production growth reached 7 percent per year, placing Indonesia
as the largest producer of fishery products in Southeast Asia. Generally, national fisheries
production sector can be divided into two sub-sectors, namely fishing and aquaculture. At
fishing sub-sector, Indonesia has the potential of marine fishery resources of 6.4 million
tons of fish per year. As for inland water, areas that can be widely used for fishing effort
are about 13.85 million hectares with the potential fishery resources of 3.03 million tons
per year. Nevertheless, it can be found that some types of fish that have been experienced
over-exploited, but there also several species of fish that have not been used optimally.
For example, for the production of tuna, Indonesia ranks third in the world’s largest tuna
producing countries. This is in line with the increasing fish production in Indonesia from
year to year, which is still dominated by catch fisheries. Total fishery production in 2010
reached 10.83 million tons, up 10.29 percent compared to 2009 that was 9.82 million
tons.
According to the Indonesian Constitution, natural resources can be exploited for the
greatest benefit of all. There is much debate about the appropriate interpretation of this
statement, but fisheries and marine resources, especially within 4 nautical miles (nm) of
the coast, are generally treated as open access resources. Whereas Indonesia does have
regulations and procedures to regulate spatial distribution of fishing effort, these
regulations have not yet resulted in control of the overall level of effort, nor have they
been effective in abating overfishing. Legislation exists to designate and manage MPAs,
and the country is divided into Fisheries Management Areas to guide fisheries
interventions (e.g., governance, licensing systems, and gear restrictions). However, there
are few effective regulations to limit access beyond no-take zones within MPAs, and few
catch limits or effort restrictions are used in nearshore waters. Customary fisheries and
marine management systems exist in certain places, but there are no common or scalable
models. The overall consensus appears to be that while an RBM approach to managing
local marine resources is possible in certain cases, there are enough legal hurdles to make
widespread adoption unlikely in the short term.
Fishery is one of the main economic activities that need to be developed in order to
provide nationalfood security. As an archipelago, Indonesia’s geographical condition
strongly supports the development of fishery activities. Indonesia has access to abundant
fishery resources in both marine fishery ansd freshwater fishery, where 76 percent of
Indonesia’s surface area is sea-waters, in addition to the 5,500 rivers and lakes found
throughout Indonesia.
Some may not be fully compatible with the goal of ensuring long-term sustainable access
to fish and other marine resources for communities or to enhance food security. While it
is often assumed that customary natural resource laws are based on sustainability
principles, they are sometimes as much about social and political hierarchy as natural
resource management. The variation in customary laws and their application means that
using adatas a means to restrict outsider access to fishing grounds or to reduce fishing
pressure is still very much a site-by-site strategy.

Coral reefs in Indonesia
The Benthic research, that carried out in 1984 along a west-east axis in the Java Sea and
in the Strait of Madura, shows relatively poor benthic communities. The average densities
of macro faunal organisms (>1 mm) did not exceed 250 specimens·m-2; the total biomass
was below 1 g AFDW·m-2; small polychaetes and crustaceans were the dominant
groups. A number of larger organisms have developed very remarkable adaptations to the
muddy environment. Meiofaunal organisms (nematodes being the dominant group)
numbered 0.06·106to 0.46·106specimens.m-2. In general there is a trend from west to
east towards somewhatricher communities. The actual carbon demand of the benthic
ecosystem in the area investigated is tentatively estimated at an average of 38 g C·m -2·y
-1 which amounts to about 40% of the primary production. Both the very soft fluid-mud
bottoms in the central Java Sea and in Strait Madura, and the relatively low amount of
energy available for growth, probably prevent the establishment of well developed
benthic communities (de Wilde et. al., 1989).
Indonesia’s aquatic ecosystem is not any different from other aquatic ecosystems in the
world, but consists of more tropical fish species that are not found anywhere else. Like
other aquatic ecosystems, food webs within the Java Sea involve many species that are
inter-dependent on each other.There are microscopic single-cell planktonic algae that are
in the first tropic level. There are small invertebrates called zooplankton and some
smaller fish that feed on the algae, which form the second tropic level. These herbivores
are fed on some bigger fish and other invertebrates; they form the third tropic level. On
top of these, some larger fish and marine mammals, such as killer whales, feed on the
predatory fish and they stand on top of all tropic levels, as well as being the "keystone
species" in their ecosystem. There are, at least, two types of population groups in the Java
Sea. The first one is the group of resident species that spend their whole life in the Java
Sea and depend on the functioning of coastal waters. The species ofthis group are
included in the coastal population group. The second one is the visitor species group,
which,at the time being, plays the major part in pelagic fishery. These species stay in the
Java Sea for a part of their life span, in the young age only, meaning that adult stages and
their reproduction mainly take place outside Java Sea, in the eastern Seas of Indonesia.

Indonesian Navy
As of 2015, the Navy managed to maintain its status as the strongest navy in Southeast
Asia that carried since the middle of 1950. Despite budgetary constraints and a significant
increase in the strength of the AL other countries. Navy has become the strongest Navy in
Southeast Asia since the RTC (Round Table Conference) inaugurated the RIS (Republic
of Indonesia) in December 1949, which then merges back into the Republic of Indonesia.
Receive heritage assets NICA / Indies make the Navy became the strongest navy in
Southeast Asia, even in the southern hemisphere. KRI Irian which operates year 1962 1970 is a symbol of the heyday of the Navy as a Navy strongest in the southern
hemisphere. At that time, the Air Force-was the strongest air force in the southern
hemisphere, which makes the TNI (APRI / Armed Forces) as the strongest military in the
southern hemisphere.
Conclusion
Indonesia has a long-standing marine conservation and management commitment
as evidenced by the formal recognition of customary management systems, a large
network of marine protected areas (MPAs), some fisheries management interventions,
and its endorsement of the Manado Declaration. Looking forward, there is a need to
secure the longevity and effectiveness of relevant fisheries management and protected
area efforts. There is also a need to consider how rights-based fisheries and coastal
marine resource management approaches may be relevant and scalable in Indonesia.
The laws for management of natural resources are further complicated by a fragmented
approach to management and regulation that reflects competing or conflicting inter- and
intra-agency interests. Since decentralization, the Offices for Marine Affairs and
Fisheries (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan, or DKPs) have taken on increasing
responsibilities. Small-scale fishers do not require a fishing business license, and the
requirement for a fish catching license and vessel license is not systematically enforced
for small fishers. Small-scale fishers are allowed to catch fish almost anywhere within
Indonesia’s entire fishery management area, including all territorial waters and waters
within the Indonesian EEZ. In an effort to increase prosecutorial effectiveness, Indonesia
developed a network of fisheries tribunals under Law 31/2004, but these courts have only
handled a scant proportion of cases, given that illegal fishing practices are believed to be
widespread. The government is currently rolling out a comprehensive vessel monitoring
program requiring all vessels over 60 GT to install tracking systems, and development of
an on-board observer program is in its early stages. Nearshore fishing and coastal
resources are an important component of subsistence and food security for the nearly
60% of Indonesians who live in coastal areas. Recognition of the need to ensure
sustainability of these resources is growing, as evidenced through the declaration of some
fisheries management and conservation-related laws and with a number of government
and non-government entities establishing marine conservation projects throughout the
country.
Coral reefs are managed properly can provide great benefits to marine life and humans.
Benefits Coral Reefs For Marine Life. The first, naturally, the reef is a habitat for many
marine species to make spawning, nesting, enlargement child, eating and foraging
(feeding and foraging), especially for a number of species that have important economic
value. second, the number of species of marine life that can be found in the coral reef
ecosystem make it as a warehouse of marine biodiversity. Third, the role of coral reefs as
a storehouse of biodiversity making it an important resource for a variety of bioactive
materials needed in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Certainly, in overfishing and
destruction of coral reefs provide great impact for Indonesian maritime hence the need
for a follow hard on the government and society to keep Indonesia with official legal
nature ocean conservation. Another benefit of Coral Reefs For Humans. The first, source
of fish and other seafood are high in protein. second, protect the coast and residents from
the force of the waves and currents. The third source of income for fishermen (catch
fish). fourth, nautical tourism Wealth highly selling (fishing, diving, snorkeling). fifth,
wealth of the sea that can be used as natural medicines. sixth, as a natural laboratory for
education and research.
As mentioned above, Indonesia has many options to build military. First, Arms build-up
program. That is a administrative aspects of military defense acquisitions that should be
corrected. The main was a better acquisition planning. Better here are more integrated,
well-planned, self-contained, and focuses on increasing combat capability. Second, One
stunt acquisitions to maintain combat capability conducted by the Navy is extending the
operational life of frigate Van Speijk and perform limited weapons modernization. Third,
Arms maintenance program. The government does not need to increase military budget
sharply. Hence there would be no political upheaval and economic decreasing. At last,
internal threats would not increase.
References
BKPM. Fisheries Industry At AGlance.
Conservation and community investement forum. July 2013. Assesment of the enabling
conditions for rights-based management coastal marine reseources. San
Francisco.
Nagara, Atma Genia dkk. 2007. Introduction To Java Sea. University Of Stangaver
http://hankam.kompasiana.com/2014/09/22/tni-al-dalam-konstelasi-kekuatan-laut-asiatenggara-2015-675692.html (accesed 23 may 2015)
http://manfaattumbuhanbuah.blogspot.com/2014/03/manfaat-terumbu-karang-bagi-biotalaut.html (accesed 23 may 2015)
Penulis
Nama
: Nurhayati
Status
: Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Semarang Jurusan Pendidikan Luar
Sekolah Angkatan 2013
Alamat
: Jl. Taman Siswa Gang Goda No. 3 Kel. Gunungpati Semarang Jawa
Tengah
Cp
: 085713179458
FB
: Eneng Nurhayati