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WEEK ONE Chapter 1 Evolution: you are responsible Autotrophic / Hetertrophic Respiration – aerobic / anaerobic Prokaryotic / eukaryotic Annual / perennial Plant structures: Roots: Stems: Leaves: Epidermis: Cuticle: Stomata: guard cells Cork: Vascular plants Xylem: Phloem: Meristems: Apical meirstem: Lateral: Primary: Secondary growth: Seed plants / seedless plants Seed: Spore: Chapter 2 You are responsible: Four organic macromolecules Mono, di, poly Hydrophilic / hydrophobic Hydrolysis / dehydration synthesis (condensation) Chitin Glycogen Triglycerides: unsaturated / saturated Phospholipids / phospholipids bilayer Protein structure The five alkaloids The terpenes: isoprene, essential oils, taxol, rubber figure 2-4 Starch: Amylose: Amylopectin: figure 2-5 Cellulose: Fructans: 1 Waxes: cutin: suberin: Epicuticular wax: Sitosterol: Ergosterol Figure 2-12 Primary metabolites: Secondary metabolites: figure 2-22 Alkaloids: Figure 2-23 Terpenoids: insert a phenol group table 17-3 chemistry Phenolics: Flavonoids: co-pigmentation Tanins: Lignins Salicylic acid: Chapter 3 You are responsible for: all the organelles in common Cell theory Ploidy Cell cycle: mitosis Figure 3-3 Plant cell structures Protoplast: Vacuoles: Tonoplast: Cell sap: Plastids: Function: figure 3-10 Chloroplast: chlorophyll: Thylokoid membrane system Grana thylakoid: Stroma thylakoid: Stroma: Chromoplast: Leucoplast: amyloplast: Proplastid: 2 Prolamellar Etioplast: Insert fig 3-13 Cell wall: Cellulose Microfibrils: figure 3-27 Cellulose framework: Hemicellulose: Pectin Figure 3.29 Primary cell wall: Primary pit-fields: Middle lamella: Secondary cell wall: figure 3-30 Pit: Pit membrane: Plasmodesmata: fugure 3-34 Cell cycle unique to plants Phragmosome: Preprophase band: Cell plate: Phragmoplast: figure 3-7 Review the following chapters Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 WEEK TWO Chapter 7 Read the history Photosynthesis Location: 3 Figure 10-2 Campbell text 4 Electromagnetic spectrum Figure 7-4 Absorption: Reflection: Pigment: figure 7-5 absorption spectrum From biochemistry text. Photosynthetic pigmets Chlorophyll - green Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Bacteriochlorophyll Chlorobium chlorophyll Caroteoids Carotene: Xanthophylls: Phycobilins 5 Reactions of photosynthesis Figure 7-9 Overview of photosynthesis 3CO2 + 6H2O C3H6O3 + 3O2 +3H2O 3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H+ G3P + 9ADP + 8Pi + 6NADP+ + 3H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 +12H2O 6CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + 12H+ C6H12O6 + 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+ + 6H2O Light dependent reactions Reactants: Products: Location: Figure 7-10 Photosystems: antenna complex: reaction center: Figure 7-11 Flow of electron – light dependent reactions From water to NADP+ P680 oxidized ETS NADP+ Replace e- from water by photolysis enzyme located lumen side of thylakoid 2H2O 4 e- + 4H+ + O2 Figure 7-12 Chemeosmosis Carbon fixing reactions C3 pathway – Calvin cycle Reactants: Products: RuBP – ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate Location: Carbon fixing Figure 7-16 RuBp PGA 3-phophoglycerate Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase): carbosylase: Rubisco (RuBP oxygenase): oxygenase: Reduction Figure 7-17 PGA PGAL 3-phosphglycerate kinase: kinase: 6 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: dehydrogenase: Regeneration PGAL RuBP Figure 7-18 One turn of Calvin cycle: three turns: 3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H+ PGAL + 9ADP + 8Pi + 6NADP+ + 3H2O C4 pathway: Figure 7-21 First product: PEP + CO2 oxaloacetate PEP carboxylase: Location: Oxaloacetate + NH3+ malate or aspartate Location: amino acid (malate or aspartate) CO2 + pyruvate Location: Pyruvate + ATP PEP Location: Figure 7-26 CAM – crassulacean acid metabolism at night with stomata open PEP + CO2 oxaloacetate malate in daylight stomata closed malate decarboxylated (CO2) RuBP Calvin cycle in chloroplast WEEK THREE Evolution Chapter 11 Review chapter 8 Darwin: Selection Natural selection Figure 22-12 Campbell text Artificial selection: Figure 11-3 7 Gene pool: Gene pool: Population: Species: Biological species: Geographical species: Hardy-Weinberg Law 1. No mutation 2. Isolation from other populations 3. Large population 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection Similar to Newton’s first law Microevolution Mechanisms: Mutation: figure 11-4 Gene flow: Genetic drift: Figure 11-5 Founder effect: Bottle neck: Nonrandom mating Adaptation: Figure 11-6 Adaptation to physical environment: Developmental plasticity: Cline: Ecotype: figure 11-9 Speciation) Allopatric speciation: Adaptive radiation: 8 . Sympatric speciation: Polyploidy: Nondisjunction: Autopolyploidy Autopolyploid: figure 11-11 Allopolyploidy figure 11-12 Systematics: chapter 12 Systematics: Phylogeny: Taxonomy: Father of taxonomy Binomial system nomenclature: Rules for scientific naming found in: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature International Code of Zoological Nomenclature International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria type specimen – Figure 12-3 subspecies or varieties: Phylogeny based classification system Monophyletic: Polyphyletc: Homologous: Analogous: Plant phylogenies phylogenetic trees Figure 12-4 Cladistic method. Outgroups Cladogram Figure 12-6 Figure 12-7 9 Division of the kingdoms: Methods of Classification Gross morphological characteristics: Molecular systematics The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms: In Linnaeus’s time Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archae and Bacteria: Eukarya – eukaryotes Serial endosymbiotic theory Figure 12-10 Animalia: Plantae: Alternation of generations Fungi: Protista: Life Cycle: Zygotic meiosis: Gametic meiosis: Sproatic meiosis: Isomorphic: Hetermorphic: 10