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Physiology Midterm Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Terms a. anatomy b. physiology c. pathology d. homeostasis 2. levels of organization a. chemical b. cell c. tissue d. organ e. organ-system 3. Body cavities a. dorsal 1) cranial 2) spinal b. ventral 1) thoracic (pleural and mediastinum) 2) abdominopelvic (quadrants) 4. Body directions a. superior b. inferior c. anterior d. posterior e. medial f. lateral g. proximal h. distal i. supine j. prone 5. Body planes (sections) a. sagittal – midsagittal b. frontal (coronal) c. transverse 6. Body regions a. thoracic b. facial c. gluteal d. cervical e. femoral f. axillary g. antebrachial h. inguinal i. digital j. palmar k. plantar l. patellar Chapter 3 1. Movement through a membrane a. diffusion b. osmosis 2. Growth a. hypertrophy b. atrophy 3. Tissues a. Epithelial 1) squamous (simple or stratified) 2) columnar 3) cuboidal b. connective 1) adipose 2) bone 3) blood c. muscular 1) skeletal 2) smooth 3) cardiac d. nervous 1) sensory 2) motor Chapter 4 1. Organ Systems --- major organs in each p88 2. Primary functions of each system a. skeletal b. muscular c. nervous d. endocrine e. cardiovascular f. respiratory g. digestive h. urinary Chapter 6 1. Body membranes a. cutaneous b. serous 1) parietal 2) visceral 3) pleura 4) peritoneum c. mucous d. synovial 2. Skin structure and function a. epidermis 1) stratum germinativum (melanin) 2) stratum corneum (keratin) b. dermis c. hypodermis – subcutaneous fatty tissue 3. Skin appendages a. hair 1) alopecia b. arrector pili muscle c. nails d. receptors e. glands (apocrine, eccrine, sebaceous) 4. Three functions of skin 5. Disorders a. acne b. blisters c. burns 1) degrees of severity 2) rule of nines d. cancer Chapter 7 1. Functions of skeletal system 2. Structure of long bones a. epiphyses b. diaphysis c. articular cartilage d. medullary canal e. periosteum f. endosteum g. compact bone h. spongy bone i. red marrow j. yellow marrow 3. Microscopic structure a. osteon b. central canal c. lamellae d. lacunae e. canaliculi 4. Bone formation – Ossification p186 5. Bones of Skeleton a. axial skeleton – p187 1) bones of skull – the major ones 2) vertebral regions 3) ribs & sternum b. appendicular skeleton -- p197 1) pectoral girdle 2) upper extremity 3) pelvic girdle 4) lower extremity 6. Joints a. synarthroses b. amphiarthroses c. diarthroses 1) joint capsule 2) ligaments 3) joint cavity 4) synovial membrane 5) bursae d. arthritis e. bursitis 7. Movements -- p210 a. flexion b. extension c. rotation d. circumduction e. abduction f. adduction Chapter 8 1. Functions of Muscle 2. Structure of muscle a. general i. origin ii. insertion iii. muscle body (belly) iv. tendons b. levels of organization i. epimysium ii. perimysium iii. fasciculi (fascicles) iv. endomysium v. muscle fibers vi. myofibrils 1. actin 2. myosin 3. Sliding Filament theory a. sarcomere i. z-lines ii. myosin-actin interaction b. role of calcium ions in contraction c. role of ATP 4. Motor Unit a. neuromuscular junction 5. 6. 7. 8. b. threshold stimulus c. all-or-none response Types of Contraction a. twitch b. tetanic c. isometric d. isotonic Effects of exercise a. strength training b. endurance training Fatigue a. oxygen debt Muscles of Body (From here down will be covered in the 2nd semester) a. muscles of face & neck i. frontalis ii. zygomaticus iii. masseter iv. temporalis v. orbicularis oculi vi. orbicularis oris vii. sternocleidomastoid viii. trapezius b. muscles of upper torso i. pectoralis major ii. deltoid iii. latissimus dorsi c. muscles of upper arms i. biceps brachii ii. triceps brachii d. muscles of abdomen i. transversus abdominis ii. rectus abdominis iii. external oblique iv. internal oblique e. muscles of thighs i. quadriceps group 1. rectus femoris 2. vastus medialis 3. vastus lateralis ii. hamstring group iii. adductor group iv. sartorius f. muscles of lower leg i. gastrocnemius ii. tibialis anterior