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Chapter 16 Section 1 pg. 542 Energy In Earth’s Atmosphere Energy from the Sun Electromagnetic waves- form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space. All energy comes from the sun Radiation – direct transfer of energy by Electromagnetic waves Visible light= all the colors in a rainbow Colors each have different wavelength( red = longest, Blue = shortest) Non Visible Radiation= Infrared (from of electromagnetic) radiation has longer wave lengths than red, not visible but is heat Ultraviolet radiation= invisible energy with shorter than violet wavelengths , causes Sunburn, eye damage, skin cancer Energy in the Atmosphere Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by atmosphere before it can reach the surface. The rest passes through the atmosphere to surface. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation H20 and CO2 absorb some infared radiation Clouds, dust, and other gases absorb energy Scattering- reflection of light in all directions caused by dust and gases in atmosphere. Energy at Earth’s Surface Half of energy is absorbed by the land and water and changed to heat. When Earth’s surface is heated it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Greenhouse Effect- process which gases hold heat in the air (Blanket holding heat in) Natural process that keeps Earth temp. comfortable and balanced Section 2 Heat Transfer Thermal Energy and Temperature All objects are made of tiny particles that are constantly moving (the faster they move the more energy they have) Temperature_- average amount of energy of motion of each particle of a substance - measure of how hot or cold a substance is Thermal energy- total energy of Motion in the particles of a substance Ex. Tea in the cup and the teapot Measuring temperature- important factors affecting the weather Air temperature= usually measured with a thermometer Thermometer- thin glass tube with a bulb on one end that contains a liquid(mercury) or colored alcohol. - liquid can expand due to temperature Temperature scales - measured in degrees - Celsius 0 to 100 degrees - Fahrenheit 32 to 212 degrees How Heat is Transferred Heat-transfer of thermal energy (hot object to cooler one) 3 ways of transfer Radiation- direct transfer of energy by waves EX. Feel the heat from the sun electromagnetic Conduction- the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another that is touching EX. Hot feet from walking on hot sand Convection- transfer of heat by the movement of fluid EX. Boiling water See fiqure on pg 551 Heating the Troposphere All three ways work together to heat the troposphere Convection currents- upward movement of warm air and downward movement of cool air - move heat throughout the troposphere Section 3 Winds Pg 552 What is Wind Horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure of area of low pressure Winds are caused by differences in air pressure Differences of air pressure is caused by unequal heating of Earth’s atmosphere. Warm air rises Measuring Winds- direction measured by wind vane - speed measured by anemometer ( 3 or 4 cup attached to axle) Wind-Chill Factor-increased cooling a wind can cause Local Wind Winds that blow over short distances Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area. Sea Breeze Global Winds Winds that blow steadily from specific direction over long distances. Created by unequal heating Occur over large area Global convection current Warm air rises at equator and cool air sinks at poles Air pressure is lower at equator& grater at poles Causes wind to blow from poles to equator near the surface. Higher up it goes the other way. Coriolis Effect – way the Earth’s rotation makes winds curve Global wind in N hemisphere turn right and S turn left Global Wind Belts Dolrums- regions near the equator with little to no wind Horse latitudes- 30 degrees north and south of the equator where little to no wind blows (calm areas of falling air) Trade winds- blow from the horse latitudes toward the equator (steady easterly winds) named due to sailors using them to trade Prevailing Westerlies- blow away from the horse latitudes between 30 degrees and 60 degrees North and South Winds that blow toward the poles turned east by Coriolis effect Important part of weather in US Polar Easterlies- blow cold air away from the poles Coriolis effect shifts wind to the west Mixing of warm and cold air along polar front has major effect on weather in US Jet Streams- 10 kilometers above surface High speed winds Very wide not very deep Blow from west to east at about 200 to 400 kilometers per hour Wander n and S in a wavy path. Section 4 Water in the Atmosphere Pg 560 Water cycle- movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface See pg 561 Evaporation- water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor. HumidityMeasure of the amount of water vapor in the air Warm air can hold more than cold air Relative Humidity- percentage of water vapor that is actually in the air compared to maximum the sir can hold at a certain temp. Psychrometer – instrument that measures relative humidity Has a wet bulb thermometer and dry bulb thermometer How Clouds Form When water vapor in air condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals Condensation – water vapor becomes a liquid Ex. – cold glass of lemonade is wet on the outside of glass Role of cooling Cold air holds less water vapor than warm air When air cools water vapor decreases to form droplets of water Dew point- temperature when condensation begins Role of particles Particles are dust, salt, smoke This gives the water something to condense on Dew is liquid water condensing from the air onto a cooler like grass Frost is ice that has been deposited on a surface that is below freezing Types of Clouds 3 types based on shape and altitude Cirrusfeathery wispy form at high levels (above 6 Km) made of ice crystals Cirrocumulus- look like rows of cotton balls - indicate a storm is coming Cumulus Fluffy rounded piles of cotton Form less than 2 Km above the ground Grow in size and height till reach 18 Km Ones not very tall = fair weather Tall ones with flat tops= Thunderstorms (Cumulonimbus) Nimbus means rain Stratus Flat layers Strato = spreadout Cover most of the sky Gray color When thicken produce drizzle , rain, or snow Altocumulus and Altostratus Middle level clouds Between 2 and 6 Km above surface In between cumulus and cirrus Fog Clouds that form at or near the ground Forms when ground cools at night after hot humid day Section 5 Precipitation form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface For precipitation to fall needs to be heavy enough to fall through the air. Types of Precipitation Rain = most common .5 mm in diameter smaller is called mist Sleet= raindrops that fall when air is less than 0 degrees C Smaller than 5 mm is diameter Freezing Rain=when raindrops freeze when they touch a cold surface Snow= water vapor in a cloud is converted directly into ice crystals Hail= round pellets ice of larger than 5 mm in diameter Forms inside a cold region of a cloud Small pieces bounce in the clouds till they get to big and fall Modify precipitation Droughts- long periods of unusually low precipitation Cloud seeding- tiny crystals of silver are iodine and dry ice are sprinkled into the air from a plane so that the water vapor in air will condense on it causing rain Not very effective Measuring Precipitation Snowfall measurement- measured with a ruler or yard stick - or by melting snow and find the depth - 10 cm of snow =1 cm of rain Rain measurements Rain gauge- open ended tube that collects rainfall