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11/2/2016
Bio100 (Dr Paddack) Lecture 19 (11/2/16)
Reminder: Exam 3 next Monday!
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia - Invertebrates (ch 18 con’t)
1. Phylum Arthropoda (insects, crabs, etc)
2. Phylum Echinodermata
II.
Vertebrates: Phylum Chordata (Ch 19)
A. Phylum Chordata – characteristics
B. Vertebrate Diversity via evolutionary advances
1. Head
2. Vertebral column
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)
3. Jaw
Cass Chondrichtyes (sharks, etc)
4. Lungs & lung-derivatives
Class Ostiechtyes (bony fishes)
5. Muscular lobed fins (Tiklaak, coelocanths)
6. Legs (Tetrapods)
Class Amphibia (frogs, etc)
7. Amniotic egg
Class Reptilia (snakes, etc)
Class Aves (birds)
I.
Phylum Arthropoda (“Jointed Foot”)
s
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Phylum Arthropoda (“jointed leg”)
Phylum Arthropoda
Molting: Limb regeneration
molt exoskeleton to grow
Phylum Arthropoda
Insects: the most successful Arthropods
~70% of all animal species
Head
Antenna
Thorax
Abdomen
Forewing
Eye
Mouthparts
Hindwing
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Phylum Echinodermata
Basic Body Plan
1. Covered in
thin layer of
ciliated tissue,
often with
spines/bumps
Basic Body Plan
Phylum Echinodermata
2. Radial symmetry: pentamerous (5-part)
Only as adults
Bilaterally
symmetrical larvae
Phylum Echinodermata
Basic Body Plan
3. Internal skeleton
Radially
symmetrical
juveniles & adults
Phylum Echinodermata
Basic Body Plan
4. Water vascular system (unique trait)
Phylum Echinodermata
Basic Body Plan
Tube feet
Muscular extensions of water vascular
system
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Chordates ~530 mya– evolved in oceans
Tunicates
Ancestral
chordate
Lancelets
Craniates
Hagfishes
Brain
Lampreys
Head
Sharks, rays
Vertebral column
Ray-finned fishes
Jaws
Lobe-fins
Lungs or lung derivatives
Amphibians
Lobed fins
Legs
Amniotic egg
Mammals
Amniotes
Reptiles
Milk
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Photo courtesy of Ann Burke and Brian McOmber hawaii.edu
1st
Fish:
vertebrates!
Phylum Chordata, InfraPhylum Agnatha
Jawless Fishes
• Major ecological
impact
• 50% of
vertebrates on
Earth are fish
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Evolution of Jaws
Phylum Chordata,Class Chondrichthyes
Bony Fishes (ray-finned fishes)
Preps & Photos: Steve Huskey, LKU
Figure 34.14 The origin of tetrapods
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Class Amphibia
Reptiles
General Characteristics
Phylum Chordata
Class Reptilia
1. Scales - Prevent water loss
-Mobile armor
2. Ectotherms
3. Breath air
4. Efficient
kidneys
5. Oviparous; leathery eggs
Laid on land
Evolution of amniotic egg
allowed vertebrates to reproduce on land
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Bird Ancestry
Reptilian Ancestry
• evidence of
dinosaur ancestor
~ 160 mya
• Scaly legs
(feathers are
modified scales)
• Skeleton
• claws on feet
Class Aves (Birds)
• egg laying
Bird Adaptations to flight
• forelimbs -> wings
• feathers
Bird Adaptations to flight
• ‘hollow’ bones
Lecture 19 (11/2/16): Study Questions
1.
Phylum Arthropoda has > 1 million species – it
is the most successful animal phylum. List & briefly
explain the 3 evolutionary advances they have that
have led to their success.
2.
Class Insecta is the group that has most of the
species within the Phylum Arthropoda. What is it
about their wings that make them even more
successful than other flying animals (birds, bats)?
3.
Insects have short generation times & large
numbers of offspring. How does this help them be
so successful (think Natural Selection…)?
4.
List 5 characteristics unique to Phylum
Echinodermata (sea stars, etc.)
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Lecture 19 (11/2/16): Study Questions
5.
List the 5 characteristics that define Phylum
Chordata.
6.
List the 4 characteristics that set vertebrates
apart within Phylum Chordata.
7.
List the 7 evolutionary advances within
Subphylum Vertebrata.
8.
Distinguish the 4 classes of fishes.
9.
What 2 unique advances does Class Amphibia
display?
10. List 7 characteristics of Class Reptilia.
11. Describe the amniotic egg & explain why it was
so important to the success of reptiles & the groups
that followed.
Lecture 19 (11/2/16): Study Questions
12. List 4 characteristics of Class Aves (birds) that
illustrate their reptilian heritage.
13. Describe 4 characteristics of birds that are
adaptations for flight.
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