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Klaudija Prlić
Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat
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˝inner core˝ of the adrenal gland
hormone-producing cromaffin cells
amino acid tyrosin → catecholamines
adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
dopamine
˝adrenaline rush˝
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increased heart rate and
blood pressure
blood vessel constriction
(skin and GI tract)
blood vessel dilation
(skeletal muscles)
bronchiole dilation
decreased matabolism
fight-or-flight response
• "fight-or-flight-or-freeze
response“
• "fright, fight or flight response“
• "hyperarousal“
• "acute stress response"
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neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla
originates in cromaffin cells of the medulla or extraadrenal
cromaffin tissue
excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually adrenaline and
noradrenaline
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skin sensations
flank pain
elevated heart rate
elevated blood pressure
palpitations
anxiety (panic attacks)
diaphoresis
headache
pallor
weight loss
elevated blood glucose level
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adults:
90 % unilateral
10 % extraadrenal
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children:
50% adrenal
25 % bilateral
25 % extraadrenal (abdomen, thorax,
urinary bladder)
→ most smaller than 10 cm
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by measuring catecholamines and metanephrines in plasma
or through a 24-hour urine collection
Treatment
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surgical resection (open laparotomy or laparascopy)
→adrenalectomy
prior treatment with non-specific and irreversible α
adrenoceptor blocker (minimizing the possibility of
intraoperative hypertension)