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BIO 221 Human Anatomy & Physiology Warner Pacific College Body Orientation I. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology A. Topics of Anatomy Gross vs. microscopic Systemic B. Topics of Physiology Various levels – systemic to molecular C. Complementarity of Structure and Function II. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism III. Maintaining Life A. Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth B. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Temperature Atmospheric pressure C. Organ Systems Integument Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic / Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive – Male vs. Female BIO 221 Human Anatomy & Physiology Warner Pacific College IV. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment Dynamic equilibrium A. Homeostatic Control Common elements in homeostatic control mechanisms: Receptor Control center and set point Effector Negative Feedback – e.g., blood glucose; plasma sodium levels Positive Feedback – e.g., blood clotting; childbirth B. Homeostatic Imbalance V. Language of Anatomy A. Anatomic position & Directional terms Anatomic position Superior vs. inferior Anterior vs. posterior Dorsal vs. ventral Medial vs. lateral vs. intermediate Proximal vs. distal Superficial vs. deep *Right vs. left B. Regional Terms Axial – cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, lumbar, pelvic Appendicular – brachial, carpal, digital, femoral, pedal C. Planes & sections Transverse (cross-sectional) Sagittal Frontal (coronal) Oblique D. Body cavities & membranes Dorsal body cavity – cranial, vertebral Ventral body cavity – thoracic, abdominopelvic Meninges Serous membranes Parietal vs. visceral Other cavities Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants Regions – anatomists Quadrants – physicians