Download BIO 420 – Mammalian Physiology

BIO 221 Human Anatomy & Physiology
Warner Pacific College
Body Orientation
I. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
A. Topics of Anatomy
Gross vs. microscopic
Systemic
B. Topics of Physiology
Various levels – systemic to molecular
C. Complementarity of Structure and Function
II. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical  Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism
III. Maintaining Life
A. Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
B. Survival Needs
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
C. Organ Systems
Integument
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic / Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive – Male vs. Female
BIO 221 Human Anatomy & Physiology
Warner Pacific College
IV. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium
A. Homeostatic Control
Common elements in homeostatic control mechanisms:
Receptor
Control center and set point
Effector
Negative Feedback – e.g., blood glucose; plasma sodium levels
Positive Feedback – e.g., blood clotting; childbirth
B. Homeostatic Imbalance
V. Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomic position & Directional terms
Anatomic position
Superior vs. inferior
Anterior vs. posterior
Dorsal vs. ventral
Medial vs. lateral vs. intermediate
Proximal vs. distal
Superficial vs. deep
*Right vs. left
B. Regional Terms
Axial – cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, lumbar, pelvic
Appendicular – brachial, carpal, digital, femoral, pedal
C. Planes & sections
Transverse (cross-sectional)
Sagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Oblique
D. Body cavities & membranes
Dorsal body cavity – cranial, vertebral
Ventral body cavity – thoracic, abdominopelvic
Meninges
Serous membranes
Parietal vs. visceral
Other cavities
Abdominopelvic regions & quadrants
Regions – anatomists
Quadrants – physicians