Download World Geography Exam Review

World Geography Exam Review
Thinking like a Geographer and Handbook skills
Plot Coordinates using a grid system: To plot latitude and longitude: From O and O you
go up or down first and then left or right.
Elements of a Good Map: Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Source, Index, Grid, and Scale
Know the Different Types of Map Projections.
Identify each Map Projection
Goode-Interrupted
Robinson
Planar/Azimuthal
Mercator
Identify the three map projections and their distortions?: Compare conic, azimuthal / planar, and
cylindrical map projections.
Conic – shows limited east – west areas that are not too far from the Equator. Distance and direction are
fairly accurate.
Azimuthal / planar – most accurate at the center. This projection is used mostly for maps of the Polar Regions.
Shows true direction and represents the shortest distance.
Cylindrical – most accurate near the equator. Shows true direction and true shape
What are the Types of Maps?
Physical Map – location, shape, elevation, and physical features of the earth
Political Map – boundaries between countries, states, counties, etc.
Special Purpose Map – created for specific uses – climate, population distribution,
Resources, vegetation
Small scale map – shows a large area but with little detail.
Large scale map – shows a small area on the Earth’s surface with a great amount of detail.
Identify the three map projections and their distortions?: Compare conic, azimuthal / planar, and
cylindrical map projections.
Conic – shows limited east – west areas that are not too far from the Equator. Distance and direction are
fairly accurate.
Azimuthal / planar – most accurate at the center. This projection is used mostly for maps of the Polar Regions.
Shows true direction and represents the shortest distance.
Cylindrical – most accurate near the equator. Shows true direction and true shape.
Define relative and absolute location.
Relative – where a place is located in relationship to another place.
Absolute – exact location on the earth’s surface
Define geography. What are the branches?
The relationship between humans and their physical environment.
Branches – physical and human
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Physical Geography
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Study of earth’s physical processes
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Geology – rocks and earth formations
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Environmental science – human interaction with the environment
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Topography – earth’s features
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Cartography – map making.
Human (Cultural) Geography
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Characteristics of human activities
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Politics – governments
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History – significant events
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Economics – how use resources
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Sociology – human societies
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Urban – cities
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Demographics – human population statistics
Geography Technology and its Uses:
GIS-Geographic Information Systems-Data used to create a map or represent elements of a location. Google
Earth and the GIS Data Lesson we had in the Library-Using Spreadsheet information to create map layers.
Air Photography and Satellite Images can help gather information to then be placed on maps. Cartographers
can interpret what they see and plot it on a map.
GPS- Global Positioning System-Used to locate exact places on the Earth. Tom-Tom or Garmin systems are
commonly used examples in vehicles.
Five Themes of Geography:
1.
Location: Absolute/Relative: Where might this place be located?
Absolute location – precise point on the earth (40 degrees N and 120 degrees W).
Relative location – location of a place in relation to another (west of Siberia).
2. Places and Regions: What is special about this place? What makes it different from other Places? How is
this place like others near or around it?
3. Physical systems: What physical processes shape the features and patterns of the place? What is the
weather/climate like?
4. Human Systems: How might people, goods, and ideas travel into and out of this place?
5. Environment and Society? How have people affected this environment? How might this environment affect
people?
Define Formal, Functional, and Perceptional regions:
Formal – has common characteristic – red states voted Republican
Functional – central place with surrounding areas linked to it… metropolitan Dallas
Perceptual – feelings and images – “heartland”
Planet Earth
Define ecosystem, biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Ecosystem – community of plants and animals
Biosphere – the part of the earth where life exists
Lithosphere- all the land on earth including the land under the ocean
Hydrosphere – all the water on earth
Atmosphere – the gasses that surround the earth
Diagram and explain the parts of the water cycle.
The water cycle – same amount of water on the earth now as always – evaporation – turning
of liquid water into vapor – condensation – squeezing and compressing of water vapor in the
clouds – precipitation – when condense water vapor releases back to earth in form of snow,
sleet, hail, and rain. Runoff – water that runs down hills and mountains and returns to water
– ground water – melted snow, rain, lakes, and rivers
River
large natural stream of water that runs through the land
Source
place where a river or stream begins, usually in the highlands
Headwaters
the sources of river waters
Tributary
small rivers or streams that flow into a larger river or stream (branch of a river)
Confluence
flowing together of two or more rivers or streams (where two rivers (or tributaries
meet and form one river)
Meander
winding path or course of a river
Ox-bow Lake
a bow shaped lake formed in a former channel of a river
Upstream
direction opposite the flow of a river (toward the source)
Downstream
direction in which a river or stream flows from its source to its mouth
Wetland
A lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture.
Floodplain
low plain next to a river that is formed of river sediment and is subject to flooding
Estuary
an area where a tide meets a river current
Delta
alluvial deposit at a river’s mouth that looks like the Greek letter delta ()
Mouth
place where a stream or river flows into a larger body of water
(It can be a delta estuary or simply the end of a river)
River basin
area of land drained by a river and its branches. (Usually in the shape of a very
large bowl)
Watershed
the region or area drained by a river including all of the tributaries.
Divide
stretch of highland that separates direction of river systems (for example – in the
US the Continental Divide separates rivers that run west to the Pacific and rivers
that run east to the Gulf of Mexico)
Cataract
a large waterfall
Alluvial plain
flood plain where flooding rivers deposit rich soil (Usually it is in the shape of a
Fan and is located near the mouth of a river)
Plate Tectonics:
A scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory builds on the
older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century (one of the most
famous advocates was Alfred Wegener), and was accepted by the majority of the Geoscientific community
when the concepts of seafloor spreading were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The lithosphere is
broken up into what are called "tectonic plates". In the case of the Earth, there are currently seven to eight
major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere. These plates move in relation
to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent or collisional boundaries; divergent
boundaries, also called spreading centers; and conservative transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic
activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries.
The tectonic plates are composed of two types of lithosphere: thicker continental and thin oceanic. The upper
part is called the crust, again of two types (continental and oceanic). This means that a plate can be of one
type, or of both types. One of the main points the theory proposes is that the amount of surface of the
(continental and oceanic) plates that disappear in the mantle along the convergent boundaries by subduction is
more or less in equilibrium with the new (oceanic) crust that is formed along the divergent margins by seafloor
spreading. This is also referred to as the "conveyor belt" principle. In this way, the total surface of the Globe
remains the same. This is in contrast with earlier theories advocated before the Plate Tectonics "paradigm", as
it is sometimes called, became the main scientific model, theories that proposed gradual shrinking (contraction)
or gradual expansion of the Globe, and that still exist in science as alternative models.
Regarding the driving mechanism of the plates various models co-exist: Tectonic plates are able to move
because the Earth's lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere.
Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Their movement is thought to be driven by a
combination of the motion of seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and
density of the crust that result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, downward suction, at the
subduction zones
Internal Forces of change and what happens at each plate boundary:
Internal Forces of change – Subduction – heavier sea plate dives below the lighter continental plate
Accretion – heavier sea plate slowly slides under the lighter continental plate
Spreading – sea plate pulls apart and fills in with magma
Faulting – plates grind and slide past each other creating cracks
Folding – bends where plates squeeze together
External Forces of change: erosion, weathering, and subduction.
Erosion – the wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, running water, and glaciers.
Weathering – chemical or physical processes such as freezing, that break down rocks
Subduction – mountains form as a result of the sea plate diving beneath a continental plate.
Climate
Mid-Low and High-Latitudes:
Low latitudes – 0 – 23 ½ degrees – also called the Tropics – hot and moist all year round
Mid latitudes – 23 ½ - 66 ½ degrees also called the Temperate Zone – mild – colder and drier as move away from the Equator. Most people
live here.
High Latitudes – 66 ½ - 90 degrees – also called the Polar Zone – cold and dry all year
Major Lines of Latitude and Longitude:
0 longitude – Prime Meridian
0 latitude – Equator
23 ½ North – Tropic of Cancer
23 ½ South – Tropic of Capricorn
66 ½ North – Arctic Circle
66 ½ South – Antarctic Circle
90 North – North Pole
90 South – South Pole
Earth-Sun Relationships:
Winter Solstice – Direct rays on Tropic of Capricorn – December 21 – nights longer
Spring equinox – direct rays on Equator – March 21 – equal day and night
Summer Solstice – direct rays on Tropic of Cancer – June 21 – days are longer
Fall equinox – direct rays on the Equator – September 21 – equal day and night
Tilt – 23 ½ degrees
Revolution – earth’s trip around the sun = takes 365 ¼ days – makes seasons
Rotation – earth’s spin on its axis – 24 hours – makes day and night
Equinox – when the direct rays of the sun are on the Equator and the days and night are equal in length. (Spring and fall)
Solstice – when the direct rays of the sun are on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn and the days and nights are not equal in
length (winter and summer)
Remember that the seasons are reversed in the southern hemisphere.
Compare weather and climate.
Weather – the condition of the atmosphere (temperature and precipitation)
Climate – the average weather conditions in a place usually averaged over 30 years.
What are the factors that affect climate? Explain each. (lacemops)
Latitude – as one moves away from the equator it becomes drier and cooler.
Air masses – cold air comes from the poles and warm air comes from the equator.
Continentality – as one moves inland it gets hotter in the summer and colder in the winter.
Elevation – as one goes up 1,000 feet, the temperature drops 3.5 degrees.
Mountains – mountains block storms. The windward side of a mountain (the side that faces the ocean winds) has an
abundance of precipitation and lush vegetation. The leeward side of a mountain is usually a desert – very dry.
Ocean currents – cold currents are cool and dry and warm currents are warm and moist.
Pressure – high pressure is heavy and cold, and low pressure is light and warm. Prevailing winds – the wind patterns of the
world are fairly constant directional pattern.
Storms – Air tends to move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, creating wind. In the Northern
Hemisphere, the earth's rotation causes the wind to swirl into a low-pressure area in a counterclockwise direction. In the
Southern Hemisphere, the winds rotate clockwise around a low. This effect of the rotating earth on wind flow is called the
Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect increases in intensity farther from the equator. To produce a hurricane, a low-pressure
area must be more than 5 degrees of latitude north or south of the equator. Hurricanes seldom occur closer to the equator.
What are the earth’s prevailing wind patterns? Describe each.
Along the equator are the doldrums. It is an area of calm. From 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south
blowing toward the equator is the trade winds - blow from the east to the west, but they do not reach the
equator. From 30 to 60 degrees north and south are the Westerlies – they blow from west to east. Between
the Westerlies and the trade winds are the horse latitudes. The horse latitudes are areas of calm where the
Westerlies and Trade winds blow away from each other. From the Poles to 60 degrees north and south are the
Polar Easterlies. They are cold winds, and where they meet the Westerlies there are thunderstorms.
Explain and Diagram the Orographic effect/rain shadow effect:
The Windward side of a mountain has lush vegetation due to abundant water. The leeward side of the mountain
is dry because the moisture full clouds can not make it over the mountains. Deserts are found on the Leeward
side of the Mountain. The formula for elevation change is that for every 1,000 feet a person goes up a
mountain, the temperature will drop 3.5 degrees.
Name and describe the climate regions.
Icecap – has no vegetation because the average temperature does not get above freezing
Subarctic – largest range of temperature change between summer and winter. Needle leaved evergreens grow
here
Tundra – bitterly cold high-latitude where mosses and lichen grow in the short summer when it is 24 hours of
daylight.
Humid continental – located in the northern hemisphere with cold winters and hot summers. The farther
north – the longer the winter
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Vegetation: Agriculture has replaced almost all of the natural prairie grass. Grow coniferous and
deciduous trees.
Humid subtropical Examples: Southeastern China, Southeastern USA, Tip of South Africa
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Located on Southeastern coast of large continents between 20 - 40º N & S
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Topical air masses influence this area’s temperatures and precipitation
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This climate subject to hurricanes & typhoons
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Short, mild winter and nearly year round precipitation. High humidity.
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Precipitation: year round – varies from about 25 inches inland to about 100 inches
near the coast. Very humid.
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Temperature: summer 75 to 95º and winters 45 - 50º Colder as move toward the Pole
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Vegetation – fruits, rice, vegetables, inland grasslands, and mixed forests (deciduous
and coniferous). Abundant rainfall makes large forests possible.
Mediterranean – Examples: Mediterranean, Southern California, Southern Australia
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Also called dry summer subtropical
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Located on west side of mid-latitude continents near cool ocean currents. between 30 –40° N & S and
around the Mediterranean
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During the winter the subtropical high is replaced by the influence from the Westerlies. The summer
drought puts a strain on local vegetation
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Comfortable throughout the year. mild, rainy winters and dry, hot, sunny summers
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Precipitation: 15 – 30 inches (mostly in the winter)
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Intense downpours can cause rapid runoff and initiate landslides
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Temperature: summer between 75 and 80º. Nights in the summer can be quite cool. Cloudless summers
are very common. Winter temperatures around 50º no month below freezing.
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Vegetation - Chaparral – underbrush, woody bushes and short trees also known as Mediterranean Scrub –
cork, olives, grapes, etc. Leathery leaves hold moisture
Marine – Marine (Marine West Coast):
Examples: Coastal Oregon to Southern Alaska, Ireland, Southeastern New Zealand
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Location – Western coasts of mid-latitude continents and is very humid all year due to the Westerlies
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Located between 30º and 60 º N & S of the Equator near an ocean
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Characterized by cloudy, mild summers and winters and a small annual temperature range
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Heavy cloud cover year round with common drizzle and fog
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Precipitation: Constant influx of oceanic air throughout the year. Location of mountains affects the
amount of precipitation. Coastal ranges force precipitation amounts to about 100 inches a year. Areas
without mountains have less precipitation between 30 – 90 inches in a year
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Temperature: Highest month is between 60 – 70ºF and coldest month is above freezing.
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Vegetation: large coniferous forests called temperate rainforests
Steppe – hot and dry (10 – 20 inches) patches of short grass and bushes – usually borders the desert
Desert – less than 10 inches of rainfall a year. Vegetation is mostly cactus and scrub bushes
Tropical savanna – has a dry season in the winter and wet season in the summer. Some coarse grass and small
trees can survive the dry season
Tropical rainforest – lush vegetation of tall trees that form a canopy; have an average daily temperature
around 80 and rains almost every day
Mountain – climate and vegetation changes with elevation – up 1,000feet temperature down 3.5 degrees
Settlement: Please See PowerPoint’s on website and your notes to answer any missing answers for the
Review Questions
Culture hearths – where civilization begins and spread
Mesoamerica – Mexico
Nile River Valley – Egypt
Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates – Iraq
Indus River – Pakistan
Yellow River – China
Subsistence farming – growing enough food for daily life.
Commercial agriculture – growing crops for sale.
Slash and burn agriculture – cutting down forest, using ash for fertilizer, growing crops, and then moving on in
a couple of years when the land becomes infertile.
Define and Give Examples of Economic Activities (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary)
Primary – farming, ranching, and mining (milking cow)
Secondary - manufacturing (turning milk into cheese)
Tertiary – service (transporting cheese to market)
Quaternary – based on knowledge and skills (scientist that checks cheese for bacteria)
What is a natural resource? How are they distributed?
Substance from nature that is not made by man, but can be used by them.
They are not evenly distributed around the world, so people have to trade.
Define renewable, non-renewable resource and give examples of each.
Renewable resource – a substance from nature used by man that can be replaced, recycled, or re-grown.
Trees are an example.
Non-renewable resource – a substance from nature used by man that can not be replaced, recycled, or regrown. Fossil fuels (petroleum) are an example.
Define free trade, trade barriers, trade surplus, and trade deficit.
Countries Trade for Resources and Items their own country cannot produce.
Free trade – absence of trade barriers so goods can flow freely between countries.
Trade barriers - a restriction on trade. (Quota – amount of an item that can be brought in), (tariff – tax on
imports), (embargo – trade is restricted between countries)
Trade surplus – when a country exports more than it imports
Trade deficit – when a country imports more than it exports
Describe / Define the agricultural revolution, industrial revolution, and information revolution.
Agricultural revolution – move from hunting and gathering to farming.
Industrial revolution – move from human power to machine power. Started in the late 1700’s in Britain.
Information Revolution – move to computer power that started in the late 1900’s
Define WTO – World Trade Organization
An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements
and resolves disputes when they arise.
Define NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
North American Free Trade Agreement. A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and
Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other
hindrances to encourage free trade between the three North American countries.
Define EU: European Union
European Union. The economic association of over two dozen European countries which seek to create a
unified, barrier-free market for products and services throughout the continent, as well as a common currency
with a unified authority over that currency.
What is agriculture?
Cultivating land, raising crops and livestock; farming
How has technology impacted Agriculture?
Technology has improved agricultural productivity, seen primarily in more developed countries, technology
allows for less people to produce more crops, thus decreasing the amount of people needed in rural areas.
High agricultural output, mechanized farming, and lower labor forces in agriculture would be seen in
_more _____ _developed_____ countries.
Explain the difference between subsistence and commercial farming
Subsistence farming: form of farming in which nearly all the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the
farmer and his family, leaving little surplus for sale or trade.
Commercial farming: Commercial Agriculture refers to a process of large-scale production of crops for sale,
intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets.
Define: deforestation, slash and burn.
Deforestation: large scale clearing of forests
Slash and Burn: of a method of agriculture used in the tropics, in which forest vegetation is felled and
burned, the land is cropped for a few years, and then the forest is allowed to reinvade.
Give examples of nonrenewable and renewable resources\
Nonrenewable resources: coal, oil, diamonds
Renewable resources: solar power, wind, water
Define sustainability.
Development that satisfies current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their
needs
What are the three things that sustainability must consider?
The environment, the economy and society
What are the six-principles of sustainability?
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Soil erosion cannot exceed soil formation
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Forest destruction cannot exceed forest regeneration
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Species extinction cannot exceed species evolution
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Fish catches cannot exceed the regenerative capacity of fisheries
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Pollutants cannot exceed the capacity of the system to absorb them
Developed countries are in the best position to promote sustainable development. Why?
They have the money they need to afford these practices or develop the new technology needed
Developing countries struggle with sustainable practice. Why?
They lack the money needed to develop sustainable practices
What is the Kyoto protocol? Why is it an example of sustainability conflict between Developed and
Developing Countries?
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized
countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an
average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.
Developing countries did not use a lot of energy in 1990, so it prevents them from developing like more
developed countries did
What is the United Nations? Where is it located?
An international organization composed of most of the countries of the world. It was founded in 1945 to
promote peace, security, and economic development, New York
Define Migrant: a person who moved to another country
Most people migrate from Rural to _urban____________ areas.
Define Immigrant
Define Emigrant
Define refugee
Define Internally Displaced person
Immigrant: someone who enters another country
Emigrant: someone who leaves their country
Refugee: someone who is forced to leave their country and seeks asylum in another country
IDP: someone who is forced to leave their home, but does not cross a border
Define push and pull factors
Push factors are those things that make someone leave a place
Pull factors are those things that draw someone to a place
Population
What is the population of the earth
7 billion
The earth’s population is expected to double in __57_______ years.
Explain why the Earth’s population is not distributed evenly.
Physical barriers make some places inhospitable
Give examples of why the world’s population is growing
Decline Death rate due to better medicine and technology
What problems can arise when population increases too rapidly?
Not enough resources, land, infrastructure
The world's population growth rate since the Industrial Revolution is graphically illustrated
as a _______J_______ curve.
What is the Human Development Index?
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development based on four
criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.
What is the Brandt Line?
The north–south divide is a socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known
collectively as "the north", and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or "the south."
Describe the Demographic Transition model? Describe the four stages?
What is one of the problems with the Demographic Transition model?
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based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization
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many countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3
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reflects logic of continuous growth, an impossibility
What are Population Pyramids? Be able to determine characteristics or events of a place based on deciphering information from
population pyramids.

graphically display a population's age and gender

are bar graphs;

show numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group

show gains of cohort members due to immigration and birth,

show loss of cohort members due to emigration and death;

reflect population growth or decline
Annual
each year
Annual Growth Rate
percentage a country’s population grows or decreases each year (including immigration and
emigration)
Arable Land
land that is capable of growing crops (to feed one person you need approximately .17 acres)
Birth Rate
the average number of births per 1,000 people per year
Capital
money and materials used to produce more wealth
Carrying Capacity
how many people the land can sustain (support)
Commodity
something of use, advantage, or value (goods, merchandise, services, etc.)
Death Rate
the average number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
Demographics
study of human population statistics
Doubling Rate / Time
projected number of years it will take for a population to double in size.
Emigrant
An emigrant leaves their land to live in another country. The person is emigrating to another country.
Energy Consumption
total amount of energy used by each place divided by the number of people in the same place
(includes industrial use)
Exchange Rate
ratio at which a unit of the currency in one country can be exchanged for that of another country
Export
to ship (commodities) to other countries or places for sale, exchange, use, etc. (SELL)
Fertility Rate
average number of children a woman shall have in her lifetime in a given place
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) common measure of the nation’s wealth – annual profits from all goods and services
produced in a country in a year
Gross National Product
(GNP) common measure of the nation’s wealth – annual profits from all goods and services
produced by a country in a year
Immigrant
immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country.
Import
to bring in (merchandise, commodities, workers, etc.) from a foreign country for use, sale,
processing, re-export, or services (BUY)
Infant Mortality
annual average number of children who die before reaching the age of one per 1,000 live births
Inflation
rise in the general level of prices related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the
loss of value of currency. Example: at 10% inflation a $1 bag of chips will cost $1.10 the
following year.
Infrastructure
buildings and other structures needed to industrialize – hospitals, roads, schools, electricity,
airports, factories, etc.
Landlocked
having no direct access to the sea (surrounded by other nations – not water)
Life Expectancy
average number of years a person born today can expect to live if conditions remain the same.
Literacy Rate
percentage of the population that has the ability to read and write
Mass Production
large scale processing of raw materials into products
Median Age
the age where half of the population is older and half of the population is younger than the
midpoint. (The US is 35.3 – ½ the population is younger than 35.5 and ½ is older)
Migration
to leave a place and move permanently to another place
Natural Increase
growth or decline caused by subtracting the birth rate from the death rate (this is different from
annual growth rate because it does not include immigration and emigration)
Natural Resources
materials from nature used by humans
Negative Population Growth
when the death rate exceeds the birth rate
Non-renewable resource
resource that can not be replaced, recycled, or grown in a fairly short period of time
Per Capita
average per person
Per Capita Income
average annual income for a person in a place – GNP or GDP divided by number of population
Population Density
average number of people per square mile (kilometer in some nations)
Postindustrial Economy
economy based on services, information, and high technology
Primary Industry
makes a living directly from the land (farming / mining)
Pull Factor
factors that make people want to come to a place
Push Factor
factors that make people want to leave a place
Quaternary Industry
makes a living from new knowledge and information jobs
Renewable Resource
resources that can be recycled, renewed, or replanted in a fairly short period of time
Rural Population
percentage of the total population living in towns under 2,000 people
Secondary Industry
makes a living from manufacturing or processing
Standard of Living
quality of life
Suffrage
the right to vote, especially in political elections
Telecommunications
computer enhanced communication over a long distance
Tertiary Industry
makes a living from service jobs
Unemployment
the percentage of the work force that is out of work; jobless
Urban Population
percentage of the total population living in towns of over 2,000 people
Zero Population Growth
when a populations birth and death rates are equal
Population Pyramids:
Rapid Growth - This pyramid of the Philippines shows a triangle-shaped pyramid and reflects a high growth rate of about 2.1 percent
annually.
Slow Growth - This pyramid of the United States shows the population is growing at a rate of about 1.7 percent
annually. This growth rate is reflected in the more square-like structure of the pyramid. Note the lump in the pyramid
between the ages of about 35 to 50. This large segment of the population is the post-World War II "baby boom." As this
population ages and climbs up the pyramid, there will be a much greater demand for medical and other geriatric services
Negative Growth - This pyramid of Germany is experiencing a period of negative growth (-0.1%). As negative
growth in a country continues, the population is reduced. A population can shrink due to a low birth rate and a stable death
rate. Increased emigration may also be a contributor to a declining population
Definition for Developed and Developing Country:
Developed World (MDC – More Developed Country)
The developed world includes most of the countries located in five culture regions: 1) Western Europe; 2) the former USSR and parts of Eastern Europe; 3)
The Untied States and Canada; 4) Japan; 5) Australia and New Zealand. A culture region is a large area of the world unified by common culture. Each of these five
culture regions of the developed world has a middle-latitude environment. With the exception of Australia and New Zealand, all are located in the Northern
Hemisphere. All but Japan are products of Western culture. Taken together, these regions are inhabited by less than a quarter of the world’s people. They are
frequently called modern or post-industrial because of their ability to support large populations at a high standard of living – a measure of material goods and services
consumed per person.
What defines theses countries as members of the developed world is their wealth. Defining wealth is very difficult, but usually a country’s wealth is
measured by its gross national product (GNP), the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a given year. The GNP includes the value of all
salaries paid, all goods bought and sold, and all resources produced. This figure is divided by the number of people living in that country to find the per-capita GNP
(per-capita means per person). Every developed country has a high per-capita GNP, usually $7,500 per year or more. In contrast, the poorest countries in the world
have per-capita GNP’s of $1,000 per year or less.
The countries of the developed world share a number of characteristics. Each country has developed its human resources to a high degree. Each country
either uses local natural resources or imports raw materials to support its prosperous urban, industrial population. Most of the ten characteristics listed below are found
in each country of the developed world.
1.
People are relatively well off. Per-capita GNP is high. This wealth frees most people in the developed world from the basic struggle for food, clothing,
and shelter. These countries also have wealth available for investment in new enterprises and activities.
2.
People live long lives. Advances in medical science and health care enable people to have a life expectancy of 75 years or more.
3.
People are well educated and highly skilled. Literacy, the ability to read and write, approaches 100 percent. Education systems are well developed.
Corporations invest heavily in training systems, and young people spend many years in school preparing to take part in an increasingly complex society
and economy. Many new jobs are related to new technologies.
4.
Population is growing slowly. Birth rates and death rates are low. As a result, total population is growing slowly or not at all.
5.
Most people live in cities. Developed countries are urban societies. A majority of their citizens live in cities (communities of 2,000 or more) and work in
offices, factories, and businesses.
6.
Few people work in agriculture. Developed countries require relatively few workers in agriculture. Countries that are self-sufficient in food have highly
mechanized farms and ranches – factories in the fields – that literally manufacture food. These large farm businesses are able to feed their country’s people
and also produce food for export. Developed countries that import food, like Britain and Japan, has found it more profitable to exchange manufactured
goods and services for food than to cultivate the land. In most developed countries, less than 1/10 th (10%) work in agriculture.
7.
Consumption of energy is high. The countries of the developed world consume nearly 85% of the world’s energy. Most work is done by machines
powered by the major sources of energy – oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. Many people are freed from manual labor. They are instead trained to
use machines to increase productivity, which enables them to maintain a higher standard of living, Per capita – consumption of energy is generally
considered one of the most reliable measures of modernization.
8.
Most people work in manufacturing or service industries. An overwhelming majority of the people in developed countries works in factories,
businesses, government offices, and organizations located in cities. Their activities produce the goods and services desired and needed in a modern massproduction, mass-consumption society. Most of these countries produce industrial and consumer goods in large quantities for sale at home and abroad.
They also provide the basic medical, educational, and social services required to maintain a high standard of living. The citizens create the new ideas and
products and develop the resources that will shape future economies.
9.
Transportation and communication networks are well developed. To sustain their high –energy industry-based economies, countries have well
developed transportation and communication networks. Roads, railroads, and sea and air transport connect urban centers, manufacturing areas, farmlands,
port cities, and areas with natural resources. The costs of transportation are low. Computer, cellular, satellite television, telephone, fax, and radio
communications tie together most sectors of a developed country.
10.
Environmental control is high. Knowledge of science and advanced technology gives people in the developed world a great deal of control over their
environment. Resources are fully exploited. River systems are altered and forests are harvested and replanted. Urban centers of production and
consumption operate on such a large scale that damage to the environment in the form of pollution is a matter of serious concern. Managing resources for
the future, clean-up and waste disposal are concerns for developed countries.
Most countries of the developed world share these ten characteristics in various degrees. Taken together, these characteristics describe wealthy, productive,
politically powerful countries that control much of the world economy and influence world affairs. Yet many also have serious environmental problems and pockets of
poverty in important regions of their countries.
Developing World – LDC (Lesser Developed Country)
The developing world includes most countries located in six culture regions: 1) Latin America, 2) Africa south of the Sahara, 3) Middle East and North
Africa, 4) China, 5) South Asia, and 6) Southeast Asia.
Each of the six culture regions of the developing world has a tropical or subtropical environment. All are crossed by either the Tropic of Cancer or the
Tropic of Capricorn. The Equator cuts through Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Only China reaches into the middle latitudes to a significant extent. Five of
the six – Latin America being the exception – have non-Western cultures. More than three-quarters of the world’s people live in these six culture regions.
The countries of the developing world share many characteristics despite important differences in culture, environment, and history. Most of these countries
are now struggling to develop their human resources by investing in education, health, and other social services. Many are attempting to create new jobs for their
rapidly expanding populations by exploiting natural resources and building industry. Others, afflicted by debt, natural disasters, or war, are becoming poorer each year;
some governments have used money from a high-priced resource like oil to modernize their countries. Few countries in the developing world, however, have enough
money to pay for the staggering costs of modernization.
1.
People are relatively poor. Most citizens in developing countries have low incomes. Even in the more prosperous of these countries, people’s incomes
equal only one-fifth of those of people in the developed world. Poverty breeds poverty. Because there is no money left over after paying for food and
shelter, investment in educating a son or daughter or starting a new business is often impossible. Only the oil-rich countries of OPEC – the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries have money to invest. Modernization in the rest of the developing world involves great personal sacrifice or an infusion of
foreign capital (aid).
2.
People do not lead long lives. People are born in many countries of the developing world can expect to live (on average) into their sixties, about 15 years
less than people in the developed world. In the poorest countries life spans barely reach fifty years. These relatively short average life spans result from
high infant mortality, lives of toil, inadequate diets, poor health care, and too few doctors, nurses and public health officials. In many countries, medical
specialists are found only in capital cities.
3.
Most people are not well educated. Only a limited number of people in the developing world have learned to read and write in their own language. Even
fewer have learned European languages that would provide them with direct access to books on science and technology. Teachers, schools, and technical
institutes are increasing in number, but educational systems in many developing countries are inadequate. Because schools frequently only exist in cities
and towns and because in many cases village children must begin work in the fields as soon as they can walk, many children have no opportunity to go to
school.
4.
Population is growing rapidly. Many countries have high birth rates and falling death rates, this results in rapid population growth – in many countries,
at the rate of between 2 & 3 percent a year. This means that these countries will double their population every 25 to 35 years. Children under the age of 15
make up half of the population of many countries in the developing world. This places an enormous burden on educational, medical, and service facilities
in the very countries least able to afford the cost.
5.
Most people live in rural areas or urban slums. Developing societies usually are rural societies. Most people still live in villages where they tend fields
and herd animals. Most of the work is done by hand rather than by machine. , and many workers are needed to produce a successful harvest. As
population grows, however, some villagers are being forced to leave the land and move into cities. Cities are growing so rapidly that the number of people
is overwhelming the available supplies of water, electricity, jobs, and housing. As a result large cities are becoming centers of poverty and slum dwellers
form a growing percentage of the population.
6.
Many people work in agriculture. A large number of the population work to produce food. Some people work on plantations that grow commercial
products for export, but few countries make enough food to feed their own people. Malnutrition is one of the most widespread health problems in the
developing world.
7.
Consumption of energy is low. Developing countries use only 15% of the world’s energy despite having 75% of the people. The main form of energy in
developing countries is muscle power because machines that run on coal, oil and natural gas are too costly to buy, operate, and repair. Because people still
work with their hands productivity and standards of living are low.
8.
Few people work in manufacturing or service industries. Most developing countries have government programs to build more factories, mines and
plantations in an effort to become more prosperous. Few countries have reached this stage of economic development. Most countries have populations
that re growing faster than job availability. Industrial products have to be imported, consumer goods are in short supply, and social services cannot meet
growing demand.
9.
Transportation and communication networks are not well developed. A major obstacle to using resources in the developing world is inadequate road,
rail, and air networks to move people and goods from place to place. In most developing countries plans are underway to create more effective
transportation and communication. Each new link provides economic opportunities.
10.
Control of the environment is low. Knowledge of science and technology is limited. The cost of importing foreign specialists and technology are high.
In most countries money is not available to build dams, clear land or farms, complete transportation projects, and protect people from natural hazards.
People live closer to nature. They are often not protected from droughts and floods.
What regions of the world have the highest populations? Asia
Infant mortality rates are consistently lowered by? Better medicine and standard of living
How will population growth affect the amount of arable land available per person? As
population increases, the amount of arable land per person decreases
What Country consumes the most energy? United States
Why do countries want to control their population growth?
China: One birth policy; India: population plan; increasing the standard of living or
development of a country birth rates will decrease, and create a balance between population
and available Resources.
Government and Economic Systems
Approximate number of countries in the world today? Around 196-200
What are the features of a country, state, and nation? Population, territory, sovereignty, and government
What are the features of a Government?
Unitary: Strong Central Government
Confederation: Strong local government
Federation: Federal and Local government share power
What type of Government is the United States? Federal Republic
Describe and give examples of the three economic systems (communism, Free Enterprise, and traditional).
Communism: Government controls all aspects of the economy, Cuba, North Korea
Free Enterprise: Individuals control all aspect of the economy, no government interference; United State
Traditional: Economy is based on tradition (what has always been done); subsistence farming and cottage industries
Who was Karl Marx?
Founder of Communism; favored a classless society
Know these Government terms: Autocracy, Totalitarian Dictatorship, Monarchy,
Colonialism, Compulsory, Constitution,
Constitutional Monarchy, Democracy, Direct
Democracy,
Representative Democracy, Dictatorship, Federal
Government,
Oligarchy, Parliamentary Government, Republic, Sovereignty, Theocracy,
Totalitarianism, and
Unitary System.
Autocracy: Controlled by one person
Totalitarian: leader tries to control all aspects of society
Dictator: leader gets their power through military rule
Monarchy: leader inherits power
Colonialism: Countries go out and create colonies around the world
Compulsory: required
Constitution: written document dictating the role and rules of government/country
Constitutional monarchy: King/queen considered figureheads and government is controlled by an elected body, (democracy)
Democracy: controlled by the people
Direct democracy: citizens vote directly on the issues, no representatives
Representative Democracy (republic): people vote for representatives
Oligarchy: controlled by a few
Parliamentary Government: Country controlled by a parliament (elected body)
Sovereignty: no higher authority
Theocracy: laws/government based on religion
Know these Economic Terms: Command Economy, Communism, Commercial
Agriculture, Commercial Industries, Private
Property, Free Enterprise, Supply and
demand, Goods, Mixed Economy, Socialism, Subsistence Agriculture, Traditional
Economy, needs vs. wants, commodity.
Command Economy: Same as communism
Communism, Commercial Agriculture. Free Enterprise, Subsistence Agriculture, Traditional Economy, commodity: defined
previously
Commercial Industries: producing goods intended for wholesale
Private property: Property owned by individuals, not the government
Supply and demand: principle that guides free enterprise, industry supply what the consumer demands
Mixed economy: an economy that blends features from different economic systems
Socialism: Government owns main businesses, smaller businesses are owned by individuals
Needs vs. wants: needs and item that are needed to sustain life, wants are the extras
Culture
Define Culture: way of life
Customs: a usual way of acting or doing things
What is a culture region: a region of places that share common cultural aspects.
What are the two types of Culture? Nonmaterial and material culture
Define a social group. Two or more people who are joined together by some shared bond or affinity, a lot of time based on
wealth
Define Ethnic Group: people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture.
Pop Culture: Popular culture: mostly defined by popular music, dress and language of the time
How do cultures change? By coming in contact with other cultures or adapting to new situations, cultural diffusion
Cultural diffusion: transmission of a cultural element from one culture to another
What are the factors that affect diffusion? Contact, geography
What is cultural convergence? When two or more cultures come in contact
Define Cultural divergence. When culture try to separate themselves from outside influences
Define Cultural Assimilation: people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family.
Ethnocenticism: based on the attitude that one's own group is superior
Why do people trade: Resources are distributed unevenly
Define spatial Diffusion. Process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted