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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY,
9TH EDITION
BY JOHN P.J. PINEL
P R E PA R E D B Y J E F F R E Y W. G R I M M
WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
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Chapter 17
Biopsychology of Emotion,
Stress, and Health
Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
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Learning Objectives
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LO1: Summarize the major events in the history of research on the
biopsychology of emotion.
LO2: Discuss the facial expression of emotions.
LO3: Describe types of aggressive and defensive behaviors and their
dependence on testosterone.
LO4: Explain fear conditioning and its neural mechanisms.
LO5: Discuss current knowledge of the brain mechanisms of human
emotion.
LO6: Summarize the effects of stress on health.
LO7: Describe the immune system and how immune function is
influenced by stress.
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Biopsychology of Emotion:
Introduction
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Phineas Gage
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Why would a tamping iron through the skull lead
to dramatic changes in personality?
Damage to the Medial Prefrontal Lobes
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Site of planning and emotion
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FIGURE 17.1 A reconstruction of the brain injury of Phineas Gage.
The damage focused on the medial prefrontal lobes. (Based on
Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Frank, R., Galaburda, A.M., and Damasio,
A.R. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from
the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264, 1102-1105.)
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Darwin’s Theory of the
Evolution of Emotion
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Expressions of emotion evolve from
behaviors that indicate what an animal is
likely to do next.
If emotional signals are beneficial, they will
evolve to more effectively communicate and
may lose their original meaning.
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Evolution of Emotional
Expression (Con’t)
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Opposite messages are often signaled by
opposite movements; this is referred to as
the principle of antithesis.
Threat displays, for example, are beneficial—
intimidate victims without the costs and risks
of fighting.
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FIGURE 17.2 Two woodcuts from
Darwin’s 1872 book, The Expression of
Emotions in Man and Animals, that he
used to illustrate the principle of
antithesis. The aggressive posture of
dogs features ears forward, back up, hair
up, and tail up; the submissive posture
features ears back, back down, hair
down, and tail down.
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Theories of Emotion
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James-Lange
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Cannon-Bard
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Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response
which triggers emotion.
Autonomic/skeletal response is necessary for
emotion.
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response
and emotion.
Autonomic/skeletal response is independent of
emotion.
Both are wrong.
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FIGURE 17.3 Four ways of thinking
about the relations among the
perception of emotion-inducing
stimuli, the autonomic and somatic
responses to the stimuli, and the
emotional experience.
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Sham Rage
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Decorticated cats exhibit extreme and
unfocused aggressive responses.
The hypothalamus must be intact.
Perhaps the hypothalamus is needed for
expression of aggression and the cortex
serves to inhibit and direct responses.
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Limbic System and Emotion
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Papez proposed an emotional circuit (limbic
system) that includes the hypothalamus.
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FIGURE 17.4 The location of the major limbic
system structures. In general, they are arrayed
near the midline in a ring around the thalamus.
(See also Figure 3.28 on page 71.)
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a rare cerebral
neurological disorder.
Major symptoms include the urge to put objects
into one’s mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual
behavior, placidity, and visual distractibility.
Kluver-Bucy results from bilateral damage to
anterior temporal lobes.
It was first seen in monkeys, and subsequently in
other species (including humans).
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Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System (ANS)
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Two Important Questions
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Which patterns of ANS activity are associated with
specific emotions?
Are ANS measures effective on polygraph (“lie
detector”)?
There is not a separate ANS profile for each
emotion.
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Polygraphy
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Lie detection is really emotion detection.
Control-Question Technique
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Physiological response to a target question compared
with response to control question
Success rate in studies is about 80 percent.
Guilty Knowledge Technique
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Merely ask a question that only the culprit would know
the answer to.
Success rate in distinguishing guilty vs. innocent is 88
percent in one study.
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Emotions and Facial
Expression
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The meanings of facial expressions appear to
be universal.
Six Primary Emotions
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Naturally occurring expressions are usually variations
or combinations of the basic ones.
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FIGURE 17.5 Ekman’s six primary facial expressions of emotion and one combination facial
expression. (Generously supplied by Kyung Jae Lee and Stephen DiPaola of the iVizLab,
Simon Fraser University. The expressions were created in video game character style using
FaceFx 3D software, which allows DiPaola and Lee to create and control facial expressions
of emotion in stills and animated sequences; see ivizlab.sfu.ca).
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Emotions and Facial
Expression (Con’t)
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Smiling makes you happier; facial muscles
influence emotional experience.
Microexpressions: brief facial expressions
reveal true feelings and may break through
false ones.
Different muscles are involved in fake and
real smiles.
Current perspective: body cues also play a
major role in expression of emotion.
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Fear, Defense, and Aggression
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Fear: emotional reaction to threat
Aggressive behaviors: designed to threaten or
harm
Defensive behaviors: designed to protect from
threat or harm (motivated by fear)
Social aggression: unprovoked attacks on
members of one’s own species; intended to
establish dominance
Defensive attack: aggressive behavior, as
when cornered
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Types of Aggressive and
Defensive Behaviors
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Colony–Intruder Model of Aggression and
Defense in Rats
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Observation of Cats and Mice
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Study interaction between alpha male of an
established colony and a small male intruder
Cat “play” with prey is actually a combination of
attack and defense behaviors.
Target-site concept: aggressive behaviors
designed to attack specific sites on body;
defensive to protect specific sites
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Aggression and Testosterone (T)
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Nonprimates
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T release around the birth of male rats prepares them
for T-activated social aggression at maturity.
T increases or has no effect on social aggression,
depending on species; castration decreases or
has no effect on social aggression in same
species.
In humans, social aggression does not increase
along with higher T levels at puberty.
In humans, most aggressive outbursts are
defensive attack (not T related), not social
aggression.
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Aggression and Testosterone
(Con’t)
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Social Aggression in Humans
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Does not decrease with castration or increase with
testosterone injections
Violent criminals and aggressive male athletes may have
high testosterone levels, but this may be the result (not
cause) of aggressive behavior.
Possible Sources of Discrepancies in Human Studies
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Measured blood testosterone level; should measure brainpart testosterone levels
Failure of researchers to distinguish between social
aggression (testosterone-related, for establishing
dominance) and defensive aggression (e.g., when
cornered)
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Neural Mechanisms of Fear
Conditioning
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Fear Conditioning
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Pair a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) with an
aversive stimulus (e.g., a shock).
Present the tone later and the animal will show a
conditioned fear response.
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Usually a defensive behavior
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Amygdala and Fear
Conditioning
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Lesions of the amygdala block fear
conditioning.
The amygdala receives input from all sensory
systems.
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Appears to be responsible for adding emotional
significance to another stimulus
The amygdala projects to brainstem regions that
control emotional behavior output .
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FIGURE 17.9 The structures thought to mediate the
sympathetic and behavioral responses conditioned
to an auditory conditional stimulus.
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Contextual Fear Conditioning
and the Hippocampus
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Pair an aversive stimulus with the context
instead of with a discrete stimulus.
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The hippocampus is linked to spatial memory.
Effect of bilateral hippocampal lesions on
contextual fear conditioning
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Before training: prevents conditioning
Shortly after training: blocks retention of conditioning
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Amygdala Complex and
Fear Conditioning
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Current synthesis of findings indicates that the
lateral amygdala is most critical in conditioned
fear.
In addition, conditioned fear is suppressed by
the prefrontal cortex inhibiting the lateral
amygdala.
The hippocampus mediates conditioned fear
learning by informing the lateral amygdala about
the context of the fear-related event.
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Brain Mechanisms of
Human Emotion
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Cognitive neuroscience is a current approach
to study human emotion.
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Brain activity associated with emotion is diffuse.
Emotion, including empathy, is correlated with
activity in motor and sensory cortices.
Similar brain activity is associated with experienced
emotion, imagined emotion, or observation of
someone experiencing an emotion.
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May indicate a mirror-like system in the brain
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FIGURE 17.10 Horizontal, sagittal, and coronal functional
MRIs show areas of increased activity in the primary
motor cortex (M1) and the premotor cortex (PMC) when
volunteers watched facial expressions of emotion. The
same areas were active when the volunteers made
the expressions themselves. (From Carr et al., 2003.)
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Amygdala and Human Emotion
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Amygdalas in humans appear to have a more
general role in emotions, not just in fear.
The amygdala appears to play a role in
evaluating the emotional significance of
situations.
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Medial Profrontal Lobes and
Human Emotion
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Emotion and cognition are better studied as
components of the same system.
Medial portions of the prefrontal lobes are
sites of emotion–cognition interaction.
Medial prefrontal lobes are active during either
emotional suppression or reappraisal
paradigms.
Many other roles for this area in emotion have
been suggested; likely it performs many
functions.
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Lateralization of Emotion
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Early theories of lateralization may have been
too general.
Asymmetry of facial expression studies
indicate that a majority of people have righthemisphere dominance for facial expressions.
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Similar in monkeys
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FIGURE 17.12 The asymmetry of facial expressions. Notice that the expressions are
more obvious on the left side of two well-known faces: those of Mona Lisa
and Albert Einstein. The Einstein face is actually that of a robot that has been
programmed to make natural facial expressions. (Right-hand image from Tingfan Wu,
Nicholas J. Butko, Paul Ruvulo, Marian S. Bartlett, Javier R. Movellan, “Learning to
Make Facial Expressions,” devlrn, pp.1–6, 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference
on Development and Learning, 2009. © 2009 IEEE.)
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Current Perspectives
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Emotional situations produce widespread
activation in the brain, not just in the
amygdala.
Brain areas activated by emotion are also
activated by other psychological processes.
The same emotional stimuli often activate
different areas in different people.
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Stress and Health
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Stress: reaction to harm or threat
Stressors: stimuli that cause stress
Chronic psychological stress: most clearly
linked to ill health
In the short-term, stress is adaptive; in the
long-term, it is maladaptive.
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The Stress Response
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Stress triggers stress hormones: anteriorpituitary adrenal-cortex system (glucocorticoids,
epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and cytokines
(causing inflammation and fever).
Selye neglected the sympathetic nervous
system.
Individual differences, such as attitude, affect the
magnitude of the stress response.
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Example: women awaiting surgery who were
“certain” they did not have breast cancer had
milder stress than did others.
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FIGURE 17.13 The two-system
view of the stress response.
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Animal Models of Stress
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Some early models used levels of stress that
might not have a human equivalent.
Some more recent models use social
stresses.
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For example, subordination stress
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Psychosomatic Disorders:
The Case of Gastric Ulcers
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Gastric ulcers: lesions of stomach lining and
duodenum
More common in those who are stressed,
they are readily created in the animal lab.
Ulcers are caused by a bacteria; stress
appears to makes the body vulnerable to this
bacteria.
75 percent of healthy subjects have the
bacteria.
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Psychoneuroimmunology:
Stress, the Immune System,
and the Brain
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Study of the Interaction of Psychological
Factors, the Nervous System, and the
Immune System
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Immune System
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Divisions of the Mammalian Immune System
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Innate immune system
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First line of defense
Attacks generic classes of pathogens
Adaptive immune system
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Targets specific pathogens identified by their
antigens
Has memory (the basis of effectiveness of
vaccination)
Cytokines activate lymphocytes (white blood cells).
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Cell-mediated (T lymphocytes)
Antibody-mediated (B lymphocytes)
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What Effect Does Stress Have
on Immune Function:
Disruptive or Beneficial?
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Effects of stress on immune function
depends on the kind of stress.
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Acute stressors improve immune function.
Chronic stressors impair immune function.
Stress can impact immune function in many
ways.
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Effects of stress can be good (adaptive and
healthful), bad, or mixed.
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Early Experience of Stress
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Stress or mistreatment early in life may cause
brain and endocrine abnormalities later in life.
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Rat pups handled by researchers had more
adaptive stress response in adulthood (less
circulating glucocorticoids following stress),
probably due to less negative feedback from
hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors.
A good example of epigenetic (“not of the
genes”) transmission: fearful, poor-grooming
mothers raise daughters who become fearful,
poor-grooming mothers.
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Stress and the Hippocampus
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Hippocampus has many glucocorticoid
receptors.
Following Stress
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Dendrites of pyramidal cells are shorter and less
branched.
Adult neurogenesis of granule cells is reduced.
Effects Blocked with Adrenalectomy;
Produced with Corticosteroids
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