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Unit Four Whose question Whose is followed by a noun and used to ask to whom it belongs. For example: Whose pen is this? This is my pen. Whose books are these? They’re mine. Whose is replaced by some possessive adjective, noun or pronoun. Present continuous statements The present continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb “be” and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb. The basic form is: subject + (am, is, are) + verb-ing + object For example: He is studying. With some verbs the ending must be change, the rules are: Verb ending in... How to make the -ing form Examples one vowel + one consonant Double the consonant, then add -ing swim - swimming hit - hitting get - getting 20 Verb ending in... one vowel + one consonant + e anything else How to make the -ing form Examples Remove e, then add -ing come - coming lose - losing live - living Add -ing say - saying go - going walk - walking Uses of the present continuous: 1. Present actions: The present continuous is used for actions happening at the moment of speaking. For example: He is eating a dinner. 2. Actions in progress: The present continuous is used to describe an action is taking place now and not yet complete. For example: He is studying hard to pass the exam. 3. Future (personal) arrangements: The present continuous is used to describe an action that will take place in the future. The time showing futurity is usually mentioned. For example: I’m leaving for London next week. Note: The following words and phrases are usually used with the present continuous: now, at the moment, today, at present … For example: I am studying English now. He is wearing a new coat today. 21 Present continuous yes/no questions To construct a present continuous yes/no question, use the following form: helping verb (i.e. am, is, or are) + subject + base form of the verb + -ing For examples: Helping verb + subject Base form of the verb + -ing Short Answers Am I Yes, you are. packing? (first person singular) No, you're not. No, you aren't. Are you driving? (second person singular) Are you Yes, I am. No, I'm not. praying? (second person plural) Yes, we are. No, we're not. No, we aren't. Are we wearing? (first person plural) Yes, you are. No, you're not. No, you aren't. Are they growing? (third person plural) Yes, they are. No, they're not. No, they aren't. Is he thinking? (third person singular) Yes, he is. No, he's not. No, he isn't. Is she studying? (third person singular) Yes, she is. No, she's not. No, she isn't. 22 Is it moving? (third person singular) Yes, it is. No, it's not. No, it isn't. Conjunctions “and” and “but” But Conjunction is a word that connects parts of a sentence. The conjunctions “and” and “but” can be used to join two statements. 1. And: is used when the statements are similar. For example: It’s snowing and it’s very cold. 2. But: is used to connect statements that express opposite ideas. For example: I’m wearing a coat but I’m still felling cold. Adjectives Adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns and pronouns and to quantify and identify them. For example: My suit is black I’m wearing a black shirt. Here, black is an adjective as it is describing the noun “shirt” (placement of adjective before noun). Pronunciation of the letters “s” and “sh” The letter “s” is pronounced /s/ as in the following words: sea, sell, seat, suit The syllable “sh” is pronounced /ʃ/ as in the following words: she, shell, sheet, shoot 23 Engineering terms Clay Coefficient Cohesion Column Compaction Compressibility Compression Compressive strength Concentration Concrete lining 24 Unit Five Present continuous Wh-questions In the present continuous tense, question forms are made by changing the word order of the sentence. The forms of the Wh-question in the present continuous are: 1. Form begins with a question word like what, where, or why then use am, is, or are plus subject –ing verb form. What is he doing? He is going to work. 2. Form begins with a question word who then use am, is, or are plus the –ing form of the verb. Who is having breakfast? Conjunction “so” So as a conjunction has two basic meanings: 1. with the result or consequence that: What are they doing? It’s noon, so they’re having lunch. 2. In order that: I am staying, so I can see you. Engineering terms Consolidation Co-ordinate Coupled Dam Dead load Deflection 25 Deformation Diffusion Discharge Ductility 26 Unit Six Simple present statements The simple present is used to make statements about the present time. It is used in the following ways. 1. Permanent facts: These sentences give facts which are always true. For example: Stars shine at night. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 2. Present facts: These sentences are true now. For example: I work at home. “I work at home” doesn’t mean I am working right now, but it does mean that in my present condition I work at home. She takes the bus to work. 3. Habitual actions: These actions are repeated regularly, so they are considered a present reality and are expressed in the simple present. For example: They use public transportation every day. Negative form of the simple present statement: In the negative statements of the simple present use the following form: Affirmative Negative subject + verb + object I walk to school. subject + do/does + not + verb + object I don’t live far from here. He works near hear. He doesn’t work downtown. 27 Notes: 1. Contractions: don’t = do not, doesn’t = does not Use don't and doesn’t instead of do not and does not, respectively when you speak, and for informal writing. 2. If the subject is I, you, we, or they, use the simple form of the verb. 3. If the subject is he, she, or it (third singular person) in the simple present, the rules are: a. Most of verbs ends in -s take takes work works b. Verbs ending in /s/ /ch/ /sh/ /z/ /o/ /x/ add -es watch watches wash washes do does go goes fix fixes c. Verbs ending in consonant + y, change the y to ies study studies try tries 4. The following adverbs are usually used with the present simple tense: 28 every morning, every day, every week … once a day, twice a week, three times a month … usually, always, frequently, generally, occasionally, seldom, rarely … Simple present statements with irregular verb An irregular verb is a verb that doesn’t follow the rules for how it looks in the simple present tense. The irregular verb in the simple present statement in both spelling and pronunciation is have. The infinitive form of the verb do and say is regular in spelling, but irregular in pronunciation. 1. I, you, we, they have For example: I have a new friend. 2. He, she has For example: He has an apartment in the city. Simple present questions Simple present yes/no questions: To make the question form of the present simple, use do or does before the subject. It can be use any verb here, including the verb “have”. For example: Do you get up early? No, I get up late. Does he have lunch at noon? No, he eats lunch at one o’clock. Do they drive to work? Yes, they drive to work every day. Simple present Wh-questions To form a Wh-question, it must be put what, where, why, who, when or how before the auxiliary verb. 29 For example: What time do you get up? At ten o’clock. What time does he have lunch? At one o’clock. When do they drive to work? Every day. Pronunciation: Third-person singular -s endings The pronunciation of the third-person singular -s endings are: s = /s/ take walk takes walks s = /z/ go study (e)s = /iz/ goes studies Engineering terms Eccentricity Elasticity Elastic modulus Elevation Elongation Embankment Excavation Expansive Exponential Factor 30 wash watch washes watches Unit Seven Simple present short Inanswers questions that use the auxiliaries do and does, it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows: Questions Short Answer (Affirmative) Short Answer (Negative) Do you live in an apartment? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Do the bedrooms have windows? Yes, they do. No, they don’t. Does he live in a house? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Does the house have a yard? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. Note: 1. In most cases, it is possible to give a short answer or a long answer to a question. In usual conversation, short answers are much more common than long answers. Long answers are for more formal conversations or if you want to give more information in your response. 2. In the examples above, notice that the answer uses the first verb in the question. There is, there are There is/There are is a common phrase, used to indicate that something exists or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the verb when there is/are is used. We use there is (singular) / there are (plural) to say that something is located in the place or exists, for example: 31 There’s a bed in the bedroom. There are some chairs in the kitchen. We use there isn’t (singular) / there aren’t (plural) to say that something isn’t located in the place or doesn’t exist: There’s no sofa in the bedroom. There are no chairs in the living room. There isn’t a table in the kitchen. There aren’t any chairs in the living room. Note: Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in speech. “There’s” is the most common contraction. There’s = There is Write the following sentences in a different way: 1. I don’t have a table in the bedroom. There’s no table in the bedroom. 2. I have some chairs in the kitchen. kitchen. There are some chairs in the Pronunciation: Words with “th” Notice the pronunciation of /θ/ and /ð/. /ð/ /ð/ /θ/ /ð/ /θ/ /θ/ There are thirteen rooms in this house. The house has three bathrooms 32 Writing: Describing Facts and Figures (Bar Charts) A fact is different from an opinion because it is objective and often involves measurement. We can describe tables, charts, or graphs using the following : Words with “th” language: The table (chart, graph) shows that ... We can see from the table (chart, graph) that ... The total (largest/ smallest) number of ... The (highest/ lowest) percentage of ... ... % of the population the (increase/ decrease) rate the rate of ... In describing a graph or chart always: (1) say what the graph or chart shows. (2) describe the mam changes. (3) summarize the major trends and/or high and low points. For example, the graph below shows what a group of students think about understanding an experiment they have seen in the laboratory. For the graph shown below, you could say that half the students did not understand the experiment. Or you could say that 50 percent of the students did not understand the experiment. You could be even more specific and state that 15 out of 30 students did not understand the experiment. 33 Engineering terms Factor of safety Failure Fatigue Fault Field Filtration Finite series First degree equation First derivative Fix 34 35