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Control Structures
Repetition
(Loops)
Why Is Repetition Needed?
How can you solve the following problem:
What is the sum of all the numbers from
1 to 100.
The answer will be
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + … + 99 + 100.
Here’s some sample C code:
int sum=0;
sum = sum+1;
sum = sum +2;
sum = sum +3;
sum = sum +4;
…
sum = sum +99;
sum = sum +100;
printf(“%d”,sum);
This solution has problems:
It would take a long time to type in.
There is a high risk of making an error
while typing it in.
It doesn’t easily scale. This may work for
100 numbers but how would you handle
having to add from 1 to a 1000? Or to
1000000?Or to 10000000?
The Algorithm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Create a variable to hold the sum.
Initialize the sum to zero.
Create a variable to hold a counter from 1 to 100.
Initialize the counter to 1.
While the counter is less-than-or-equal to 100
add the counter to the sum
add one to the counter
Now repeat
Print the sum
We can use pseudo-code:
sum = 0
count = 1
loop while count <= 100
sum = sum + count
count++
endloop
print sum
Syntax:
while(condition)
<body>
endloop
before executing the statements in the body, evaluate
the condition. If the condition is true then execute the
body once.
Once you have executed the body statements once, go
back to the loop condition and re-evaluate it. If it is
true, execute the body code again. If the condition is
not true then the body will not be executed!
The while Looping (Repetition) Structure
Infinite loop: is a loop that continues to execute
endlessly.
• So, expression is always true in an infinite loop.
• Statements must change value of expression to
false.
•
8
Example
i = 0
loop while (i <= 20)
print(i)
i = i + 5
end loop
0
Output
5
0
5
10
15
20
15
20
25
i = 0
i <= 20
i
10
start
Yes
Print i
i = i + 5
end
What will happen if you omit (i= i + 5) ?
No
Example
Write a program to allow the user to enter a set
of integer numbers, then print the sum of these
numbers.
Start Program
Read setSize
counter = 0
sum = 0
Loop while (counter < setSize)
Read number
sum = sum + number
counter = counter + 1
End loop
Print sum
End Program
start
Start Program
Read setSize
counter = 0
sum = 0
Loop while (counter < setSize)
Read number
sum = sum + number
counter = counter + 1
End loop
Print Sum
End Program
setSize counter sum number
3
0
0
1
Output
1
1
10
2
11
4
3
1
10
4
15
3
15
Read setSize
counter = 0
sum = 0
counter <
setSize
Yes
Read number
sum = sum + number
counter = counter + 1
Print sum
end
No
Sentinel-Controlled Loop
Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown,
but last entry (special/sentinel value) is known.
The idea of a sentinel controlled loop is that there is a
special value (the "sentinel") that is used to say when the loop
is done.
General form:
Input the first data item into variable
Loop while (variable != sentinel)
.
.
.
input a data item into variable;
.
.
.
End loop
Example
Write a program that adds up a list of positive
numbers entered by the user from the keyboard,
then prints the result.
What is the number of iterations ??
◦ Unknown
Since the input are positive integers, we can use
(-1) as the sentinel.
Example of user input: 1 3 6 4 9 12 3 5 -1
Solution
Start Program
sum = 0
Read number
loop while (number != -1)
sum = sum + number
Read number
End loop
Print sum
End Program
sum
number
0
5
5
2
7
3
10
-1
start
sum = 0
Read number
number
!= -1
Yes
Input
5
2
3
-1
sum= sum+ number
Read number
Print sum
Print sum 10
end
No
While loop
It is pre tested loop.
Syntax:
while (Expression)
{
Loop body
}
Properties of while loop:
Task of the expression is to check the
condition. Loop will execute until
condition is true otherwise loop will
terminate.
If any expression returns zero then
condition will false and if it returns any
non- zero number then condition will
true.
For example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x=3,y=2;
while(x+y-1){
printf("%d ",x--+y);
}
return 0;
}
output:5 4 3 2
In while loop condition expression is compulsory.
For example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
while( )
{
printf("Hello world");
}
return 0;
}
Compilation error
While loop without any body is possible. For
example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=0;
while(i=i+1,i<=8);
printf("%d ",i);
return 0;
}
Output: 9
In while loop there can be more than one
conditional expression. For example
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x=2,y=2;
while(x<=5,y<=3)
printf("%d %d ",++x, ++y);
return 0;
}
Output: 3 3 4 4
If loop body contain only one statement the
brace is optional.
do while loop in c
It is also called as post tested loop. It is used
when it is necessary to execute the loop at
least one time. Syntax:
do {
Loop body
} while (Expression);
void main(){
int i=0;
clrscr();
do
{
printf(“hi”);
i=i+1;
} while(i<=10);
getch();
}
Output: hi hi hi….
If there is only one statement in the loop body
then braces is optional. For example:
void main(){
int i=5;
clrscr();
do
printf("hi");
while(!i);
getch();
}
void main(){
int x=25,y=1;
do {
if(x>5)
printf(" ONE");
else if(x>10)
printf(" TWO");
else if(x==25)
printf(" THREE");
else
printf(" FOUR");
} while(y--);
getch(); }
Output: ONE ONE
for loop:
Syntax:
for (Expression 1; Expression 2; Expression 3)
{
Loop body
}
Order of movement of control in
for loop:
for (Expression 1; Expression 2; Expression 3)
First time:
Expression 1
Expression 2
Loop body
Expression 3
Second time and onward:
Expression 2
Loop body
Expression 3
That is expression 1 only executes in the first
iteration. From second iteration onwards
control doesn’t go to the expression 1.
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++){
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
Output: 0 1 2 3 4
Explanation of each term of syntax:
Expression 1:
It is called initialization expression. Task of this
expression is to initialize the looping variables.
Properties of expression 1:
Expression1 can initialize more than one
variable. For example
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i,j,k;
for(i=0,j=2,k=1;i<=4;i++){
printf("%d ",i+j+k);
}
return 0;
}
Output: 3 4 5 6 7
Expression1 is optional. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int i=1;
for( ; i<=4 ; i++){
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
Output: 1 2 3 4
Expression 2: It is called as conditional expression. Task of expression is to
check the condition and if it is false then it terminates the loop. For
example:
include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i;
for(i=1;i<=3;i++){
printf("hi ");
}
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}
Output: hi hi hi 4
Expression2 can have more than one checking condition and
if any condition is false loop will terminate. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int i,j=2;
for(i=0;i<=5,j>=0;i=i+1){
printf("%d ",i+j);
j=j-1;
}
return 0;
}
Output: 2 2 2
Expression2 is also optional. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int j;
for(j=0; ;j++){
printf("%d ",j);
if(j>=2)
break;
}
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i;
for(;i=0,i<=3 ;i++){
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
Output: Infinite loop
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=0;
for(; i+=2,i<5 ; i++){
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i;
for(i=0; -5 ; i++){
printf("%d ",i);
if(i==3)
break;
}
return 0;
}
It is called as instrumentation expression. Task
of this expression is to increment the variable.
We can increment more than one variable at the
same time in the expression3. For example
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i,j,k;
for(i=0,j=0,k=0;i<=5,j<=4,k<=3;i++,++j,k+=2){
printf("%d ",i+j+k);
}
return 0;
}
Expression 3 is also optional. For example
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i;
for(i=0;i<=3; ){
printf("%d ",i);
i=i+1;
}
return 0;
}
continue:
It is keyword of c and task of this keyword is to
transfer the control of program at the beginning
of loop. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=5;
do{
printf("%d",i);
continue;
i++;
}
while(i<=10);
return 0; }
Except looping, we cannot use continue keyword.
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x;
scanf("%d",&x);
switch(x){
case 1:printf("1");break;
case 2:printf("2");continue;
default:printf("3");
}
return 0;
}
Nested loop
A loop inside another loop is known as
nested loop. We can write any loop inside
any loop in c i.e. we can write for loop
inside the loop or while loop or do while
loop etc.
Difference
while Loop
do…while
Loop
for Loop
