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Introduction to
Contemporary
Geography
Lectures
Chapter 7
Languages and Religions
Amy D'Angelo
SUNY Oswego
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
7.1 Classifying Languages
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The world’s 6,000+ languages can be classified
into families, branches, and groups.
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Only around 100 of these languages are used
by more than 5 million people.
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Language Families
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Language Family Tree
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Distribution of Language Families
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Indo-European Branches
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The most widely spoken branches of IndoEuropean are Indo-Iranian in Asia and
Germanic, Romance, and Balto-Slavic in
Europe.
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7.3 Origins and Diffusion of Languages
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Languages diffuse from their place of origin
through migration.
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Dialects within languages also emerge through
migration and isolation.
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Origin and Diffusion of English
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English is the language of England because of
migration to England from various parts of
Europe.
Invasions of England
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Soft-Drink Dialects
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7.4 Dominant and Endangered Languages
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English is the world’s leading lingua franca.
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Languages used by only a few people may
become extinct unless preserved.
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Global Distribution of English
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English is an official language in 54 countries,
more than any other language, and is the
predominant language in Australia, United
Kingdom, and United States.
•
The contemporary distribution of English
speakers around the world exists because the
people of England migrated with their language
when they established colonies during the past
four centuries.
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English-Speaking Countries
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Languages of Online Users
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Isolated Languages
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An isolated language is a language unrelated to
any other and therefore not attached to any
language family.
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The best example in Europe is Basque,
apparently the only language currently spoken in
Europe that survives from the period before the
arrival of Indo-European speakers.
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Creolized Languages
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A creole or creolized language is defined as a
language that results from the mixing of the
colonizer’s language with the indigenous
language of the people being dominated.
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A creolized language forms when the colonized
group adopts the language of the dominant
group but makes some changes, such as
simplifying the grammar and adding words from
their former language.
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Languages in Belgium
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Languages of Switzerland
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Languages of Nigeria
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Distribution of Religions
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Christian Places of Worship
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Branches of Islam
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The word Islam in Arabic means submission to
the will of God and it has a similar root to the
Arabic word for peace.
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An adherent of the religion of Islam is known as
a Muslim, which in Arabic means one who
surrenders to God.
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Islam is divided into two important branches.
–
–
Sunni
Shiite
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Muslim Places of Worship
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Branches of Buddhism
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The two largest branches of Buddhism are
Theravada and Mahayana.
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Deities in Hinduism
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Hinduism does not have a central authority or a
single holy book, so each individual selects
suitable rituals.
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The average Hindu has allegiance to a particular
god or concept within a broad range of
possibilities.
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Hinduism
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7.9 Origins of Religions
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Universalizing and ethnic religions typically have
different geographic origins.
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An ethnic religion such as Hinduism, has unknown or
unclear origins, not tied to single historical individuals.
A universalizing religion, such as Christianity, Islam,
and Buddhism, has a precise hearth, or place of
origin, based on events in the life of a man.
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Hinduism
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Hinduism existed prior to recorded history.
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The earliest surviving Hindu documents were
written around 1500 B.C.
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Christianity
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Christianity was founded on the teachings of
Jesus, who was born in Bethlehem between 8
and 4 B.C. and died on a cross in Jerusalem
about A.D. 30.
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Raised as a Jew, Jesus gathered a small band
of disciples and preached the coming of the
Kingdom of God.
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He was referred to as Christ, from the Greek
word for the Hebrew word messiah, which
means “anointed.”
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Buddhism
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The founder of Buddhism, Siddharta Gautama,
was born about 563 B.C. in Nepal.
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According to Buddhist legend, Gautama’s life
changed after a series of four trips.
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He emerged as the Buddha, the “awakened or
enlightened one.”
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The Origin of Buddhism
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Islam
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The Prophet of Islam Muhammad was born in Makkah about 570.
Muhammad was a descendent of Ishmael, who was the son of
Abraham and Hagar.
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Sarah prevailed on Abraham to banish Hagar and Ishmael, who
wandered through the Arabian desert, eventually reaching Makkah.
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At age 40, while engaged in a meditative retreat, Muhammad
received his first revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel.
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The Quran, the holiest book in Islam, is a record of God’s words, as
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through Gabriel.
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As he began to preach the truth that God had revealed to him,
Muhammad suffered persecution.
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When he died in 632, Muhammad was buried in Madinah.
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Origin of Islam: Al-MasjidAl Nabawi
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Diffusion of Islam
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Muhammad’s successors organized followers
into armies that extended the region of Muslim
control over an extensive area of Africa, Asia,
and Europe.
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Within a century of Muhammad’s death, Muslim
armies conquered Palestine, the Persian
Empire, and much of India, resulting in the
conversion of many non-Arabs to Islam, often
through intermarriage.
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Muslim Holy Cities
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The holiest places in Islam are in cities
associated with the life of the Prophet
Muhammad.
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The holiest city for Muslims is Makkah, the
birthplace of Muhammad. Every healthy Muslim
who has adequate financial resources is
expected to undertake a pilgrimage to Makkah.
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Holy Places in Islam
Al-Masjid al-Harām (Sacred Mosque),
Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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The Calendar in Judaism
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Judaism is classified as an ethnic, rather than a
universalizing, religion in part because its major
holidays are based on events in the agricultural
calendar of the religion’s homeland in present
day Israel.
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The name Judaism derives from Judah, one of
the patriarch Jacob’s 12 sons; Israel is another
biblical name for Jacob.
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Jewish Holiday of Sukkoth
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Cosmogony in Chinese Ethnic Religions
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Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs
concerning the origin of the universe.
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The cosmogony underlying Chinese ethnic
religions, such as Confucianism and Daoism, is
that the universe is made up of two forces, yin
and yang, which exist in everything.
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Spirits in Inanimate Objects
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To animists, God’s powers are mystical, and
only a few people on Earth can harness these
powers for medical or other purposes.
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God can be placated, however, through prayer
and sacrifice.
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Rather than attempting to transform the
environment, animists accept environmental
hazards as normal and unavoidable.
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Sacred Space in Hinduism
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7.13 Religious Conflicts in the Middle East
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Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought for
2,000 years to control a small strip of land in the
Middle East.
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Jews consider the territory their Promised Land.
– Christians consider Palestine the Holy Land and
Jerusalem the Holy City because the major events in
Jesus’s life, death, and Resurrection were
concentrated there.
– Muslims regard Jerusalem as their third holy city
because it is the place from which Muhammad is
thought to have ascended to heaven.
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Jewish Perspectives
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Israel was created by the United Nations in 1947
as the only country in the world with a majority
Jewish population.
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Opposed to having a predominantly Jewish
country in their midst, neighboring Arab Muslim
countries attacked Israel four times, in 1947,
1956, 1967, and 1973, without success.
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Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel
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Palestinian Perspectives
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Palestinians emerged as Israel’s principal
opponent after the 1973 war.
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Egypt and Jordan renounced their claims to
Gaza and the West Bank, respectively, and
recognized the Palestinians as the legitimate
rulers of these territories.
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Jerusalem
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Palestinians emerged as Israel’s principal
opponent after the 1973 war.
•
Egypt and Jordan renounced their claims to
Gaza and the West Bank, respectively, and
recognized the Palestinians as the legitimate
rulers of these territories.
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