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Insect Anatomy Classification Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Arthropods Spiders, ticks, lobster, centipedes, and insects, among others Insects are members of the Phylum Arthropoda (jointed foot) an estimated 1 Million species of insects exist, of which <0.1% are harmful to plants Arthropods Why are Arthropods so successful? Adaptability Arthropods Adaptability Specialized appendages Mole crickets, giant water bug, preying mantis http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/09 /14/creature-with-interlocking-gears-onlegs/ Arthropods Adaptability Exoskeleton (Invertebrates) Proportional strength Protection Body Sections HEAD - THORAX - ABDOMEN Class: Arachnida Spiders Head/thorax (cephalothorax) We’ll cover only one spider: mites Four pairs of legs Abdomen Classification Phylum Class: Insecta Order Family Genus Species Class: Insecta EXOSKELETON Solid outer skeleton Accounts for shape and size Cuticle is outermost layer that conserves moisture Class: Insecta EXOSKELETON How does it grow? Molting: chemical reactions make it flexible, it grows, then hardens again (schlerotization) Each molting called instar (Cicada hatching) http://uncovercalifornia.com/content/2119 1-researchers-create-cybernetic-moth HEAD Antennae Sensory organs Food HEAD Antennae Sensory organs Pheromones - communication chemicals secreted by insects HEAD Compound eyes (2) Numerous faucets that each have a lens, each singly functional HEAD Compound eyes (2) Senses color, movement, and, to a lesser extent, distance HEAD Simple eyes, Ocelli (1 to 3) Records daily changes in light intensity HEAD Mouthparts: Chewing Mandibles are often protective HEAD Mouthparts: Chewing Maxilla like appendages HEAD Mouthparts Piercing sucking THORAX Mid-section Pro-, meso-, and meta- THORAX Each segment has a pair of legs Front pair are often greatly modified THORAX Caterpillars have prolegs on abdomen Not true legs THORAX Wings Meso- and metathorax sections SloMo THORAX Wings: Beetles Forewings hardened, elytra Protection of hind wings THORAX Wings: Grasshopper Forewings leathery Hindwings fly THORAX Wings: True bugs Forewings, basal portion hardened Hindwings, membranous THORAX Wings: Moths and butterflies Both wings scales ABDOMEN Softest body section Spiracles, openings insect uses to breathe ABDOMEN Few appendages Ovipositor Laying eggs or stinger ABDOMEN Few appendages Cerci Can be sensory organ or protective LIFE CYCLES Insects begin life as an Egg Some exceptions are live birth, such as Aphids (Viviparous) LIFE CYCLES Complete Metamorphosis LIFE CYCLES Complete Metamorphosis Larva (immature stage) Damaging stage, feeding heavily on foliage or roots Major difference in shape and habit from adult LIFE CYCLES Complete Metamorphosis Pupae Idle stage, transforming into adult Cocoon vs. chrysalis LIFE CYCLES Complete Metamorphosis Adult (mature stage) Adults don’t often cause major damage LIFE CYCLES Incomplete Metamorphosis LIFE CYCLES Incomplete Metamorphosis Nymph (immature stage) Differ from adult in size and shape Gradual changes Wings undeveloped LIFE CYCLES Incomplete Metamorphosis Adult (mature stage) Wings develop LIFE CYCLES Incomplete Metamorphosis Microcosmos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76R2E KEnoJQ