Download Notes highlights (pgs 1-78)

Object-Oriented Programming
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
•
allows the programmer to more closely model the problem space
•
classes
•
objects
•
methods & attributes (functions & data members)
•
encapsulation (functions & data combined)
•
data/information hiding (control over visibility/access)
•
expression of relationships between classes
•
inheritance
•
code reuse/maintenance
Java
•
maintains basic C syntax and operators - That’s where the similarity ends.
•
strong support of object-oriented programming
•
interpreted language
•
allows “executable” code to be transferred over World Wide Web
•
strong type checking
•
well-defined primitive data types
•
large set of existing packages/class libraries
•
includes graphics and graphical user interface routines
•
no pointers (that programmers control directly)
•
automatic garbage collection
•
exception handling
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 4
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Applications vs. Applets
APPLICATIONS VS. APPLETS
•
Java programs are of two different types - Applications and Applets
•
Applications are Java programs that are designed to run on the local machine via the Java interpreter.
They are the equivalent of an application written in any other programming language
•
Applets are Java programs that must be run via a web browser such as Netscape Navigator, Sun’s
HotJava or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. Applets are “dependent” on a browser and are launched
via an HTML document. Generally, Applets originate from another machine but run on the local
machine
Compiling:
Source code
- Bytecode file
- “Pseudo” machine instructions file
Executing:
I) Application
II) Applet
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 5
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Identifiers
IDENTIFIERS
•
Java identifiers follow a naming convention similar to C
•
may consist of letters, digits, underscore or dollar sign
•
{you should avoid using the dollar sign since Java uses it.}
•
first character must be a letter, underscore or dollar sign
•
no length limit
KEYWORDS
abstract
else
interface
switch
assert
enum
long
synchronized
boolean
extends
native
this
break
false
new
throw
byte
final
null
throws
case
finally
package
transient
catch
float
private
true
char
for
protected
try
class
goto
public
void
const
if
return
volatile
continue
implements
short
while
default
import
static
do
instanceof
strictfp
double
int
super
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 8
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Primitive Data Types
PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
Type
boolean
char
byte
short
int
long
float
double
•
very similar to data types in C
•
boolean data type added
•
char type is 16 bits and contains Unicode characters
•
separate byte data type for byte sized integers
•
no unsigned integer types
Contains
true or false
Unicode char
signed integer
signed integer
signed integer
signed integer
IEEE 754 f.p.
IEEE 754 f.p.
Default
false
\u0000
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
Size
1 bit
16 bits
8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
64 bits
32 bits
64 bits
Min
N.A.
\u0000
-128
-32768
-2147483648
-9x1018
+1.4x10-45
+4.9x10-324
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Max
N.A.
\uFFFF
127
32767
2147483647
9x1018
+3.4x10+38
+1.8x10+308
Page: 9
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Program Structure
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
•
Program structure in Java is “similar” to C. However, all the code in a Java file is part of a class
definition
•
The libraries of routines in Java are called packages. Packages can be more easily accessed by using
an import statement reminiscent of the C #include
Ex:
/*
FILE: Example2.java
*/
// Illustrates some control structures
import java.io.IOException;
public class Example2 {
public static void main( String args[ ] ) throws IOException
{
int x;
System.out.print( "Enter a character: " );
x = System.in.read( ); // A very basic input method, it is of
// ... very limited use.
if (x == 'A')
System.out.println( "That was an 'A'." );
else if (x == 'B')
System.out.println( "That was a 'B'." );
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: Example2.java
Enter a character: A
That was an 'A'.
Enter a character: B
That was a 'B'.
Enter a character: C
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 10
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Comments
COMMENTS
•
C style comments /* … */ are allowed
•
commenting to end-of-line using // is allowed
•
special javadoc comments using /** … */ allow online documentation to be produced by the
javadoc program
Ex:
/*
FILE: Example1.java
*/
// Illustrates primitive data types and commenting
/* C-style comments are part of Java
and can still span several lines
where they are terminated by:
*/
import java.io.IOException;
/** Is a special Java commenting format that indicates to
the "javadoc" program that information in this comment
is for it. This comment will be associated with the
following class definition or method definition.
A real javadoc comment in this position would describe
class Example1.
*/
public class Example1 {
public static void main( String args[ ] ) throws IOException
{
int x = 7;
double y = 3.5;
byte z = 32;
char c = 'A';
// Initialization of variables is required.
// Primitive types have default initialization values, however these only apply
// ... when the data member is within an object.
System.out.print( "Some values will be calculated and displayed below.\n" );
System.out.print( "x = " );
System.out.print( x );
System.out.print( "\n" );
System.out.print( "y = " + y + "\n" );
//
x = x + y;
// Auto-demotion illegal in Java
x = (int)(x + y);
// Explicit cast required
System.out.print( "x = " );
System.out.println( x );
System.out.print( "z = " );
System.out.println( z );
System.out.println( "c = " + c);
// Unicode is transparent if you stick to ASCII conventions
c = 'Z';
System.out.println( "c = " + c);
c = '\101';
System.out.println( "c = " + c);
}
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 11
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Control Structures
CONTROL STRUCTURES
•
Virtually all the standard C control structures are implemented in Java
•
•
•
conditionals
if
if/else
switch
for
while
do while
loops
regulated transfers of control
break
continue
Ex:
/*
FILE: Example2.java
*/
// Illustrates some control structures
import java.io.IOException;
public class Example2 {
public static void main( String args[ ] ) throws IOException
{
int x;
System.out.print( "Enter a character: " );
x = System.in.read( ); // A very basic input method, it is of
// ... very limited use.
if (x == 'A')
System.out.println( "That was an 'A'." );
else if (x == 'B')
System.out.println( "That was a 'B'." );
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: Example2.java
Enter a character: A
That was an 'A'.
Enter a character: B
That was a 'B'.
Enter a character: C
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 13
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Class – A basic example
CLASS – A BASIC EXAMPLE
•
A new class is essentially a new data type
•
Anywhere a primitive data type could be used a class can be used
•
In object-oriented programming a class definition describes the common characteristics and
capabilities of some category of objects
•
Class definitions allow a programmer to encapsulate these characteristics and capabilities into one
definition that gives a complete description of the class of objects
•
The characteristics of the class are modeled with variables and the capabilities are modeled with
functions/methods
•
Since these variables and methods belong to the class, they are referred to as “members”
•
The . (dot) operator or “member access” operator is used to access class/object members
•
Note: All objects are accessed via references and new objects are created using new.
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass.java
*/
// Class - defines a type of objectthat can carry around data;
//
in this case - CtypeStruct
//
// Note: - There are two classes
//
//
- class AClass exercises/tests class CtypeStruct
//
- class CtypeStruct models a student
public class AClass {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
CtypeStruct student; // reference
student = new CtypeStruct( );
student.name = "Joe Cool";
student.gpa = 4.00;
student.id = 123456;
// new "CtypeStruct" type object
// Accessing fields/members/attributes
System.out.println( "Student name = " + student.name);
System.out.println( "Student gpa = " + student.gpa);
System.out.println( "Student id = " + student.id);
}
}
class CtypeStruct{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
}
/*
OUTPUT: AClass.java
Student name = Joe Cool
Student gpa = 4.0
Student id = 123456
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 17
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Arrays
ARRAYS
Ex:
/*
FILE: StudentTestDrive.java
*/
// Arrays in Java
//
//
- Arrays provide a "repository" for several items
//
... and make working with "sets" of data easier
public class StudentTestDrive {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
Student classroom[ ];
classroom = new Student[3];
classroom[0] = new Student( );
classroom[0].name = "Joe Cool";
classroom[0].gpa = 4.00;
classroom[0].id = 123456;
classroom[0].display( );
classroom[1] = new Student( );
classroom[1].name = "Joe Llama";
classroom[1].gpa = 3.50;
classroom[1].id = 123457;
classroom[1].display( );
classroom[2] = new Student( );
classroom[2].name = "Joe Camel";
classroom[2].gpa = 3.25;
classroom[2].id = 123458;
classroom[2].display( );
System.out.println("\nPrinted again with a for loop: ");
for(int i = 0; i<3; i++)
classroom[i].display( );
// Arrays know their size
System.out.println("\nPrinted and-again with a for loop: ");
for(int i = 0; i<classroom.length; i++)
classroom[i].display( );
}
}
class Student{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
public void display( )
{
System.out.println( "Student name = " + name);
System.out.println( "Student gpa = " + gpa);
System.out.println( "Student id = " + id);
}
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 24
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Arrays – More detail
ARRAYS – MORE DETAIL
•
Arrays function as they did in C with some additions and controls
•
Arrays are implemented as references
•
Java arrays know their length
•
Java performs bounds checking on arrays
•
The storage that an array “refers” to can change
•
Storage for an array is created using new or indirectly via an initialization list
Ex:
/*
FILE: MultiArray1.java
*/
// Multi-dimensional arrays
public class MultiArray1 {
public static void main( String args[ ])
{
int x[ ][ ];
x = new int[5][5];
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
x[i][j] = (i+1)*10 + (j+1);
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
System.out.print( "x[" + i + "][" + j +"] = " + x[i][j]+"
System.out.println( );
}
");
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: MultiArray1.java
x[0][0]
x[1][0]
x[2][0]
x[3][0]
x[4][0]
=
=
=
=
=
11
21
31
41
51
x[0][1]
x[1][1]
x[2][1]
x[3][1]
x[4][1]
=
=
=
=
=
12
22
32
42
52
x[0][2]
x[1][2]
x[2][2]
x[3][2]
x[4][2]
=
=
=
=
=
13
23
33
43
53
x[0][3]
x[1][3]
x[2][3]
x[3][3]
x[4][3]
=
=
=
=
=
14
24
34
44
54
x[0][4]
x[1][4]
x[2][4]
x[3][4]
x[4][4]
=
=
=
=
=
15
25
35
45
55
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 29
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Methods / Functions
METHODS / FUNCTIONS
•
Methods in Java are the equivalent of functions in C. Method is the preferred term for objectoriented environments.
•
Parameters and return types are defined in the same manner as C.
•
Primitive data-types are pass-by-value, objects are pass-by-reference. In fact, objects are ALWAYS
accessed via references, primitive data-types are not.
•
Java allows methods to be overloaded i.e., you can have more than one method with the same name.
•
Overloaded methods are distinguished by their parameter lists.
Ex:
/*
FILE: Method1.java
*/
/* Illustration of functions/methods defined in
an application. */
public class Method1{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
int x,i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
x = my_random(6);
System.out.print("x = ");
System.out.println(x);
}
}
static int my_random(int range)
{
return (int)(Math.random( )*range)+1;
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: Method1.java
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
6
1
3
6
6
4
1
3
6
4
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 36
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Constructors/Initializers
CONSTRUCTORS/INITIALIZERS
•
A special set of methods called constructors are used to initialize objects of a class
•
Constructors are named with the same name as the class they belong to and have no return type
•
Constructors are called when an object is created with new
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass7.java
*/
// Default initialization of an object at "construction" time
public class AClass7 {
public static void main( String args[] )
{
Student s;
s = new Student( ); // Note: no initialization information
s.name = "Joe Cool";
s.gpa = 4.00;
s.id = 123456;
s.display( );
}
}
class Student{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
public void display( )
{
System.out.println( "Student name = " + name);
System.out.println( "Student gpa = " + gpa);
System.out.println( "Student id = " + id);
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: AClass7.java
Student name = Joe Cool
Student gpa = 4.0
Student id = 123456
*/
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 40
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
toString( ) method
TOSTRING( ) METHOD
•
Java has a bias toward Strings. It wants to produce a String representation of every type.
•
The toString( ) method is used by Java for this purpose.
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass12.java
*/
// toString( ) method.
public class AClass12 {
public static void main( String args[] )
{
Student s;
s = new Student("Cool Joe", 3.95, 654321);
// Initializing constructor used
s.display( );
System.out.println("Is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s.toString( ));
}
}
class Student{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
public Student( )
{
}
// default constructor
public Student(String n, double g, long i)
{
name = n;
gpa = g;
id = i;
}
public char getGrade( )
{
char grade;
if (gpa
grade
else if
grade
else if
grade
else if
grade
else
grade
>= 3.5)
= 'A';
(gpa >= 2.5)
= 'B';
(gpa >= 1.5)
= 'C';
(gpa >= 0.5)
= 'D';
= 'F';
return grade;
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 46
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
static Members
STATIC MEMBERS
•
Classes can contain data and methods that are available to the entire class and are not tied to, or
specific to, a particular object.
•
Classes generally describe objects of the class but can also describe/define things that pertain to the
entire class.
•
The static keyword designates a data member/attribute or method as a “class” member or method.
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass15.java
*/
// Class information, static attributes
//
-- data independent of any particular object
public class AClass15 {
public static void main( String args[] )
{
Student s, s2, s3;
s = new Student("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new Student("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new Student("Joe Llama", 3.2);
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
}
}
class Student{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
static long count;
public Student( )
{
id = ++count;
}
// Keeps count of Student objects
// ... and generates id numbers.
// default constructor
public Student(String n, double g)
{
name = n;
gpa = g;
id = ++count;
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 52
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Encapsulation
ENCAPSULATION
•
In this class we will make a distinction between encapsulation and access.
•
Encapsulation: The gathering together of attributes and methods within a class or object.
•
Access: The visibility of classes, attributes and methods within a program.
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 60
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Access Specifiers
ACCESS SPECIFIERS
•
The availability of information about a class or object can be controlled using access specifiers.
•
There are three access specifiers: public, protected, and private.
•
There are four types of access: public, protected, package, and private.
•
•
•
•
Public access means the class/data/method is available to all. It is produced by the public
keyword.
Protected access means the data/method is available only to other classes in the same package
and to any classes derived from the class. Protected access is produced by the protected
keyword.
Package access means the class/data/method is available only to other classes in the same
package. Package access is the default availability or visibility which means it is produced
implicitly by not specifying any type of access.
Private access means the data/method is available only to the class it is defined in. Private access
is produced by the private keyword. It is the most restrictive of the access specifiers.
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass19.java
*/
// Access specifiers: controlling scope
public class AClass19 {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
Student s, s2, s3;
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
s = new Student("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new Student("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new Student("Joe Llama", 3.2);
s.id = 127;
s.name = "Jim Polzin";
// possible, but inadvisable.
// possible, but inadvisable.
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
}
}
class Student{
String name;
double gpa;
long id;
static long count;
public Student( )
{
id = ++count;
}
// Keeps count of Student objects
// ... and generates id numbers.
// default constructor
public Student(String n, double g)
{
name = n;
gpa = g;
id = ++count;
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 61
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Getter/Setter Methods
GETTER/SETTER METHODS
•
Also called “accessor/mutator” methods.
•
Each “visible” attribute should be accessible through a get( ) or accessor method.
•
Each “modifiable” or “writable” attribute should be alterable through a set( ) or mutator method.
•
This convention allows a layer/interface to be established between “users/consumers” of a class and
the actual implementation provided by the “writer/supplier” of the class. This gives the supplier of the
class latitude in being able to modify the actual implementation of the class. As long as the interface
still exists, consumer code will not be broken/invalidated by a change to the supplier’s class
implementation. This known as de-coupling of the two sets of code; the consumer’s code is not
bound/coupled to a specific implementation of the supplier’s code.
Ex:
/*
FILE: AClass22.java
*/
// Private access - only the class has access
// The class can allow "reading" an attribute's value
// ... through a getter method
// The class can allow "changing" an attribute's value
// ... through a setter method
// The reason is the class controls the access. The
// ... user of the class MUST work within the constraints
// ... of the class design.
public class AClass22 {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
Student s, s2, s3;
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
s = new Student("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new Student("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new Student("Joe Llama", 3.2);
System.out.println(s.getName( ) + " has id: " + s.getId( ) + "\n");
// attribute accessible thru get/set methods
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
System.out.println( );
System.out.print("Name change: " + s3.getName( ) + " to ");
System.out.println(s3.setName("Joe Camel"));
}
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 67
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
this Reference
THIS REFERENCE
•
Access to the invoking object in an instance method is provided automatically by Java.
•
Access is provided thru a reference named this.
•
The this reference is implicitly used within all instance methods.
•
The this reference can be used explicitly to confirm its existence and is also used to identify the
invoking object.
Ex:
/*
FILE: This.java
*/
// The this reference: used explicitly
public class This {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
Student s, s2, s3;
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
s = new Student("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new Student("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new Student("Joe Llama", 3.2);
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + Student.getCount( ));
}
}
class Student{
private String name;
private double gpa;
private long id;
private static long count;
// Keeps count of Student objects
// ... and generates id numbers.
public Student( ) // default constructor
{
this.id = ++count;
}
public Student(String name, double gpa)
{
this.name = name;
this.gpa = gpa;
this.id = ++count;
}
static public long getCount( )
{
return count;
}
public String getName( )
{
return name;
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 72
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
this( ) constructor call
THIS( ) CONSTRUCTOR CALL
•
Another constructor in a class can be called within a constructor by using the this( ) notation in the
first line of the constructor.
Ex:
/*
FILE: StudentThisTestDrive.java
*/
// Access specifiers: controlling scope
// Private - only the class has access
// this( ) constructor call notation
public class StudentThisTestDrive {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
StudentThis s, s2, s3;
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + StudentThis.getCount( ));
s = new StudentThis("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new StudentThis("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new StudentThis( );
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + StudentThis.getCount( ));
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: StudentThisTestDrive.java
Number of students is: 0
Joe Cool, 3.95, 1 is a A student.
Cool Joe, 3.5, 2 is a A student.
, 0.0, 3 is a F student.
Number of students is: 3
*/
/*
FILE: StudentThis.java
*/
// Class StudentThis
// ... one constructor calling another
class StudentThis{
private String name;
private double gpa;
private long id;
private static long count;
public StudentThis( )
{
this("", 0.0);
}
// Keeps count of Student objects
// ... and generates id numbers.
// default constructor
public StudentThis(String n, double g)
{
name = n;
gpa = g;
id = ++count;
}
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 74
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14
Initialization assistance
INITIALIZATION ASSISTANCE
•
Java supports several additional features besides the this( ) constructor notation to assist in initializing
instance and class fields.
•
For both instance and class fields:
•
Initial values can be provided as part of the field definitions
•
Initial values can be computed and supplied in an initialization block
•
A class initialization block executes when a class is first loaded
•
An instance initialization block executes before each constructor call
Ex:
/*
FILE: StudentInitTestDrive.java
*/
// Other initialization assistance
// ... see the StudentInit class
public class StudentInitTestDrive {
public static void main( String args[ ] )
{
StudentInit s, s2, s3;
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + StudentInit.getCount( ));
s = new StudentInit("Joe Cool", 3.95);
s2 = new StudentInit("Cool Joe", 3.5);
s3 = new StudentInit( );
System.out.println(s + " is a " + s.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s2 + " is a " + s2.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println(s3 + " is a " + s3.getGrade( ) + " student.");
System.out.println("Number of students is: " + StudentInit.getCount( ));
}
}
/*
OUTPUT: StudentInitTestDrive.java
Number of students is: 2000
Joe Cool, 3.95, 2001 is a A student.
Cool Joe, 3.5, 2002 is a A student.
<no name>, 0.1, 2003 is a F student.
Number of students is: 2003
*/
cont…
Introduction to Java for C Programmers
Page: 76
Copyright  2014 by James J. Polzin All Rights Reserved
Printed: 6/30/14