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Exercise 19 Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves Figure 19.1a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view. Spinal Cord Extends from Foramen magnum L1-L2 @ conus medullaris Filum terminale Fibrous extension of meninges, blends into coccygeal ligament Attaches to coccyx Cervical spinal nerves C1-C8 Thoracic spinal nerves T1- T12 Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale Cauda equina “horse’s tail” lumbar & sacral Lumbar spinal nerves nerves’ long L1- L5 ventral & dorsal Sacral spinal nerves roots… S1- S5 Coccygeal spinal nerve Co1 The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally. Figure 19.1a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view. Medulla oblongata (brainstem) Cervical spinal nerves C1-C8 Thoracic spinal nerves T1- T12 Conus medullaris Cauda equina Conus medullaris tapered inferior end Filum terminale Lumbar spinal nerves L1- L5 Sacral spinal nerves S1- S5 Coccygeal spinal nerve Co1 The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally. Spinal Cord—Similar to Brain Gray matter Central in spinal cord White matter External in spinal cord Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Fills meninges Proteins, nutrients— continuous circulation Meninges: surrounding membranes – – – • • • Pia mater: innermost Arachnoid: middle Dura mater: outermost Extend beyond the spinal cord Continuous with meninges of brain Physical stability, shock absorption Pia mater Arachnoid mater Spinal dura mater Figure 19.2a Anatomy of the human spinal cord. Spinal Cord—Similar to Brain Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater Spinal meninges (contains CSF) Bone of vertebra Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Body of vertebra Epidural space between dura mater & walls of vertebrae areolar tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue (protection) Figure 19.5 Human spinal nerves. Cervical plexus C1 – C5 Spinal Nerves Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Cervical spinal nerves Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Thoracic spinal nerves Brachial plexus C5 – T 1 Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus L1 – L4 Sacral plexus L4 – S4 Cauda equina Lumbar nerves L1 – L5 Sacral nerves S1 – S5 Coccygeal nerve Co1 Lumbar spinal nerves Sacral spinal nerves Nerves for Divisions • Sympathetic division – – thoracic & lumbar spinal nerves (thoracolumbar) • Parasympathetic division – – cranial nerves & sacral spinal nerves (craniosacral); Spinal Nerve Plexuses Cervical nerves Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Thoracic nerves Intercostal nerves (no plexus) Lumbar nerves Sacral nerves Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Figure 19.6 The cervical plexus. Ventral rami Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lesser occipital nerve Greater auricular nerve Segmental branches Ventral rami: C1 C2 Transverse cervical nerve C3 Ansa cervicalis C4 Accessory nerve (XI) C5 Phrenic nerve Supraclavicular nerves Figure 19.7a The brachial plexus. Dorsal scapular Nerve to subclavius Roots (ventral rami): Anterior divisions Posterior divisions C4 C5 Suprascapular C6 C7 Lateral C8 Posterior T1 Middle Cords Trunks Upper Posterior divisions Trunks Lower Long thoracic Medial Medial pectoral Axillary Lateral pectoral Musculocutaneous Lower subscapular Radial Thoracodorsal Median Ulnar Medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm Roots (rami C5 T1), trunks, divisions, and cords Upper subscapular Roots Figure 19.7c The brachial plexus. Axillary nerve Anterior divisions Posterior divisions Trunks Roots Musculocutaneous nerve Axillary nerve Humerus Radial nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Biceps brachii Ulna Radius Ulnar nerve Median nerve Radial nerve (superficial branch) Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve Superficial branch of ulnar nerve Digital branch of ulnar nerve Muscular branch Digital branch Median nerve The major nerves of the upper limb Median nerve Ulnar nerve Cadaver photo Lateral cord Posterior cord Medial cord Figure 19.8 The lumbar plexus (anterior view.) Ventral rami Ventral rami: L1 Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Iliohypogastric L2 Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral L3 Femoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Lateral femoral cutaneous L4 Obturator Femoral Lumbosacral trunk Anterior femoral cutaneous Saphenous L5 Figure 19.9b TheVentral sacral plexus (posterior view). rami Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Pudendal Sciatic Posterior femoral cutaneous Common fibular Tibial Sural (cut) Deep fibular Superficial fibular Plantar branches Sympathetic Chain Ganglia • http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=fANkXK43xqk Ganglia for Divisions • sympathetic ganglia – – along spinal column (proximal to CNS) • parasympathetic ganglia – – in or near the organs they control (distal to CNS) Figure 19.2b Anatomy of the human spinal cord. Dorsal funiculus White columns Ventral funiculus Lateral funiculus Gray commissure Dorsal horn Ventral horn Lateral horn Gray matter Dorsal root ganglion Central canal Spinal nerve Dorsal root Pia mater Ventral root Arachnoid mater Spinal dura mater Spinal Cord Anatomy Each segment has: Dorsal root (axons of sensory neurons) posterior sensory, TO spinal cord Dorsal root ganglia cell bodies Ventral root (axons of motor neurons) anterior motor, AWAY FROM cord Sensory & Motor roots bound together---SPINAL NERVE (mixed nerve) Spinal Cord Anatomy Central canal in center of spinal cord continuous with “ventricles” in the brain—CSF circulation Spinal Cord Anatomy: Gray Matter Gray commissure: surrounds central canal Posterior (dorsal) horn Lateral horn Anterior (ventral) horn Spinal Cord Anatomy: White Matter Posterior (dorsal) white column Lateral white column Anterior (ventral) white column Figure 19.4 Cross section of the spinal cord (10). Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Dorsal horn Lateral funiculus Ventral horn Ventral funiculus Ventral median fissure Review Figure 19.1 Table 19.1 Branches of the Cervical Plexus (See Figure 19.6) Table 19.2 Branches of the Brachial Plexus (See Figure 19.7) Table 19.3 Branches of the Lumbar Plexus (See Figure 19.8) Table 19.4 Branches of the Sacral Plexus (See Figure 19.9)
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