Download Chapter 8 – Revolutions in Europe and Latin SECTION 2

Section 2 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The Charter of French Liberties
1. Created by Louie XVIII after COV
2. Is a written Constitution
3. Created a two house legislature
4. Limited freedom of the press


Few people were satisfied
Ultraroyalists
(supporters of the King)
•Ultraroyalists
1. Supporters of the King
2. Despised constitutional
government
3. Wanted to restore the Old Regime
Charles X, brother of Louis XVIII
1. Became King after the death of his brother
(1824)
2. Strong believer in absolutism
3. Rejected the idea of the Charter of French
Liberties

July 1830, Charles X
1. Suspended the legislature
2. Limited the right to vote
3. Restricted the press


In Paris, angry liberal and radical citizens
responded with force
Within days, radicals controlled Paris by
1. Setting up barricades
2. Firing upon soldiers
3. Pelting soldiers with stones


Charles X abdicated the throne and fled Paris



Radicals wanted to set up a republic
Moderate liberals wanted a constitutional
monarchy
Louis Philippe was chosen as king; he was
chosen by the lower house of the French
legislature



Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X
Citizen King because he owed his throne to
the people
Got along well with the liberal bourgeoisie
Under his rule the upper bourgeoisie
prospered
1. Suffrage extended to France’s wealthier
citizens
2. Created policies that favored the middle
class
3. Lower class / working class still not
represented


Radicals unhappy with France in the 1840’s

Secret societies pushed for a Republic


Utopian socialists called for an end to private
ownership
Liberals called for an end to Louis Philippe’s
government; called for expansion of suffrage

A recession ignited the flames of revolution

Factories shut down / people lost jobs

Poor harvests caused rising bread prices

Government officials receive the blame

Government took steps to end the ridicule

Angry mobs took to the streets


As the turmoil spread Louis Philippe
abdicated
The birth of the Second Republic
Second Republic the works of a group
1. Liberal
2. Radical
3. Socialist


1.
Socialists wanted to help the hungry and
working classes
Established national workshops; provided
jobs for the unemployed



Upper and middle class’s win control over the
government; shut down national workshops
Angry workers take to the streets of Paris and
riot (“Bread or Lead!”)
Bourgeoisie Liberals responded with violence;
peasants who feared socialist would take
their land, attacked the rioting workers

Nearly 1,500 people were killed before the
government shut down the rebellion
Aftermath
1. Middle class feared and distrusted those to
the left
2. working class had a deep hatred for the
bourgeoisie

By the end of 1848 the National Assembly
1. Issued a constitution for the Second
Republic
2. Created a strong president
3. Established a one-house legislature
4. Allowed suffrage to all adult men (9 million
men, before 200,000)


1.
2.
Presidential election winner = Louis
Napoleon; nephew of Napoleon Bonapate
Attracted the working class; presented
himself as someone who cared about social
issues (poverty)
Liked by conservatives because of his
historical name



By 1852 he proclaimed himself emperor;
calling himself Napoleon III
Used a plebiscite to win public approval as
justification for taking power
90% of voters approved the move to establish
the Second Empire


Paris inspires uprisings to break out
elsewhere in Europe
“When France Sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
– Metternich

1830, Belgians resented the arrangement that
placed them and Holland under the Dutch King
made at the COV
Belgians and Dutch separated by
1. Language
2. Religions (Catholic / Protestants)
3. Economic interests (manufacturing / trade)


After learning about the revolutions in France
of 1830, Belgians revolutionary spirit is ignited



Students and workers barricaded the streets
of Brussels, and turned to violence versus
soldiers
The Dutch King turned to his partners of the
COV for help
Britain and France knew this revolt would
disrupt the boundaries set at COV but would
benefit more by having an independent
Belgium and Holland


Other COV countries; Austria, Prussia and
Russia were too busy putting down revolts of
their own to aid the Dutch King
1831Belgium becomes an independent state
with a liberal constitution



Poles join to forge a nationalist uprising
Unlike the Belgians, Poles were unable to
declare their independence
Most of Poland landed under the was under
Russian rule because of the COV


French Revolution of 1848 unleashed a wave
of revolution across Europe
Time for opponents of the old order to make
a stand, “springtime of the peoples.”

Grievances had been piling up for years in Europe
1.
Middle-class liberals wanted a greater share of
political power for themselves
2.
Middle-class liberals wanted protections for
basic rights of all citizens
3.
Workers demanded relief from the miseries of
the Industrial Revolution
4.
Nationalists wanted independence from foreign
oppression

Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire

Leading voice in the COV

Revolts break out in Vienna (Austria)
1.
Students supported by workers took to the
streets rioting
2.
Demanded liberal reforms
3.
Metternich resigned his post as minister

Revolts in Austria spread to Budapest and
Prague

Nationalist demanded an independent
government from the empire

Wanted an end of serfdom and wanted a written
constitution

Made gains, but they were temporary

Austrian troops regained re-took control of
Vienna and Prague

Nationalist uprising begins in Italy

Italy was controlled by the Austrian Empire

Nationalists goals were linked to liberal reforms
and established new republics

Workers wanted to push the reforms further

Austrian troops but an end to revolts, and put
things back to the way they were before the
revolutions

University students demanded national unity
and liberal reform

Famine leaves workers and peasants angry
and hungry

There were many divisions amongst
reformers

Finally offered the King of Prussia Frederick
William IV the crown of a united Germany



Frederick William IV rejected the crown
because it was offered by the people
1849 – assembly dissolved by Prussian army
Middle class reformers and radical reformers
clash; hundred killed, many more hundreds
put in jail