Download Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordates Class: Mammals Phylum

11/06/2015
Bio 2.3 Demonstrate understanding of adaptation of
plants or animals to their way of life
-> taxonomy
-> wideshot of systems and diversity
-> adaptations
-> insects, mammals and fish
-> review/ making connections
Phylogenetics
Coz life is amazing but can be
hard to get your head around
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordates
Class: Mammals
Order: Primates
Family: Hominins
genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Mollusca
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Arthropoda
Mission: Make a mnemonic
This unit we will be focussing on 3 taxonomic
groups.
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Phylum Arthropoda – Class insecta
• jointed limbs
• three pairs of legs
• often have wings
• compound eyes
• Tracheal gas exchange
Phylum Chordata – Class Fish (Pisces)
Phylum Chordata – Class Mammalia
• Aquatic
• Scales (usually)
• Gills for gas exchange
• Closed blood system
• Young are fed milk
• Hairy not furry
• Large brain
• 3 groups – Monotremes, Marsupials
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An adaptation is…
Adaptation
The adjustment of behaviour or physiology of an
organism to become more suited to their
environment and lifestyle.
Why adapt?
To survive!
An environment tends to eliminate living things that are not suited to
it. A plant that was not adapted to conserve moisture would soon die in
the desert.
Adapting to look like something you’re not
“According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,
the organisms adapt to their environment to become better fitted to
survive and passing their genes on to the next generation. “
Adapting to the cold
Adapting to the heat
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People do it too
Adjusting to different air supply issues
In order to operate in extreme environments, some animals have evolved different types of blood composition: the
sperm whale and the bar-headed goose of Asia. Both these species have an uncanny ability to store a lot more
oxygen in their blood cells than other animals.
…and some species get really clever….
Like a fish that can breathe air
• In tropical and equatorial areas
• Massive seasonal changes in water levels
• Lungfish (Dipnoi) create a mucus sack to
protect themselves through the drought.
• Some species of catfish and eel not only
breathe air, but also travel on land between
pools.
• Take oxygen from the air through the use of
a specialized area of their intestines.
Gas exchange + Respiration + Breathing
Your mission
1. What is the purpose of gas exchange?
• What is the purpose of gas exchange?
• Name the respiratory gases
• How are gasses exchanged with the environment?
• Contrast air and water in terms of the challenges they present for gas
exchange
The purpose of gas exchange is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the atmosphere.
Oxygen is required by all the cells of the body for respiration, the
process in which energy is extracted from the glucose in the food an
animal eats. The waste products of respiration are CO₂ and water.
CO₂ leaves the body through the same process that oxygen is absorbed,
only in reverse. Gas exchange absorbs O₂ from the environment and
releases CO₂.
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2. Name the respiratory gasses
• O₂ / Oxygen
• CO₂/ Carbon dioxide
3. How are gases exchanged with the environment?
Gases are exchanged with the environment through the process of
diffusion. First the gasses in the environment need to reach the
surfaces across which diffusion can occur, this usually happened via
breathing.
• Diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane and into the body
Transport system to the cells
Transport of waste products out of the body
Features of a gas exchange surface
Your mission
• Read ‘Gas exchange’ page 211
Write definitions for:
1. Respiration
2. Gas exchange
3. Breathing
4. Diffusion
Consider the role of each of these in gas exchange for an organism
4. Contrast air and water in terms of the challenges they present for gas
exchange
• O₂ content is higher in air than water
• What does this mean for the animal ?(Size of GE surfaces, Energy
consumption, efficiency of the process).
• In the water surfaces are less likely to dry out (what mechanisms do
land animals need to prevent this?)
Situations where the rule is different – high altitude or stagnant
water, and what this means for the animal (Lower energy use, ability
to store O₂ etc…).
How is the air up there?
Mountain
Altitude
Oxygen content
Sea level
0m
~20%
Mt Cook
3,724 m
~13%
Tibetan plateau
4,000m
~12%
Kilimanjaro
5,791m
Mt Everest
• Do question 1 on page 217
• Read ‘mammals” and “Breathing” 214-217
8,839m
~10%
~6.8%
Oxygen in the air can be affected by altitude and temperature.
Higher altitude = less dense = less oxygen molecules in a breath
Warmer = less dense = less oxygen molecules in a breath
http://www.higherpeak.com/altitudechart.html
What does it mean?
• Mountain climbers need specialised breathing equipment at very high
altitudes
• Over time the human body can adapt to some changes:
 haemoglobin concentrations
Heart rate
• And some people are equipped to adapt better than others
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v46/n9/abs/ng.3067.html
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Animals that live at high altitudes
Animals that need more oxygen
Big: Elephant
Bar headed goose
• Higher lung capacity
• Higher heart rate
• Alt 7,000m+
• Short term acclimatisation
Tibetan Yak
• Larger lungs and heart
• More efficient transport of
O₂
• More efficient metabolism
• 3,000 - 5,000m
• Long term adaptation
• Breathes 310L air/ minute (6 in Humans)
• Huge lungs!
• Where are the lungs? How are they housed?
How are they held up?
• Circle of skin separating trunk from lungs.
• Need to drink lots!
Animals that need more oxygen
Your mission
Fast: Cheetah
Use your books (pg211 onwards) and what we have discussed today to
make notes on the following
• Fastest land animal (120km/hr)
• Takes lots of energy
• Enlarges nostrils, sinuses, lungs,
• Enlarged heart = increased blood flow
• 60-150 breaths per minute (2x humans)
• Fast muscles don’t store oxygen well = need a good supply
1. List the features required for diffusion
2. Describe the gas exchange system of a mammal.
3. Describe one case in which this system may need to be specialised
(adapted). Include how the system is specialised and relate it to the
environmental conditions it is specialised to.
Dissection of a cow pluck:
Observe
Draw a diagram of a mammal gas
• Thin
• Moist
• Large surface area
exchange system.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trachea
Bronchus, bronchiole
Rings of cartilage
Lung
Alveoli
And consider how it relates
to the circulatory system
• Include the features you
observed
• Annotate your diagram with
how some of these features are
adapted to a mammals way of
life
• Refer to 214-216 in your
textbook for more info
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Thinking points
Have you?
• What are the features required of a gas exchange system?
• Why are the lungs so bloody?
• Any adaptations of a mammal system to help them with gas
exchange?
• Annotated diagram of a mammal respiratory system – what is an
annotated diagram?
1. Listed the features required for diffusion.
2. Describe the gas exchange system of a mammal.
3. Describe one case in which this system may need to be specialised
(adapted). Include how the system is specialised and relate it to the
environmental conditions it is specialised to.
Gas exchange in insects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMbi_NcI2JY
Spiracles
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Read page 212 – “gas exchange in insects”
Do question 7 on page 217
Paragraph format including:
• Advantages
• Disadvantages/ limitations
• Similarities
• Differences
Insects breathe air….usually
-> So what are your options if you breathe air
but live in the water?
-> What are the advantages/ disadvantages?
Silly science Friday
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yejDghqigW0 – Breathing
underwater
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtryV9qItsg - freediving
• http://www.sciencealert.com/watch-the-truth-about-toilet-swirl
• https://www.youtube.com/user/tomcfad - science rapping
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhJQp-q1Y1s – fish slapping
http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012
/02/24/147367644/six-legged-giant-findssecret-hideaway-hides-for-80years?sc=fb&cc=fp
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Gas exchange in fish
Gas exchange in fish
Counter current gas exchange
• How do fish breathe?
• Support?
• Red?
• Protection?
• Moisture?
• Flow?
• Efficiency?
• Counter current gas exchange
• Just keep swimming – grey nurse
Read “Gas exchange in fish” pg 213 and 214
• Do question 8
Paragraph format including:
• Advantages
• Disadvantages/ limitations
• Similarities
• Differences
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Circulatory systems and oxygen transport
Insects
Fish
Mammals
Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Oxygen not transported in the
circulatory system
Single system
• Blood travels from the heart to the
gills, then to the body and back to
the heart.
• Blood looses pressure being pushed
through the capillaries in the gills.
• Not as efficient
Double system
• Blood travels from the heart to the
lungs and back to the heart before
being pumped around the body.
• Blood looses pressure being pushed
through the capillaries at the alveoli.
• Blood regains high pressure at the
heart before being pumped to the
body = good at delivering O₂ to high
demand body systems
Haemolymph
Blood
Blood
Gas exchange in fish: Dissection
*Observe
• Operculum
• Gills
• Gill arches
• Gill filaments
• Gill lamellae
• Gill rakers
• Path of water flow
*Think:
• Thin
• Moist
• Large surface area
• Concentration
gradient
* Draw a diagram of a fish gas
exchange system.
• Include the features you
observed
• Annotate your diagram with
how some of these features are
adapted to a fish’s way of life
• Refer to 213- 214 in your
textbook for more info
Gas exchange in Insects: Dissection
*Observe
• Spiracles
• Trachea
• Tracheoles?
*Think:
• Thin
• Moist
• Large surface area
* Draw a diagram of an Insect gas
exchange system.
• Include the features you
observed
• Annotate your diagram with
how some of these features are
adapted to an insects way of life
• Refer to 212 - 213 in your
textbook for more info
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Revision – what’s your strategy?
Revision
Test is next week
You will have 2 lessons to complete the test
It requires you to answer both long and short form questions
You can (and we encourage you to) illustrate your explanations
with diagrams
Make the connections – link structure to function. Compare and
contrast structures and animal groups.
• Do questions 2- 6
• Do questions 9-10
• Use revision sheet to study key points and memorise definitions.
• Use cut and order activity to organise ideas and write descriptions of
gas exchange systems.
• Make flashcards to memorise definitions and key points.
• Draw and annotate diagrams of Mammal, Fish and Insect respiratory
systems.
• Make a table to compare and contrast systems.
Compare and contrast key points – AND relate
structure to function/ need
Mammals
Fish
Invertebrates
Lungs + Circulatory system
Gills + Circulatory system
Tracheal tubes
Diffusion of O₂ across a large moist
surface
√
√
O₂ has to dissolve then diffuse
• Must keep surface moist
X
√
High O₂ in air (~20%)
Low O₂ in water (~1%)
High O₂ in air (~20%)
Closed, double circulatory system
Closed single circulatory system
Open circulatory system
Efficient at transporting O₂ to the
cells
Efficient at getting O₂ from water
Mostly passive – not very efficient.
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