Download Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes

Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes
Shapes &
Arrangements
Archae

Extremophiles-extreme conditions

Thermophiles-extreme heat

Halophiles-salty environments
 Ex: great salt lake, dead sea

Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, make
methane gas
 Ex:hydrothermal vents
Loving Environments

Psychrophiles- super cold
Ex: ice, freezer, refrigerators, cold water, cause food spoilage

Mesophiles-best at 20-40 C (human body 37C)
Ex: human pathogens

Thermophiles- hot
Ex: hot springs, don’t cause disease

Hyperthermophiles-Archae, extremely hot
Ex: hydrothermal vents, volcanic necks

Neutrophiles- pH 6.5-7.5, human body

Acidophiles- acidic habitats
Reproduction

1.
2.
3.
4.
Binary Fission
Cell replicates DNA
Cell grows, DNA moves
apart
Forms a cross wall
2 new daughter cells

Spores
 Reproductive cells that can make a clone of
original organism

Budding
 Outgrowth of original cell receives genetic
material and enlarges
Endospore formation
Replicates DNA
2. Cytoplasm splits
3. Membrane grows to make spore coat
4. Endospore is released
1.
Survey of Bacteria

Deeply Branching
 Similar to earliest bacteria
 Hot, acidic, anaerobic, lots of UV


Phototrophic- absorb light
Cyanobacteria- aka blue-green algae
 Transformed early atmosphere in oxygen
containing (Endosymbiotic Theory)
 nitrogen fixation-nitrogen gas (N2) to
ammonia (NH3), because few organisms can
use nitrogen

Green & Purple Phototrophic Bacteria anoxygenic- do not make O2 during
photosynthesis
 Found in anaerobic muds
G & C Ratios (% of guanine/cytosine base pairs)
Low Positive
 1.
Clostridia-rod shaped,
obligate anaerobes
○ Endospores- survive harsh conditions
○ Medicine & industry
 C. tetani- tetanus
 C. botulinum-food poisoning,
botox
 C. perfringens- gangrene
 C. difficile-diarrhea
 Veillonella- tooth plaque
2. Mycoplasmas- lack cell walls
Ex: pneumonia, UTI’s
3. Gram positive bacilli & cocci
a. Bacillus-facultative anaerobes, endospores, flagella, found in soil
B. anthracis- anthrax, bioterrorism (reading pg 327)
B. cereus-contaminate rice b/c can’t cook out endospores
b. Listeria- dairy products, reproduces even in fridge, can kill fetus
(why pregnant women shouldn’t eat deli)
c. Lactobacillus-used to make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and
sauerkraut, protect digestive tract
d. Streptococcus & Enterococcus- strep throat, scarlet fever,
impetigo, pneumonia, & others
e. Staphylococcus aureus- found naturally on skin, toxic shock
syndrome, food poisoning, wound infections
MRSA-methicillin resistant
High Positive
1. Corynebacterium-pleomorphic
C. diphtheria- diphtheria – upper respiratory disease, DPT
vaccine
2. Mycobacterium-aerobic, slow growing
M. tuberculosis- tuberculosis
M. leprae- leprosy
3. Actinomycetes-form filaments so resemble fungi
a. Actinomyces- normally in oral cavity and throat,
can spread to abdomen & cause disease
b. Nocardia-degrades pollutants of landfills
c. Streptomyces-recycle nutrients in soil, give “soil” smell
-produce antibiotics such as erythromycin,
tetracycline
Reading pg 331
Gram-Negative
1. Alphaproteobacteria-aerobes that grow at very low
nutrient levels
a. Nitrogen fixers- important in ag
Azospirillum-toots of tropical grasses-sugar cane
Rhizobium- leguminous plants
b. Nitrobacter-convert ammonia into nitrate, more
available to plants
c. Purple nonsulfer bacteria- mud, harvest light but don’t
make oxygen
d. Rickettsia- have to live within other cells, typhus &
Rocky Mtn spotted fever
e. Ehrlichia- tick borne, causes disease by living in
WBC’s
f. Acetobacter & Gluconobacter- used to make
vinegar
g. Caulobacter- found in nutrient poor water,
superglue reading pg 335
h. Agrobacterium- infects plants (galls)
2. Beta proteobacteria-low levels of nutrients
a. Nitrosomonas-nitrifying soils
b. Neisseria-gonorrhea, PID
c. Bordetella-pertussis
d. Burkholderia-moist surfaces/medical equipment
e. Thiobacillus-recycle sulfur, used by miners to leach
metals from ore
f. Zooglea- sewage treatment plants, purification
g. Sphaerotilus-sewage treatment plants, impede flow of
water
h. Spirillum-rat bite fever
3. Gammaproteobacteriaa. Purple sulfur bacteria- found in sulfur rich zones
b. Legionella- Legionnaires disease
c. Coxiella- Q fever, passed in milk
d. Methylococcus- anaerobic, use methane as energy
e. Psudomonas-spoilage of refrigerated foods, UTI’s,
swimmer’s ear
f. Azomonas & Azotobacter- soil dwelling, nitrogen
fixers
4. Deltaproteobacteria
a. Desulfovibrio-sulfur cycle, corrosion of iron
pipes
b. Bdellovibrio-attacks other bacteria
c. Myxobacteria- soil with decaying plant material
or animal dung
5. Epsilonproteobacteria
a. Campylobacter-blood poisoning
b. Heliobacter-ulcers
Others
1. Chlamydia- STD, neonatal blindness
2. Spirochaetes
a. Treponema-syphilis
b. Borrelia-Lyme disease
3. Bacteroides
a. Bacteroides-digestive tract, 30% of feces, can
cause infection
b. Cytophaga-degrade complex polysaccharidesdamage to wood, important in sewage breakdown