Download Biology II Unit 2: Evolution and Taxonomy Exam

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Biology II
Unit 2: Evolution and Taxonomy
Exam Study Guide
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Describe the usage of binomial nomenclature to assign scientific names to organisms.
List the levels of classification of life, starting from the broadest and ending with the
most specific.
What is the major difference between Linnaean classification and modern classification?
What are the differences between taxonomy and phylogeny?
What is the difference between a derived character and a node?
Describe how mutations are used as molecular clocks.
Other than its non-nuclear origin, what
else is unique about mitochondrial DNA?
What can we use it for?
What are the three major domains of
life, and what is the difference between
the three?
What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
Using the table of molecular differences
found to the right, create a cladogram
that accurately depicts the evolutionary
relationships between each animal (since
we are using DNA, you do not need to
add any derived characters to your
cladogram).
Draw a graph, and then provide an example AND a description that correctly depicts the
differences between the three paths of selection.
Provide an example and description for bottleneck and founder effect. How are these
two phenomena related to genetic drift?
What is the difference between genetic drift and gene flow?
Describe how population size is related to genetic drift.
Provide an example of sexual selection, and describe how it increases the fitness of a
population.
What is the difference between sexual selection and natural selection?
How does the Hardy-Weinberg Law relate to evolution?
How can one determine whether or not a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What factors need to be considered?
If the factors behind Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot ever be met, what is the
purpose of even studying it?
Provide an example and a description for the terms “gene” and “allele.”
What are the two formulas associated with Hardy-Weinberg Law? Define each variable,
and describe what each formula means.
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Assume a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a given genetic autosomal
trait. What proportion of individuals in the population is heterozygous for the gene if
the frequency of the recessive allele is 1%?
About one child in 3,500 is born with phenylketonuria (PKU). This is known to be an
autosomal recessive trait.
a) If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait, what is the
frequency of the PKU allele?
b) What proportion of the population are carriers (heterozygous) of the PKU allele?
In purebred Holstein cattle, about 1 calf in 100 is spotted red rather than black. The
trait is autosomal and red is a recessive allele to black.
a) What is the frequency of the red alleles in the population?
b) What is the frequency of black homozygous cattle in the population?
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What is the frequency of black heterozygous cattle in the population?
The ear tuft allele in chickens is autosomal and produces feathered skin projections near
the ear on each side of the head. This gene is dominant and lethal in the homozygous
state. In other words, homozygous dominant embryos do not hatch from the egg.
Assume that in a population of 6,000 chickens, 2,000 have no tufts and 4,000 have ear
tufts. What are the frequencies of the normal and ear tuft alleles in this population?
In a certain species of butterfly, blue wings are dominant over white wings. A
population of 400 butterflies is comprised of 250 blue butterflies and 150 white
butterflies. After 30 generations, the population has grown to 1,000 butterflies, with
750 being blue and 250 being white. Is this population evolving? Use the HardyWeinberg Law to quantify your answer.
Is it possible for a population’s genotype frequencies to change from one generation to
the next, but for its allele frequencies to remain constant? Explain by providing an
example.
What is the major contributing factor to pressuring a population to evolve? Provide an
example.
How are the ideas of speciation and reproductive isolation related?
Describe and provide an example of the three ways populations can be isolated.
What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution as they relate to
homologous and analogous structures? Provide an example of each.
Describe and provide an example of coevolution.