* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download I S L A M - The Stability Institute
Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
International reactions to Fitna wikipedia , lookup
Sources of sharia wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Medieval Muslim Algeria wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Iran wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic missionary activity wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Indonesia wikipedia , lookup
Origin of Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
Salafi jihadism wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic culture wikipedia , lookup
Islam and other religions wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Islam in Rural Afghanistan: Instructor: Ms. Lyla Kohistany This presentation is Unclassified Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Why Culture and Religion Matter “The issue of desecration cannot be resolved with apologies. Those behind the tragic incident must be punished and sent to jail,… we Afghans have rendered countless sacrifices to protect our religion, with millions embracing martyrdom and suffering disabilities during jihad against the Soviet occupation army!” Maulvi Qayamuddin Kashaf, Leader of the Afghan Ulema Council (Photo: Pajhwok Afghan News) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Learning Objectives TLO#1: Understand the basic tenets of Islam and how they manifest in rural Afghanistan TLO#2: Understand how Islam was once in balance with rural Afghan Society (Musahiban Dynasty) and the presenters perspective on how this could be again TLO#3: Understand the historical role of Islam within the context of Pashtun society and its place within Pashtunwali TLO#4: Understand the underlying historic tensions between Pashtun Khans and Mullahs, with Mullahs upsetting the balance of stability and rising to the forefront of power under the banner of Islam TLO#5: Understand the historic inability of Mullahs to make peace and establish stability and that normally Khans or external actors are required to put things back in balance TLO#6: Attendees are familiar with some recommendations on how to deal with Islam when conducting VSO Unclassified BLUF Directorate for Human Capital Afghanistan is a 99% Muslim state Islam permeates all aspects of life Pashtuns make little distinction between culture and religion Greater tension between Pashtunwali and Sharia in the Loya Paktia area, less in the South Pashtuns consider themselves pious Muslims and see no forced “conversion” or ever having been non-Muslim You can’t out-Muslim an Afghan, you can’t outPashtunwali a Pashtun Abdul Rahman and Taliban have tried, with terror and force Unclassified BLUF Directorate for Human Capital Islam and Informal Governance MUST be balanced Jirga without Mullah is largely ineffective Line between Mullah and Malik blurred If government courts worked, locals would use them for conflict resolution related to land, water, etc. Taliban Sharia Court not traditional form of dispute resolution, but more and more accepted due to reach and enforcement Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Islamic Identity in Afghanistan shahadah “testimony of faith” allah-u akbar “God is greatest” masjid (mosque) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Islam: An Abrahamic Faith Angels & Demons Monotheism Prophets Commonalities? Judgment Day Sacred Texts Heaven Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Five Pillars of Islam and Manifestations shahadah: lit. “bearing witness” (kalima) salat: “prayer,” 5 x daily zakat: “almsgiving” sawm (Persian ~ roza): “fasting” during Ramadan (ramazan) hajj: “pilgrimage” to Mecca Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital The Quran-e Sharif (“Holy/Noble Qur’an”) Muslims believe the Qur’an (Arabic ~ “Recitations”) is revealed word of God Muhammad received message in Arabic during a period of 23 years from Angel Jibril (Gabriel) As Allah’s final message to mankind, Muslims believe that the Qur’an supersedes all others: the Old Testament, Gospels, etc. 9 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Hadith (al-hadith) : Narrative Oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the prophet Regarded by all madh’hab as tools for determining the sunnah Estimated from 159,000 - 203,000, collected hundreds of years after Muhammad’s death Determined by isnad (“chain of transmission”) and graded Six Sunni compilations Three Shia compliations Page from 9th Century Hadith Collection, Syria Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Khorasan: Land of al-Mahdi Hadith: "If you see the black flags coming from Khorasan, join that army, even if you have to crawl over ice, for that is the army of the Imam al-Mahdi and no one can stop that army until it reaches al-Quds“ Strength of hadith is disputed, --- but militants around the world (esp. Al Qaeda) use it to muster support for insurgency in AFPAK Some even infer Mullah Omar (as amir ul-mu’minin) or UBL could be al-Mahdi 11 Unclassified Sources of Authority in Islam Directorate for Human Capital Title Safeguard Substance Qur’an Allah Collated after Prophet Muhammad’s death; compiled under Umar and standardized under Uthman Aḥadīth (Traditions or Sayings) Prophet Muhammad 6 major compilations in Sunni Islam; 3 major compilations in Shi’ism Ijmā‘ (Consensus) Community or Hidden Imam (Shi’a) Four Sunni madhhabs; Shi’a Imam in every age Qiyās (analogy) Qur’an, ahadith, Ijma Analogical reasoning of jurists with regard to the teachings of 3 prior sources Istislāh (“to deem proper”) Mujtahid (personal interpreter) ------------------------------Mujtahid/Marja-e taqlid Supported by Hanafi madhhab Supported by Maliki madhhab ------------------------------------------------Supported by Ja’fari (Shi’a) madhhab Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Sectarian Schism: Sunni and Shi’a Like Christianity, Islam had its own schism Schism over succession of Prophet Muhammad upon his death Sunnis believe that leadership should be based on consensus of the community of beleivers (ummah) Shiites believe leadership should be based on Prophet’s bloodline Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Schools of Jurisprudence (madh’hab) Schools deal with rites (orthopraxis) not sects All schools concerned with study and practical application of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) Madh’hab Hanafi Maliki Fiqh: The human endeavor to determine the will of God on any matter; fiqh subject to error, sharia’h is not Muslims in Afghanistan and Pakistan are majority Sunni Hanafi Important Note: Most Muslims are not overly concerned with the differences between schools except Sunni-Shi’a split Shafi’i Sunni Hanbali Ja’ffari Shi’a Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Sufism (tasawwuf) Lexical root: ṣūf "wool” (simple clothing of early ascetics) or possibly ṣafā "purity" O Allah! if I worship you Mystical tradition that emerged in for fear of hell… Burn me in hell early 8th cent. in Iraq / Persia If I worship you in hope of paradise… Emphasizes internal, spiritual Exclude me from dimension of Islam; asceticism paradise But if I worship you for Values insight, union with divine your own sake… via meditation, music, and Grudge me not your everlasting beauty dance (zhikr, qawwali, sema) to focus awareness on Allah - Rabia al-Basra, 8th Cent. Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Sufi Orders (Tariqa) Sufi teacher known as shaykh or pir ; murids are followers or disciples Hundreds of sufi orders; nearly universal membership prior to 18thc. Some of most prominent tariqat: Naqshbandi, Baha Din Naqshband (14th c.) Qadiri, Abd al-Qadir Jilani (12th c.) Chishti, Mu’in ad-Din Chishti (13th c.) Shadhili Abu’l-Hasan ash-Shadhili (13th c.) Bektashi (Alevi), Haji Bektash Wali (13th c.) Mevlevi, Jalal ad-Din Rumi al-Balkhi (13th c.) Nimatullahi(Shi’a), Shah Wali Nimatullah (15th c.) 17th c. Mughal painting showing Sufi founders in imaginary council Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Overview of Islam in Afghanistan and South Asia Sunni: Hanafi madhhab Sunni masalak since the 19th century Shi’a: two sub-sects Imami or “Twelver” Ismai’li or “Sevener” Sunni Sufi Shi’a Hanafi Jaffari Barelvi Deobandi madhhab Deobandi Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi Wahhabi Muslims Ismai’li Nizari Bohra Hanbali Wahhabi Sufism: both Sunni and Madhhab (school) in black Shi’a Unclassified Masalak (denomination) in dark blue or grey 17 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Sunni Muslims in Afghanistan Sunni majority, approx. 80% of pop. Arrived in early 9th cent.; full conversion by 14th cent. Majority of ethnic groups except for Hazaras (mostly shia) Sufism and Deobandism influential Sunni Political Islam Shamshir-e Do Masjid in downtown Kabul Muslim Youth Organization Mujahideen Tanzims (e.g. Jamiat Islami, Hezb-e Islami) Taliban Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Role of the Mullah Persian word derived from Arabic mawla ("vicar", "master" and "guardian“) Not always used as a term of respect; mullahs often subjects for humor Normally implies a person with a limited or incomplete religious education In Afghanistan/Pakistan, most mullah’s paid by local, regional, or tribal leader --- or government Community religious leader, provide dispute resolution on family/personal issues; great orator; collects zakat tax Rise of Taliban changed traditional role of mullah 19 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Role of Mosque (Masjid) Center of religious life in rural areas/ “Community Center” Site of communal Friday prayer Hujrah is communal space adjacent to mosque to accommodate guests/visitors Madrassa: school focused on memorization of Quran Madaris/mosques supported by wafq (an Islamic communal trust fund and educational board) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Denomination: Salafism Sunni revivalist movement started in the 19th century (but claims earlier) Advocates return to practices of original ummah in 7th century; --- often Islamist Anachronistic reconstruction of the banner of the as-salaf salih Pious predecessors (first three generations) of Muslims are exemplary: Sahaba ("Companions“) Tabi‘un ("Followers") Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in ("Those after the Followers") Not monolithic – has undergone many structural and ideological changes The Muslim Defense Force, a selfdeclared Salafi organization, stages protest against “crusaders” in UK 21 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Denomination: Wahhabism Sunni Reformist movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) Influenced by ibn Hanbal , ibn Tamiyyah, spartan desert upbringing Additions to Islam after Prophet and first four caliphs is bidah (“innovation”) – including maddhabs 18th c. reform movement that forged an alliance with House of Saud (Hanbali) Advocates “puritanical” version of Islam; rejection of Sufism/hostility towards Shiism Petro-dollars used to export interpretation Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Wahhabism and Salafism Compared Name Overview Founder or Prominent Thinkers wahhabiyya or muwahhidun (“unitarians”) or ahl-e hadith (South Asia) Reformist (“puritanical”) movement Origin: 18th c. Arabia (Nejd); Saudi Arabia ibn Hanbali (d. 240 AH / 855 AD); Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (d. 1206 AH / 1792 AD) salafiyya or ahl-assunnah Revivalist as-salaf as-salih movement (“pious predecessors”) or Origin: 7th c. first three Muslim Arabia (Hejaz) generations; -or- 19th c. Muhammad Abduh Egypt (esp. (d. 1905 AD); et al al-Azhar) madh’hab and kalam Central Beliefs Hanbali madh’hab; Athari theology tawhid: uniqueness and unity of God; Islam must be purged of impurities and heretical practices, esp. shirk and bid’ah Disavow all madh’hab as unnecessary; Athari theology Same as above to incl. Imitation of the salaf should be the basis of social order Note: As a general rule of thumb; many Wahhabi might also consider themselves Salafi, --- but not all Salafi regard themselves as Wahhabi Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Denomination: Deobandism Ahmad Sarhindi Purify Islam of Hindu influence, return to Sunnah Shah Waliullah (d. 1762) - Indian Sufi Pilgrimage to Mecca/Medina Contemporary of al-Wahhab Islam an individual pursuit Dar ul-Uloom Madrassa, Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, India 1865-66: Indian Roots Dar-ul-Uloom University Hanafi fiqh and al-Ashari theology Many teachers associated with Naqshbandi and Qadari tariqas Anti-Colonial Revivalist movement that emerged in wake of the 1857 “Indian Mutiny” UNCLASSIFIED Late 1800’s – early 1900’s: Generated hundreds of 24 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Deobandi Details Beliefs Movement seeks to purify Islam of syncretism and popular devotional practices, seen as being “Hindu” Over time, became more strict, austere, and anti-Barelvi Rejects popular mysticism Affiliations Strong madaris network, represented by the Wafq-ulMadaris al-Arabia in Pakistan Pashtun-majority JUI political parties in Pakistan Pakistani Militant groups Taliban groups and “Talibanism” UNCLASSIFIED 25 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Shi’a Sub-sects Result of disagreements over succession of the Imamate Three branches/sects of Shi’ism: 7 . Zaydiyya (“Fivers”) Ismai’li (“Seveners”) Imami (“Twelvers”) 26 Unclassified Shi’ism in Afghanistan Directorate for Human Capital Shi’a masjid in west Kabul Shi’a minority; approx. 19% of pop. Shi’ism first appears during Mongol Ilkhanate (1200 -1300s) then Safavid Dynasty (1600 - 1700s) Afghan Shi’a are Jaffari (“Twelver”) or Ismai’li (“Sevener”) “Dovazdah Imami”: Hazara, Qizilbash, Tajiks (Farsiwan, Nimruzi, Yazidi, some Kabuli) Ismai’li - Tajiks (Baghlan and Badakhshan), Pamiri, some Hazara and Qizilbash 27 Unclassified Prominent Afghan Shi’a Leader Directorate for Human Capital Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Asif Muhsini (aka Mohseni) (b. 1935); Qizilbash Shi’a scholar Received training in Qom (Iran) under Ayatollah Khui (a rival of Khomeini); Kandahar born, speaks Pashto Many consider him an Islamist, misogynist, and human rights violator; --- infamous for marriage to underage girl and advocacy of Shi’a marriage “rape law” in Feb 2009 Founded Harakat-I Islami-yi Afghanistan in 1978; most effective military Shi’a mujahidin group against Soviets, later joined NA against Taliban Owner of Tamadon (“Civilisation”) TV station; has visual appearance and religious content similar to Iranian state-run TV 28 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Sufism in Afghanistan Permeates society (both Afghan and Pakistani) Influences poetry, literature, music, and folk customs Offers alternative to rigid orthopraxy Often blends pre-Islamic or localized beliefs and customs with Islamic practices (syncreticism) Many sufi pir and waliullah acquire legendary reputation for heroic feats or miraculous healing powers Pir Syed Ahmad Gailani (b. 1932); Qadiri tariqat 29 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Wandering Sufis: Malang, Qalander, or Fakir Itinerant sufis who wander the country begging for alms (similar to the Hindu sadhu); often gather at ziarats and for urs Some venerated (if truly pious), some distrusted (as charlatans and dope-smoking social “drop-outs”) Shams-e malang, shab-e palang: “In daytime, a holy man… but at night,…a leopard (predator)” In past, some renowned for miraculous powers or having defeated djinn, dragons, or monsters “…The malang is an example of syncreticism, the blending of Islam with elements of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, or even older shamanic and animistic beliefs (in Afghanistan)” --- M. H. Sidky 30 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Islam in Afghanistan: S3T vs. R3P Tension S3T ► ► ► ► R3P ► Rigid (literalist) Soft (pluralist) Sufism Syncretic(ism) Traditional ► Revivalist* ► Radicalized** ► Puritanical Key figures: malang and pir Key figures: mujahidin and taliban mullah, maulana, and some mujahidin * Salafi (Muslim Youth Organization) ** “Jihadi” (Taliban, HQN, AQ) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Pashtunwali – The Way of the Pashtun Melmastia • Hospitality for all visitors Ghayrat (or Nang) • Personal honor, self respect, dignity Nanawati • Asylum; Acceptance of a surrender; Protection of those who seek it Badal • Justice; Revenge against wrongdoers Tureh • Bravery; Defense of land and property Sabat • Loyalty to friends, relatives, tribe Namus • Honor of women (honor of country) Tarburwali • “Law of the Cousins” – hatred, rivalry Unclassified 34 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Other Codes of Honor Practiced by non-Pashtuns in Afghanistan Abdur Zadegi (Tajik) Jealousy Inheritance Competition Siyal Misyar (Hazara) Baluchmiyar (Baluch) Yasa-e Moghali (Uzbek) Very prevalent in Northern Afghanistan Unclassified 35 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Village Governance Executive Karbalayi Judicial (Hazara) Maraka (Uzbek) Unclassified Legislative Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Traditional Conflict Resolution Pashtun society back in equilibrium; elders/elites playing lead roles at different levels of Jirgas Mullahs find chiga (common rally cause) to unit local tribes against real or perceived external threat Mullahs retreat to original role as clerics, elders/elites take back leadership Tribal elites sidelined and Mullahs/young Pashtuns assume leadership Elites take back seat, don’t openly challenge mullah for fear of being labeled as supporters of infidels Elites, sensing mood shift, mobilize elders to end conflict/restore peace Tribesman tire of conflict and question wisdom of war and mullah’s leadership 37 Unclassified Unclassified So…what happened? Directorate for Human Capital Internal Pan-Islamic Ideology Muslim Youth Organization: Burhanuddin Rabbani, Ahmad Shah Massoud, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, and Hekmatyar Mujahideen/Arabs supporting “jihad” in Afghanistan External Radicalization of Pakistani Society under Zia ul-Haq Destroy traditional Pashtun Islam and replace with an Islam that respected and acknowledged outside authority Influx of Saudi ideology Prevention of Shia Iranian influence Targeting of Traditional Tribal Structure by Soviet, Taliban and Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) Unclassified 38 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital The “Afghan Arabs” (1980s – Present) Arab / other Muslim fighters who came to help Mujahideen Questionable effectiveness as fighting force Attained hero-status for role in defeat of atheist superpower Afghan and Arab Mujahidin cross Pakistan Border to fight Anti-Soviet Jihad, 1985 Many stayed and married local Pashtun women; formed strong bonds with tribes in FATA, RC East/South Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Mujahideen Groups and Orientations Leader Party Supporters Orientation Notes Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Hizb-e Islam Eastern Pashtuns, Pashai, Nuristanis,(Konar, Nuristani, Laghman, Kunduz) Islamist b. 1947 - Younis Khalis Hizb-e Islam Khalis Eastern Pashtuns (Nangarhar) Islamist 1999 2006 Burhanuddin Rabbani Jamiat-e Islami Tajiks and Uzbeks (Panjshir and Northern Alliance) Islamist b. 1940 2011 Abdul Rabb Rasul Sayyaf Ittehad-al Islami KSA, Gulf states, Ikwan alMuslimeen Islamist (Wahhabi) b. 1946 - Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi Harakat-e Inqilib-e Islam Eastern and Southern Pashtuns (Logar) Traditionalist (village-based) and Islamist 1920 2002 Pir Sayyid Ahmed Gailani Mohaz Mille Islami Nationalist/Pro-Democracy Pashtuns, Qadiri tariqat Nationalist / Royalist, pro-West b. 1932 - Sibghatullah Mojaddedi Jabhe Mille Nejad Nationalist Pashtuns, Nasqhbandi tariqat Nationalist / Royalist b. 1926 40 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital The Taliban and Sharia Law Pre-Taliban rural governance largely rooted in Pashtunwali, Jirgas/Shuras Pre-Taliban rural religion largely rooted in folk Islam Taliban caught between Pashtun ethnic Nationalism and supra-ethnic Islamic identity Taliban governance firmly rooted in fundamentalist religious law Ministry for Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice Demoted role of jirgas/shuras Claimed some aspects of Pashtunwali were against Islam However, collectivism gives them credibility (Quetta Shura) 41 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital A Strange Mix: Folk Islam and Salafism Salt collected from “Arab Qabiristan” (graveyard) in Kandahar for its blessing and used as miracle cure In the east, many shrines, totems, graveyards destroyed by wahhabi / salafi Arabs Local population killed those responsible Example of religious syncreticism and complexity of debate concerning what is cultural versus religious tradition Shaheed (male) or shaheeda (female) Honorific title for Muslims who die fulfilling a religious commandment, 42 or while fighting in jihad Unclassified Folk Traditions and Superstitions Directorate for Human Capital Djinn possession often attributed as cause of mental illness, addiction, or irrational behavior Ta’weez, protective amulet containing prayers or verses from Qur’an or Ahadith Falgeer (Palmistry Fortune Tellers) in Mazare Sharif with Falnameh collection Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital The Way Ahead Enable traditional village governance Include both religious and secular representatives Achieve balance between Mullahs and Maliks Reach out to moderate Islamic voices (i.e. Jordanians) who want to assist with de-radicalization Practice cultural and religious judo (read the Quran, Hadiths, understand Codes of Honor) Spend funds on religious items (mosques, shrines, prayer rugs, etc.) And remember, be patient and tolerant… 44 Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Religious Etiquette Mosques (masjid) normally closed to non-Muslims unless invited or escorted Always remove shoes - socks or bare feet are acceptable - cover head in masjid (men and women) Men and women pray in separate spaces Avoid crossing qibla (direction of prayer) Polite to state “Peace Be Upon Him” after referring to “Prophet Muhammad” Refer to Isa, Ali and Rashidun as “Hazrat” (Arabic honorific; literal translation = “Great Presence”) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Summary Identities in Afghanistan are multi-layered and complex, with religious affiliations as only one of many layers Understanding Islam can greatly assist in building rapport, especially in an ethnically/tribally diverse society such as Afghanistan where Islam can be a unifying factor Religious identity in Afghanistan is not monolithic but may be characterized by a tension between older pluralist and more recent reformist (or extremist) interpretive traditions Islam permeates all aspects of society, but has historically served as moral guidelines, not as an all-encompassing governance mechanism Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Questions and Discussion Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Recommended Reading (Articles) Mad Mullahs, Opportunists, and Family Connections: The Violent Pashtun Cycle by Tribal Analysis Center (http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/Mad%20Mullahs.pdf) Islam and Islamism in Afghanistan by Kristen Mendoza (http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/research/mendoza.pdf) Jirga System in Tribal Life by Dr. Sherzaman Taizi (http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDFTAC/Jirga%20System%20in%20Tribal%20Life.pdf Pashtun Tribal Dynamics by Tribal Analysis Center (http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDFTAC/Pashtun%20Tribal%20Dynamics.pdf) Doing Pashto: Pashtunwali as the ideal of honourable behaviour and tribal life among the Pashtuns by Lutz Rzehak (http://aanafghanistan.com/uploads/20110321LR-Pashtunwali-FINAL.pdf) How Tribal are the Taleban? by Thomas Ruttig (http://aanafghanistan.com/uploads/20100624TR-HowTribalAretheTaleban-FINAL.pdf) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Recommended Reading (Articles) Being Pashtun - Being Muslim by Bernt Glatzner (http://www.khyber.org/publications/021-025/glatzer1998.pdf) Legal Authorities in the Afghan Legal System (1964-1979) by Bruce Etling (http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/research/etling.pdf) Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women’s Legislative Authority by Palwasha Kakar (http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ilsp/research/kakar.pdf) Local Governance in Rural Afghanistan by Human Terrain SystemAfghanistan (http://publicintelligence.net/human-terrain-system-report-local-governancein-rural-afghanistan/) The Political Economy of Customary Village Organizations in Rural Afghanistan by Jennifer Brick (http://www.bu.edu/aias/brick.pdf) Hindustani Fanatics, India’s Pashtuns, and Deobandism – Connections by Tribal Analysis Center (http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDFTAC/Hindustani%20Fanatics.pdf) Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Recommended Reading Unclassified Directorate for Human Capital Recommended Reading (Books) No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam (2006) by Reza Aslan Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes (2009) by Mir Tamim Ansary Jirgas: The Pashtun Way of Conflict Resolution (2009) by Dr. Khan Idris After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split (2009) by Lesley Hazleton God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Modern Roots of Modern Jihad (2006) by Charles Allen Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus (1984) Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart Chapter 9 - Holier than Thou: Islam in Three Tribal Societies by Richard Tapper Chapter 10 – Tribal Warfare in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Reflection of the Segmentary Lineage System by Louis Dupree Chapter 13 – Religious Presence and Symbolism in Pukhtun Society by Akbar S. Ahmed