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Name:__________________________ Hour: ____________ Unit 4 Cell Reproduction Chapter 10, Pages 276-295 Section 1: Cell Division and Mitosis • Why is cell division important? • All living things are made of _______ and many organisms start as just _______ cell • Many-celled organisms grow because ______ _______ increases the ________ number of cells in an organism • Once ________ stops cell division is still important, it replaces ______ worn out cells with ______ cells • One-celled organisms __________ through cell division • A life cycle of living organisms begins with the organisms ____________, is followed by ________ and development, and finally ends in ________ • Cells have their own life cycles • The cell cycle is a series of _______ that take place from one cell _________ to the next • The time it takes to complete a _______ ______ in not the same in all cells. Some take __________ others take ________ • ___________- a period of growth and development, where most of the life of any ___________ cell is spent • Cells that no longer _________ are always in interphase, an actively dividing cell copies its ___________ material and prepares for cell ________ during interphase • Before a cell divides, a copy of the __________ ________ must be made so that each of the two new cells will get a complete ______ • Like a director making copies of a _______ for the actors • After interphase, cell division begins. The _________ divides, and then the ___________ separates to form two new cells • _________-the process in which the __________ divides to from two _________ nuclei • The steps of mitosis in order are named ___________, ____________, ___________ and ___________ • ______________-a structure in the __________ that contains ___________ material • During ___________ each chromosome ___________ • When the ________ is ready to divide, each duplicated chromosome coils tightly into two thickened, identical strands called ____________ • During __________, the pairs of ____________ are fully visible when viewed under a microscope. The ___________ and the _________ membrane disintegrate • Two small structures called ___________ move to opposite ends of the cell. Between them threadlike ________ _______ begin to stretch across the cell. • ________ cells form spindle fivers during mitosis but do not have centrioles • In ___________ the pairs of chromatids line up across the _______ if the cell • The ____________ of each pair usually becomes attached to two spindle fibers-one from each ______ of the cell • In __________ each centromere ________ and the spindle fibers begin to move to __________ ends of the cell • In ___________ spindle fibers start to disappear, the chromosomes start to _______, and a new ________ forms • For most cells after the nucleus has divided, the ____________ separates and tow new ______ are formed • In ________ cells the cell membrane pinches in the ________ and the cytoplasm divides • In _______ cells the appearance of a cell ______ tells you that the cytoplasm is being divided. New cell _______ form along the cell plate, and new cell ____________ develop inside the cell walls • After the division of cytoplasm, most new cells begin interphase • Two important things to remember about mitosis 1. It is the division of the _________ 2. It ___________ two new nuclei that are _________ to each other and the original ________ • Each new nucleus has the same _________ and ______ of chromosomes • Human cells have _____ chromosomes, ____ pairs • Returning to our script example, actors do not learn all the same lines, instead the each learn part of the script • A cells contain all the _______________ but each uses different parts of the same ____________ material to become different types of cells • _____________ is the process by which an organism produces others of its same kind • Sexual reproduction usually requires _____ organisms • __________ _________-a new organisms (sometimes more than one) is produces from _____ organism • The new organism will have hereditary material __________ to the hereditary material of the ________ organism • Organisms with ___________ cells asexually reproduce by cell division • Potatoes and ___________ plants reproduce asexually • Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called ________ • Genetic material is ________ and then the cell divides into two _________ organisms • _________ is a type of asexual reproduction made possible because of cell _________. When the bud on the _______ becomes large enough it breaks away to live on its own • _____________ is the process that uses cell division to regrow _______ _____ • Some organisms if broken into ________, a whole organism will _______ from each piece Section 2: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis • __________ __________-is when two cells, sometimes called an ______ and a _______, come together • _______ are formed in the ______ reproductive organs • ______ are formed in the ________ reproductive organs • ____________-the joining of an _____ and a _______ • _________- cell that forms from ____________ • Your body forms two typed of cells- _______ cells and sex cells • Body cells far ____________ sex cells • _________-cells that have ______ of similar chromosomes. • Ex. _______ cells • _________-cells that have ______ the number of chromosomes as boy cells. They do not have _______. • Ex. ______ cells, only have _____ chromosomes • _________- reproductive cell process that produces ______ haploid sex cells from one ________ cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of ______________ as the parent organism • Meiosis ensures that the ___________ will have the same ________ number as its parent Wildcats Share • What would happen in sexual reproduction if two diploid cells combined? • Fill in the diagram • Before meiosis I each ______________ is duplicated, just as in _________ • The events of ____________ are similar to those of ___________ in mitosis • Difference: in _________ each duplicated chromosome comes near its similar duplicated _______. This does NOT happen in Mitosis • In _____________ , the pairs of _____________ chromosomes like up in the _________ of the cell • The ______________ of each chromatid pair becomes attached to one spindle fiber, so the chromatids to not ___________ in the next step • In ____________ the two pairs of chromatids of each ________ pair move away from each other to __________ ends of the cell • Each duplicated chromosome still has two ______________ • In ____________ the ___________ divides and two new cells form • Each new cell has one duplicated ______________ from each similar pair • The two cells formed during meiosis I now begin __________ • The ___________ of each ___________ chromosome will be separated during this division • In ___________, the duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers __________ in each new cell • In _____________ the duplicated chromosomes move to the ________ of the cell • Difference: In metaphase II each ___________ attaches to _____ instead of one, like in metaphase I • In _____________ the ____________ divides and the chromatids __________ and move to opposite ends of the cell • • • • • • • • Each chromatid is now an individual ________________ As ____________ begins the spindle fibers ___________ and a __________ __________ forms around the chromosomes at each end of he cell The ____________ divides when meiosis II is finished The two divisions of the _________ during meiosis results in four sex cells, each a haploid Mistakes during meiosis are common in _________ but less common in _________ These mistakes produce sex cells with too _______ or too ______ chromosomes Most ________ produced from these sex cells die If the zygote lives every cell in the organism that grows from that zygote usually will have the ________ number of chromosomes and these organisms will not ________ normally Section 3: DNA • ______ (deoxyribonucleic acid)-the _________ material of all organisms • Made up of ______ twisted strands of sugar phosphate molecules and __________ bases • Contains information for an organism _________ and _______________ • History of DNA • Since the mid-________ scientists have known cells contain molecules called_________ acids • By _______ scientists had learned what ______ was made of but didn’t understand how the _______ were arranged • In _______, Rosalind Franklin discovered using an ______ technic that DNA is two chains of molecules in a _______ form • In _______, James Watson and Francis Crick made a model of DNA, it looked like a ________ _______ • Each side of the DNA ladder is made up of _________________ groups • The _______ of the ladder are made up of four different kinds of _________ bases • The bases are called _________, __________, _________, and __________. They are represented by the letters A, G, T, and C. • These bases pair up on each rung of the ladder. Adenine always bonds with __________, and guanine always bonds with _________ • When DNA is duplicated the two sides of DNA ________ and separate • Each side then becomes a ________ on which a new side forms • Most of your _______________ depend on the kids of __________ your cells make. DNA controls what proteins get made • _______- section of DNA on a _____________, which contains the instructions for making a specific protein • Proteins are made of _________ acids • The _______ determines the _______ of the amino acids • Changing the ________ of amino acids makes a different _________ • What might occur if an important protein couldn’t be made or if the wrong protein was made in your cells? • Genes are found in the _________ but proteins are made on ribosomes in the ___________ • ______ (ribonucleic acid)-a type of ________ acid that carries codes for making __________ from the nucleus to the ___________ • RNA is like a ladder with all its rungs ________ in half • RNA contains the base ________ (U) instead of thymine • Not all cells use make the same _________ • In organisms, like you, each cell uses only some of the __________ of genes that it has to make __________ that it needs • Cells control ________ by turning some off and some on • If the __________ proteins are produced the organism cannot function normally • Sometimes __________ happen when DNA is being copied • ___________-any ___________ change in he DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome. Can be ___________ or harmful • _________ factors can cause mutations • Mutations add _________ to a species when the organism ____________ Name:______________________________ Unit 4 Vocab Interphase Asexual reproduction Mitosis Chromosome Sexual reproduction Fertilization Zygote Diploid Haploid Meiosis DNA Genes Mutations RNA
