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Chapter 4: Human Systems Section 1: Elements of Culture Culture – the total knowledge, attitudes and behaviors shared and passed on by members of a specific group Characteristics of Culture Ethnicity Language Religion Government Economics Social groups Cultural diffusion/interaction – the spreading of including both culture traits and innovation culture How is culture spread? (War, Trade, Migration) Culture hearth – an early center of civilization from which ideas have spread Can you name five examples of culture hearths? Characteristics of Culture 1. Ethnicity – people sharing similar beliefs, customs, cultural heritage 2. Language – communication system shared by a group 3. Religion – belief system that is centered around the creation and purpose of the universe Monotheistic – belief in one god Polytheistic – belief in two or more gods Animistic – belief in divine forces 4. Government – system or philosophy by which a society provides order and the welfare of its people 5. Economics – system production and exchange of goods in a society 6. Social groups – how a society groups its people Population – global population is increasing rapidly - 6.5 billion - Demography – the study of population I. Characteristics of human population A. Birthrate – births per year per 1,000 B. Death rate – deaths per year per 1,000 C. Life expectancy D.Infant mortality – deaths of children (between 0-1) per year per 1,000 E. Male/Female distribution and age distribution 1. population pyramids –graphic representation or model of a population according to gender and/or age F. Urban (live in the city)/Rural (live in the country) G.GDP (Gross Domestic Product) – total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, usually given per capita H.Ethnicity I. Language J. Religion K. Education Population density – average number of people per square mile within a region or country II. Factors that influence population growth rates A. Modern medicine and hygiene B. Education C. Industrialization D.Urbanization E. Economic development F. Government policy G.Role of women in the society Population distribution – pattern of human settlement (human settlement/population distribution is uneven on the Earth’s surface) III. Factors that influence population distribution A. Natural resources 1. Minerals 2. Arable (fertile, farmable) land 3. Fresh water 4. Fossil fuels 5. Food crops B. Climate C. Economic development 1. Developed or developing D.Government policy 1. Dictatorships 2. Oppressive policies E. Urban/Rural settlement F. Capital resources 1. Money for investment 2. Technology 3. Communication systems 4. Transportation systems G.Conflict 1. Warfare i. Civil ii. Political iii. Guerilla warfare 2. Oppressive government 3. Personal persecution Migration – the movement of people from place to place IV. Push factors – conditions that drive people to migrate to new areas A. Overpopulation B. Religious persecution C. Lack of job opportunities D.Agricultural decline (not enough food) E. Conflict F. Political persecution (oppressive government) G.Natural disasters 1. Drought 2. Flood 3. Famine 4. Volcanoes H.Limits on personal freedom I. Environmental degradation 1. Pollution V. Pull factors – conditions that draw people to migrate into a new area A. Religious freedom B. Economic opportunity C. Land availability D.Political freedom E. Ethnic and family ties F. Arable (fertile, farmable) land Emigrant – someone who moves out (exits) their native homeland Immigrant – someone who moves into another country Cultural diffusion – the spread of knowledge, skills, and ideas from one culture to another a result of migration Resources – things that are useful A. Natural resources – made by nature, used by humans 1. Renewable resources – replenish themselves a. Soil b. Water c. Forests d. Wind 2. Non-renewable resources – do not replenish themselves a. Fossil fuels – coal, oil, & natural gas b. Minerals c. Metals B. Human resources – people that make up the labor force 1. Education level: number of years of schooling “brain power” 2. Entrepreneurial: ability and skills to start and own a business 3. Managerial skills 4. Skilled and unskilled labor force C. Capital resources 1. Money a. Investments b. Loans 2. Infrastructure a. Communication systems b. Transportation networks c. Utilities * tends to be strong for developed nations 3. Equipment a. Machinery b. Tools c. Technologies Economy – production and exchange of goods and services How a group of people support themselves Can operate on a local, national or international level The uneven distribution of resources requires an exchange of goods/services A. Economic Systems – the way people produce and exchange goods 1. 2. 3. 4. B. Traditional economy – goods and services are traded or exchanged without the use of money (barter) Command economy – production (ownership) of goods and services is controlled by a central government (planned), does not reflect consumer demand Market economy – production of goods and services is determined by the demand of consumers, based on the idea supply and demand (capitalism) Mixed economy – market economy with some interaction of the government, government involvement provides for the benefit of all people Economic Activity – describe how materials are gathered and processed in to goods or how they are delivered to consumers 1. 2. 3. Primary economic activity – gathering of raw materials (hunting, fishing, farming, mining) Secondary economic activity – adding value to materials by changing their form (processing and manufacturing) Tertiary economic activity – providing businesses or professional services (teachers, doctors, retail) C. Production of Goods – how do countries decide what to produce 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The location of resources influences economic activity and patterns of land use Determination of the costs and benefits of using natural resources a. Costs – resource depletion, environmental degradation, health problems b. Benefits – production of goods and services, employment opportunities, development of technologies Economic development priorities Environmental conservation policies Priorities of indigenous minorities (protection of cultures and inhabitants of the land Think about the following energy sources: Wood, Coal, Petroleum, Nuclear, Solar, Wind What types of activity and/or technology has created a demand for these resources? How are they used? What are some of the benefits and costs related to the use of these resources? Ex. Wood: used as an early form of energy; used for light and heat; used as an energy source in developing countries today; burning of wood depletes a natural resource that can take years to replenish and has been a cause of deforestation Government – system or philosophy by which a society provides order and the welfare of its people A. B. C. D. Role of government Government type 1. Communist 2. Democracy 3. Dictatorship 4. Monarchy 5. Socialist system Levels of government 1. National 2. State 3. Local Sovereignty Define each of the government styles listed above. Can you name a country that uses that style? Development – the process by which countries improve their people’s quality of life In the developed countries of the world, countries in the core, people generally enjoy a high quality of life. In the developing countries of the world, countries on the periphery, people have a generally low quality of life Factors to determine Development Availability of natural resources Fossil fuels Water Access to capital resources Technology Infrastructure Human resources Labor force Educational achievement High school graduate College graduate Level of economic development GDP Per capita income Percent Urban v. Rural Population distribution Labor force characteristics Primary sector workers – gathering natural resources Secondary sector workers – manufacturing or assembly Tertiary sector workers – service industry Using these factors, describe characteristics of a developed nation. A developing nation. Developed v. Developing What’s the difference? Developed United States Developing Ethiopia Developed Developing High access to natural resources Limited access to natural resources Advanced technology Limited technology Strong infrastructure Weak infrastructure Well-educated labor force & highly skilled labor Poorly trained labor force & unskilled labor High GDP Low GDP High per capita income (+ $20,000) Low per capita income (- $5,000) Highly urbanized Large % of the population is rural but urbanization is rapid Small % of the economy is based in the primary sector Increased % of the economy is based in the secondary sector Largest % of the economy is based in the tertiary sector Most of the population has a high school diploma and many with college degrees Largest % of the economy is based in the primary sector Small % of the economy is based in the secondary sector Little to no % of the economy is based in the tertiary sector Most of the population has no opportunity for an education past the 8th grade Indicators of Standard of Living & Quality of Life Population growth Natural increase Population pyramid Age/Gender distribution Literacy rate Life expectancy Infant mortality rate Percent urban v. rural Type of agricultural activity Commercial/Subsistence Percent of population involved in agriculture What type of standard of living do United States citizens “enjoy”? Standard of Living/ Quality of Life Developed Developing Moderate to low population natural increase ( perhaps even negative) Population increase is usually very high Population pyramid Population pyramid + 90% literacy rate 50% or less literacy rate Life expectancy age of 75-80 Life expectancy age of 50-60 Low infant mortality (due to excellent health care) High infant mortality (due to poor health care) Highly urbanized Highly rural Commercial agriculture (cash crops) Subsistence agriculture (just enough to support life) Low % of the population is involved High % of the population is involved in agriculture in agriculture Economic – of, relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption goods and services Interdependence – reliance on one another for goods, services and ideas Why would countries be interdependent on one another? Economics + Interdependence = Global Economic Interdependence – the reliance on nearly every country in the world on such economic links with other countries as trade networks and overseas investments Globalization – the spread of the same ideas, practices, and cultural preferences around much of the world, resulting from the expansion of international trade, travel, and communication. Because of the economic and cultural power of the United States, much of the globalizing influence today is American Alliance – a group of countries that join together for a specific purpose Economics + Alliance = Economic Alliance – a group of countries that join together for the purpose of trade relating to the exchange of resources and/ or the production and distribution of goods and services Examples: EU, NAFTA, OPEC