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CAND Orientation 2004 Health Fusion 2011 Maintaining an Alkaline Environment Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 1 Goal of Session Discuss the impact of acid-alkaline imbalances. Discuss what is required to maintain an optimum pH for health. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 2 Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 3 Yin Yang Alkaline Acid Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 4 Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 5 Individual Disease Process / Symptoms Social Environment External Medical Interventions Physiology Energetic pattern Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca Inflammation . . . . Cancer Lifestyle Filter Constitution / Senses Genetics / |Gestational Maintenance of homeostasis Personal Essence Level of Health / Disease Acute – Chronic – Life Threatening Palliative Causal Factors Of Disease Energetic pattern 6 Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 7 Levels of Defense / Filters a) Skin b) Mucous membranes, lining of all orifices (mouth, nose, throat, etc.) c) Digestive membranes d) Immune system and its ability to destroy invaders e) Inflammatory pathways f) Ability of body to neutralize acids / toxins g) Hydration h) Sense of safety / security i) Personal boundaries Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 8 Homeostatic Mechanisms 1. Water balance 2. Acid-base regulation 3. Electrolyte regulation 4. Thermoregulation 5. Metabolic control • Common in all living organisms • Homeostatic mechanisms take place between the connective tissue and the kidneys via the blood (balancing of the internal milieu). Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 9 Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 10 The Role of Water Cellular Communication uses water and water is the primary vehicle for the transmission of chemicals, hormones, and nutrients throughout the body. Water is the medium responsible for sending and amplifying energetic wave patterns. In every cell there is one molecule of protein for every ten thousand molecules of water and it is water that holds the double helix together. Water copies, memorizes, and carries energetic signals and messages. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 11 Regulation of Water The amphoteric properties of water are important in determining its properties as a solvent for acid-base reactions. Essential to maintain acid/base and electrolyte balance A 4% drop in body fluids cause a 30% loss in cellular energy Removes waste products/acids from the body Regulates body temperature Total amount of IC and EC water maintained by CNS (ADH) and kidneys Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 12 Definition of Acid-Base Reactions Chemical processes typified by the exchange of one or more hydrogen ions between species that are neutral (water, acetic acid) or electrically charged (ammonia, OH, carbonate). 2 considerations: chemical reactions and equilibrium reactions Regulates vital body functions: respiration, circulation, digestion, elimination, immunity, hormone production Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 13 Acid-Base Reactions Acid: • Strength depends on the hydrogen ion concentration • Any compound which can donate a proton; reacts with water. • Sour or sharp taste, burning sensation with skin contact Base: • Strength depends on the hydroxyl ion concentration • Any compound that can accept a proton • Bitter taste, slippery or soapy feel Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 14 pH • pH is the measurement of electrical resistance between negative and positive ions in the body. • Alkaline and acid forming reactions are purely electrochemical • Acid/base balance ~ electrolyte balance • Acid/base reactions are reversible Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 15 pH of Body Fluids pH: 1 – 14 with 7 being neutral; overall body slightly alkaline ICF: pH ~ 7.4; ECF: pH ~ 7.2 Blood: pH of 7.35 – 7.45 (most closely controlled) Stomach acid: pH of 1.5 – 1.8 Acid excretion limit of the kidneys is 4.0 – 4.4 Urine: pH of 4.0 – 8.0 Heart muscle: pH of 6.9 Saliva: pH of 6.5 – 7.0 Connective tissue: pH of 7.1 – 7.25 Pancreatic juices: pH of 8.3 Amniotic fluid: pH of 8.5 Bile: pH of 8.8 Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 16 Acid-Base Equilibrium Disruption Ingestion / exposure to acids Increased production of H+ Impaired excretion Dehydration Loss of buffering ability Diseases (e.g., diabetes) Rate Determining Steps Alkaline reserves Cellular energy reserves Ability to excrete acids Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 17 Acid-Base Equilibrium Disruption Physiological Responses Hyperventilation Hypoxia High temperatures Disproportionate systemic circulation Changes in levels of potassium and other electrolytes Destruction of protective barriers or tissues Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 18 Electrolyte Balance Every biological chemical process involves acid-base equilibrium Water and electrolyte balance / ratio between ICF & ECF Extracellular Fluid (ECF) pH ~7.2 Sodium – primary ion Chloride and Bicarbonate – primary anion Intracellular Fluid (ICF) pH ~7.4 Potassium – primary ion Protein and phosphate – primary anions Double the size of the ECF Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 19 Electrolyte Balance ECF ICF Cations ( + electrical charge) Sodium: 142 Potassium: 4 Calcium: 5 Magnesium: 3 Total: 154 mEq/L Cations ( + electrical charge) Sodium: 10 Potassium: 160 Calcium: 0 Magnesium: 35 Total: 205 mEq/L Anions ( - electrical charge) Chloride: 103 Bicarbonate: 27 Phosphate: 2 Sulphate: 1 Protein: 16 Organic acid: 5 Total: 154 mEq/L Anions ( - electrical charge) Chloride: 2 Bicarbonate: 8 Phosphate: 140 Sulphate: 0 Protein: 55 Organic acid: 0 Total: 205 mEq/L Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 20 Impact of Electrolyte Imbalance Water retention causes increase in both ICF and ECF Dehydration causes decrease in both ICF and ECF Alkalosis: causes a shift in potassium from ECF to ICF Acidosis: causes a shift in potassium from ICF to ECF Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 21 Electrolyte Balance If the fluids stray even a small degree the function of enzymes and proteins, the metabolism of cells and the electromagnetic energy of the body is altered. Nerves and muscles weaken. The ratio of IC and EC positive and negative electrolytes changes with pH, the electric action potential within cells diminishes due to acidification adaptation resulting in fatigue and loss of energy production. The ratio of IC and EC anions and cations determines the speed of electrical activity, which in turn determines the rate of cellular regeneration. As long as the anion/cation ratio stays intact, the total number of electrolytes can go up or down and the acid-base equilibrium required for cell regeneration is maintained. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 22 Organ Systems Responsible for Acid / Alkaline Levels Blood: Calcium and other minerals and electrolytes are leached from bone and other tissues such as hair and nails if too acidic Kidneys: Primary organ responsible for excreting acid and regulating electrolyte balance Lungs: Regulate acidity by excreting CO2. Most efficient way of maintaining acid/base balance Skin: Secondary kidney Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 23 High Acidity Arises to due increased exposure to acidic forming substances and energies and when nutrient intake (minerals and vitamins) fail to meet the requirements for energy production and can no longer buffer the acids. Waste products that are not eliminated are reabsorbed primarily from the colon – liver – circulation and tissues. Cells and connective tissue stores partially metabolized by products of glucose and fat which are acidic. Higher than normal acid levels in body fluids and tissues result in hardening and erosion within the system. Cells do not utilize oxygen efficiently Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 24 High Acidity It is the tissue residue that determines sickness or health. Symptoms and diseases include: heavy or rapid breathing, weakness, headaches, aches and pains, calcifications, infections, increased ageing. Respiratory acidosis – kidneys retain increased amounts of bicarbonate (HCO3) to increase pH Pulmonary diseases (pneumonia, COPD, bronchitis, asthma Metabolic acidosis – lungs “blow off” CO2 to raise pH chronic diarrhea, diabetes, renal failure, chronic diseases, cancer Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 25 Alkalosis Higher than normal base levels in body fluids Prolonged alkalosis associated with convulsions, muscular weakness, coma or death Respiratory alkalosis – kidneys excrete increased amounts of bicarbonate (HCO3) to lower pH Hyperventilation, pain, drugs etc. Metabolic alkalosis – lungs retain CO2 to lower pH Sodium bicarbonate overdose, drugs, prolonged vomiting, nasogastric drainage Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 26 Buffering Process Ideally: Waste products of glucose uses enzymes carbonic acid H20 + CO2 (which is exhaled) Problems arise when there is a deficiency of enzymes and nutrients to fully break-down glucose Enzymes require vitamins and minerals to function (K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and CoQ10) If the food comes with these nutrients that OK – procesed food is deficient in vitamins and minterals If lacking vitamins and minerals then enzymes become redundant and the cells accumulate partially metabolized byproducts of glucose and fat – which are acids – these acids need to be neutralized or buffered until removed by the KI. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 27 Buffering Process Buffering systems involves primarily blood, kidneys and lungs and cellular fluids. Respiratory system has the ability to restore acid-base equilibrium quickly; kidneys take several days. Acids have to be neutralized or buffered within the cells until the kidneys remove them – slower process – acids accumulate. Kidneys will adjust the ratio of anions and cations (positive and negative ions), placing more or less buffering bicarbonate into the blood. System is easily taxed. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 28 Buffering Process The most important buffer for maintaining acid-base balance in the blood is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer. H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ↔ H2CO3(aq) ↔ H2O(l) + CO2(g) Metabolic pH is stabilized by the buffering capacity of hemoglobin (Hb) and anions in the blood and cellular fluids, bicarbonate regulated by kidneys and by excretion of CO2 in the lungs. Most bicarbonate that forms within cells moves into the EC space in exchange for chloride ions. Elevated CO2 concentration stimulates hyperventilation Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 29 Buffering Process Using high pH bodily fluids such as water as a solvent to neutralize acid residues. Pulling bicarbonate from the pancreas into the blood (an alkalizing agent). Protein buffers of glutathione, methionine, cysteine, taurine, act as buffers intra-cellularly to bind or neutralize acids during cellular disorganization. Takes the electrolytes from wherever it can: bone, hair, etc. and the electrolyte buffers of sodium, calcium and potassium work in the blood, lymph and extra-cellular and intra-cellular fluids to bind acids, which are then removed through the urine. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 30 Buffering Process Bones release calcium in exchange for H+ hence bones and teeth become deficient of calcium (and magnesium) and soft tissues and fascia harden with Ca2+ precipitates. Filtration and elimination of acidic residues through the skin, urinary tract and respiration. Pushing blood acid residues and accumulated toxins into outer extremities as a storage bin away from vital organs. The wrist, joints, fingers, toes and skin are the major target areas to keep the toxins from saturating internal vital organs like the heart and lungs. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 31 Buffering Systems When the protection phases are overwhelmed, the end result is accumulated acid residues at the cellular level, which drown out oxygen. With this acidic, low oxygen terrain, the microzyma’s trigger morbid microbe infiltration of fungus, molds and parasites, cancer cells, etc., where they seek the diseased terrain as food. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 32 Role of Vitamins and Minerals Alkaline Forming Minerals Acid Forming Minerals • Increase the body’s ability to • Decrease the ability of the • • • • • • • • • • • • • • generate energy. Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Iron Manganese body to generate energy. Phosphorus Sulphur Chloride Iodine Bromine Flourine Copper Silicon Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 33 Minerals Macro-minerals: calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, phosphorus and sulfur Micro-minerals: zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, iodine, iron, cobalt, nickel, boron, silica, molybdenum, boron, fluoride Some controversial minerals that may be essential: strontium, silver, arsenic, bismuth, cesium, rubidium, germanium, lithium, gold, and others Rare earth minerals. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 34 Reduction in Average Mineral Content of Fruits & Vegetables Between 1940 and 1991 Minerals Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Copper Zinc Vegetables -49% -16% -24% -46% -27% -76% -59% Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca Fruit -29% -19% -16% -16% -24% -20% -27% 35 Impact of a Deficiency of Nutrients / Enzymes High acidity arises when nutrient intake (minerals and vitamins) fail to meet the requirements for energy production. Inability to neutralize toxins / acids Metabolic breakdown Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 36 Impact of Acids on the Body Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential for health Arachidonic acid- human body uses it as staring material in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Gallic or tannic acid – found in black tea, coffee and wine. Component of tannins which are used to make leather and ink. Oxalic acid – found in many vegetables and fruits such as cocoa and chocolate, spinach and rhubarb. Malic acid – found in fruits such as apples. Component of TCA cycle. Tartaric acid – occurs in grapes Citric acid – lemons, oranges and other citrus fruit. Component of TCA cycle. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 37 Acids • • • • • • • Sulphuric acid Lactic acid Acetic acid Uric acid Keto acid Salicylic acid Phosphoric acid • • • • • • Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Formic acid Tannic acid Oxalic acid Carbonic acid Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 38 Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) A naturally occurring acid in the body Secreted by the stomach to assist with digestion Impacted by stress and over-exertion Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is made in specialized stomach cells and is broken down to sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water – HCL is the byproduct. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 39 Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) Weak acid A natural by-product and waste product of energy production - glucose conversion (via enzymes) to carbonic acid – CO2 + H2O Bad air, flat breathing, lack of exercise, as well as from overexertion and beverages containing carbonic acid Red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase which both increases the reaction rate and dissociates a hydrogen ion from the carbonic acid, leaving bicarbonate. This reaction is reversed in the lungs. Contributes to the acidification of the oceans. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 40 Lactic Acid Produced in muscle tissue as a result of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose – i.e, exercise, stress Formed when milk turns sour Not used as a fuel by the body Disassociates into CO2 and hydrogen Causes pain, irregular pulse, arrhythmia Key is the production of lactic acid versus VO2 max threshold Management of lactic acid is key with sports trainers Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 41 Uric Acid Both antioxidant and pro-oxidant depending on level; maybe a marker for oxidative stress. Increased with stress and over-exertion Excessive consumption of proteins containing purine or decrease in excretion of acids by the kidneys Released in hypoxic conditions Final oxidation product of purine metabolism Secreted in the urine Over ½ of antioxidant capacity of blood plasma comes from uric acid Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 42 Uric Acid High levels associated with gout and maybe kidney stones Excessive accumulation associated with cardiovascular disease Putative role or uric acid with strokes Associated with higher risk of Type II diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension Due to increase levels of fructose (and sucrose), sea salt and high alcohol High ferritin and low copper results in higher urate levels; high copper levels associated with decreased urate Low uric acid associated with MS and a deficiency of zinc Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 43 Sulphuric Acid One of the most manufactured products in the chemical industry One of the most important strongly acidic solvents Many acids and compounds (water, alcohol, ethers, ketones, nitro compounds, carbonic acid, etc) act as a base in the presence of sulphuric acid. Comes from pork and eggs Protein – amino acids – sulphuric acid -- kidneys Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 44 Acetic Acid Compound that gives the sourness to vinegar. Produced by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol in wine. Household vinegar – 5% acetic acid Found in a number of cleaning agents along with citric acid Consumption of sugar, white flour, sweets Important in the metabolic processes of humans, animals and plants. Acetyl group of acetic acid binds to Coenzyme A to produce energy and CO2 (via TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation). Some of the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is used to synthesize fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, and other molecules. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 45 Other Acids Ricinoleic acid – occurs in castor oil. Breaks down to undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehde. Zinc salt of undecylenic acid is used to treat fungal infections of the skin. Esters of this acid are used in perfumery. Sorbic acid –. Used as a preservative in many food products as well as in their packaging materials. Inhibits the growth of molds and other fungi. Benzoic acid –. Sodium benzoate is used as a preservative in many food products Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 46 Other Acids Butyric acid – component of cow’s milk Capryic (caproic and capric) acid – component of goat’s milk Lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids – present in the fats and oils of animals and plants Keto-acids – acetone, processed fat and from incomplete fat burning as in the case of diabetes. Tannic acid – black tea, coffee and wine Phosphoric acid – from soft drinks, energy drinks Nitric acid – from cured meats, artificial cheese products Acetylsalicylic acid – painkillers Many plastics are produced from acids Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 47 Toxic Minerals Examples: mercury, lead, cadmium, aluminum, arsenic Some toxic minerals are nutritional at small dosages Disrupts mucous membranes and protective barriers Disrupts the absorption and function of nutritional minerals Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 48 Chemicals in Personal Care Products Over 10,500 chemicals in personal care products (PCP) EWG study in 2004: Of the 14,841 PCPs tested more than 1/3 contained at least one industrial chemical linked to cancer and 79% contained harmful impurities that include known or probable carcinogens, pesticides, reproductive toxins, plasticizers and degreasers. Average consumer (including teens) uses 15 to 25 cosmetic PCP a day, and is exposed to 200 chemicals. No government regulation of the words “organic” or “natural”. Chemicals in PCP disrupt the protective barrier (skin) and get absorbed into the blood system. PCPs should be as pure as the food we eat. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 49 Ortho vs Toxi-Molecular Health Hunter - 1996 Nutrients • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Drugs Essential to life Feed biochemical pathways Non-specific global effects Synergistic interactions Excess rarely toxic Found in nature Tested for millions of years Work slowly, gently Non-addictive Less expensive Non-patentable Consumer oriented Promotes health Chronic care No fatalities in 20 years • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Generally non-essential Block or alter pathways Organ-targeted Adverse interactions Excess commonly toxic Found in the lab Tested for millions of dollars Work rapidly, forcefully Can be addictive More expensive Patented Doctor oriented Treats disease Acute care 9.6 million reactions per year Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 50 Assessment Determine the degree to which the body can compensate. PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas) Correlates with blood CO2 levels Indicator of concentration of acid in the body Concentration of base measured by plasma bicarbonate Effects of acidity are measured not so much by the overall pH of the body, but by the general hardening & erosion within the system. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 51 Measuring Electrolyte Status No test can accurately gauge pH Tissues residue determines sickness or health. In clinical medicine most measurements of electrolyte concentration are of the ECF – blood serum Rise in serum potassium – maybe because of a large number of cells are severely injured or die – spilling potassium ions – which may affect heart function Primary metabolic acid-base disorders are determined by measuring bicarbonate and serum electrolytes Pulse rate: faster pulse associated with more acidic Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 52 Urine Readings Affected By: Body stores Recent diet Recent cleansings Alkalizing steps Health status Hydration status Activity level Stress levels Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 53 Steps to Increase Alkalinity Increase body’s stores of buffering minerals Food: 80:20 rule Mineral powders Alkalizing herbs Assist the excretion of acids Alkaline bath Alkaline tea Decrease the inputs and increase the excretion before increasing mobilization of stored acids. Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 54 Treatments to Increase Alkalinity Foods Herbs Colour therapy Music therapy Massage Cranial-sacral therapy Yoga Exercise Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 55 Naturopathic Medicine – Aspects of Manifestation Dr. Iva Lloyd, BScH, RPE, ND www.naturopathicfoundations.ca 56