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Unit 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations 10,000 BCE-600 BCE
Paleolithic vs Neolithic Societies/Human Migratory Patterns
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Indo-European
Bantu
Austronesian
Effects of the Agricultural Revolution
Effect of following technologies: pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheel
Rise of Civilizations: settling, job specialization, rise of patriarchy and class systems etc….
Know the location and the basics about:
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Mesopotamia
Egypt
Mojenho Daro and Harappa/Indus Valley
Olmecs
Chavin
Effects of new weapons and modes of transportations
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Compound bows, iron weapons
Horses, chariots
Changes in art and architecture
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Architecture: ziggurats, pyramids, temples, defensive walls, sewage systems, etc
Art: sculpture, painting, weaving
Literature: Rig Veda, Book of the Dead, Epic of Gilgamesh
Changes in record keeping and legal codes:
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Writing: cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs, Phoenician and other alphabets
Laws: Hammurabi, Manu, etc
New Religions: Animism/Shamanism, Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism, Egyptian polytheism, Zoroastrianism
Trade Networks: connected EurAsia, isolated Americas….
Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BCE-600 CE
Concept: development and codification of religious and cultural traditions
Religions: (Know the essentials of the religions and also consider the following)
Continuation and growth of old religions
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Effect of Judaism in Middle East Mediterranean
Vedic religion transformation into Hinduism and rise of caste system, samsara, pantheon of gods (brahma, shiva,
Vishnu, etc)
Ancestor worship throughout the world: China, Africa, Andes….
Rise of new religions and philosophies:
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Universal religions: Buddhism rising from Hinduism, Christianity riding from Judaism
o Buddism and Christianity’s appeal to and effects on poor, women, etc.
Confucianism and its effects on China (filial piety, 5 relationships, Analects)
Taoism and its effects on China (Tao te Ching, effect on science, poetry, artc, etc)
Greco-Roman philosophical traditions
o Use of logic
o Plate v Aristotle
o Effects on politics
Growth of distinct Cultural Expressions:
Literature and drama
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Indian Epics: Mahabharata and Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita
Chinese classics: Books of Songs, Rites, History; Analects
Greek plays
Distinct architectural styles:
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Indian stupas and temples
Greek pillars, Roman aqueducts/Coliseum
Mayan pyramids
Concept: The Development of States (growth of states and transitions to Empire)
Be able to discuss the essential regarding the Rise of and the Effects of the following empires as well as the themes
below in regards to these examples:
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Middle East: Persia
East Asia: Qin and Han
South Asia: Maurya and Gupta
Mediterranean: Phoenicia, Greek city states, Hellenistic and Roman Empires
Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan and Maya city states
Andean: Moche
New administrative techniques and styles
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Centralized governments
Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies
Development of infrastructure
Changes in/use of military
Use of trade
Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies
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Growth of cities as centers of trade, administration, and religions:
o Persepolis, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Constantinople, Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza
Growth of social hierarchies and dependence of coercive labor (slaves, peasants, etc)
Rise of patriarchal traditions
Fall of Empires due to internal and external factors
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Internal: deforestation, desertification, flooding, peasant rebellion, intolerance, etc
External: Invasions by nomadic groups
o Han vs Xiongnu
o Gupta v White Huns
o Romans vs Germanic Tribes
Concept: Emergence of Transregional Networks of Trade and communication
Expansion of Land and Water Routes
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Silk Roads
Indian Ocean Routes
Mediterranean routes
New technologies that promoted trade
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Yokes, saddles stirrups
Increased usage of horses, oxen, camels
Lateen sails, capturing monsoon winds
Diffusion of goods, ideas, pathogens, religions along trade routes
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Spread of new agricultural/irrigation techniques (qanats, aqueducts, terrace farming etc)
Spread of luxury goods (silk, indigo, spices, cotton, etc)
Nestorian Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc.
Effect of new diseases on Rome, China, etc
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions 600CE-1450CE (Post-Classical)
Concept: Expansion and Intensification of Trade and Communication Networks
Growth of existing trade routes and emergence of new connections
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Silk Roads
Mediterranean Sea
Trans-Saharan Gold Roads
Indian Ocean Trade Network
Growth of new cities due the effects of trade
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Timbuktu
Swahili city states
Hangzhou
Baghdad
Venice
Tenochtitlan
Cahokia
The draw of luxury goods and improvements in technologies and banking methods to support trade
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Luxuries: silk, cotton, porcelain, slaves, exotic animals, gold/salt, spices
Technologies: compass, lateen sail, astrolabe, caravan organization/camel saddles
Credit and monetization: Islamic sakk and banks, bills of exchange, paper money/flying cash
State practices that supported commercial growth:
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Grand Canal in China
Mansa Musa’s security of Gold Roads
Minting coins
Hanseatic League
Expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their
conqueror’s economies and trade networks:
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China (Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan/Mongol, Ming) and their conquered tributary states
Byzantine Empire
Islamic Caliphates (Umayyad, and Abbasid)
MONGOLS!
Concept: Migrations and their cultural, linguistic, environmental and political effects:
Environmental knowledge and technological adaptable increased migration:
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Vikings and their longships in coastal waters and rivers populated Europe, North America, Russia
Arabs/Berbers adopt camels and populate Sahara and surroundings
Central Asian steppe nomads use horses to populate steppe regions
Environmental and Linguistic Impact of migrations
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Bantu spread language and use of agriculture/iron technologies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa
Maritime migrations of Polynesians brought animals and new plants to islands as they settled
Islamic peoples spread Arabic to Middle East, North Africa and East Africa (blends to become Swahili)and Turkish
nomads spread Turkish languages throughout Central Asia and Anatolia
Concept: Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by intensification of trade and
exchange
Islam spreads via trade, also reflects surrounding influences (Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism)
Diasporic Communities set up along trade routes/in new trading cities and introduces their culture to new regions
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Muslim merchant communities in Indian Ocean Region and Gold Roads
Chinese merchants communities in southeast Asia
Jewish communities in Mediterranean, Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Basin
Writings of interregional travelers illustrate the extent and limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding
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Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo
Cross cultural diffusion of literary, artistic, cultural, scientific and technological traditions
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Spread of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Spread of Islam in African and Southeast Asia
Influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim Scholars
Return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus Iberia
Spreading of printing press, gunpowder, and compass technologies from East Asia to Islamic Empires and Europe
Spread of new foods and disease affects demography
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Bananas in Africa
Champa Rice in East Asia
Spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and Mediterranean
Black Death sweeps across Silk Roads; kills 1/3 of Europe
Concept: Continuity and Innovation of States and their interactions
Collapse of Empires and the growth of new states: following collapse, many reconstituted governments (ie: Byzantine
Empire and China) combined traditional sources of power/legitimacy with new governing innovations:
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Traditional sources: patriarchy, religion, Mandate of Heaven, etc
Innovations: new methods of taxation, tributary systems, Equal Field System, Adaptation of religious institutions
(Neoconfucianism)
New forms of governance in this era:
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Islamic states (Abbasid, Muslim Spain, Delhi Sultanate
Mongol Khanates
City states (Italian, Swahili, Americas, SouthEast Asia)
Decentralized governments (feudalism in Europe and Japan)
Imperial Aztec and Inca
States synthesized local and borrowed political traditions
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Persian traditions that influenced Islamic and European states
Chinese traditions that influenced Japan
Interregional contacts and conflicts between states encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers
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Between Tang China and the Abbasids: ie: Abbasid get printing, Islam established in the Uighur province of China
Across the Mongol empire: ie forced relocation practice moves technologies everywhere
During the Crusades: ie: Europeans get taste for Asian goods, spark “Age of Discovery”; Muslim science enters
Europe
Concept: Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
Innovations stimulate agricultural and industrial production
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Champa rice
Chinampa system
Terracing
Horse collar
Demand and innovation leads to increase in luxury goods. Porcelain/Silk in China. Rugs in Persia. Cotton in India.
Fate of cities dependent on trade, with periods of decline and periods of urban revivalism (know examples from around
the world)
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Decline of urban regions
o Invasions
o Disease
o Little Ice Age
o Decline in agricultural productivity
Urban revivalism:
o End of invasions (Pax Mongolica)
o Availability of safe and reliable transport
o Increased agricultural productivity=more demand, bigger labor pool
Changes in labor, religion and social patterns (gender, family)
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Free peasant agriculture
Nomadic pastoralism
Craft production and guild organization
Various forms of coerced/unfree labor (serfdom, slaves, mita)
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Government imposed labor taxes
Military obligations
Labor rebellions: China, Byzantine
Persistence of patriarchy, but some regions where women exercised power (Mongol, West Africa, SE Asia)
Effects of religions on gender relations and family (Buddhism, Christianity, Neoconfucianism)
Unit 4: Global Interactions 1450-1750 (Early Modern)
Concept: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
Innovations in shipbuilding, cartography, and other navigational technologies increase transoceanic travel and trade
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Astrolabe
Revised maps
Caravels
Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred throughout the world
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Chinese maritime activity expanded into the India Ocean through Ming Admiral Zheng He
Portuguese developed school for navigation through Prince Henry and create a trading-post empire
Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across Atlantic and Pacific
Northern Atlantic crossing for fishing and settlements, search for Northwest Passage
Polynesian networks not yet dramatically affected by Europeans
The new global circulation of good was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took SILVER
from Spanish colonies to purchase Asian goods.
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European merchants’ roles in Asian trade was characterized as “middleman”
Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to the global Silver trade
Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their
domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another.
The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of
African, American, and European cultures and people.
The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange
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European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza) among
Amerindian populations
American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Cash Crops were grown mainly
on plantations with coerced labor for the purposes of exportation
o Potatoes
o Maize
o Manioc
o Sugar
o Tabacco
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Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar and domesticated animals were brought from the Old World to the New
world
o Horses, pigs, cattle
o Grains from Europe
o Okra, rice from Africa
Populations in Africa-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops
European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlement practices in the Americas
often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion (Haiti!)
Interaction between the two hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic
belief systems and practices.
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Islam spreads to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapt it to local traditions.
Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of
diffusion and the Reformation
Buddhism spreads within Asia
Syncretic and new religions develop
o Vodun, Santeria, Candomble in the Caribbean
o Cult of Saints in Latin America
o Sikhism in South Asia
As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts
increased
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Visual and performing arts
o Renaissance art in Europe
o Wood-block prints in Japan
o Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica
Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature
in Afro-Eurasia
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Shakespeare
Cervantes
Sundiata
Journey to the West
Kabuki
Concept: New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
Traditional peasant labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials
and finished goods
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Peasant labor intensified in many regions
o Development of frontier settlements in Siberia
o Cotton textile production in India
o Silk textile production in China
Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves
to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean
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The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas
Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor
o Chattel slavery
o Indentured servitude
o Encomienda and hacienda system
o Spanish adaptation of the Incan Mita system
As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.
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Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new
political and economic elites
o The Manchus in China
o Creole elites in Spanish America
o European gentry
o Urban commercial entrepreneurs in all major port cities
The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability
to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.
o The nobility of Europe
o The daimyo of Japan
Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred
o Dependence on European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that region
o Smaller size of European families
o Gender Imbalance in West Africa due to Slave Trade
Massive demographic changes result in new ethnic and racial classifications
o Mestizo
o Mulatto
o Creole
Concept: State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power
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Rulers used the arts to display political power
o Monumental architecture (Versailles, Forbidden City, Topkapi Palace)
o Urban design
o Courtly literature
o Visual arts
Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize rule
o European divine right
o Safavid use of Twelver Shiism
o Mexica practice of human sacrifice
o Songhay promotion of Islam
o Chinese Mandate of Heaven
States treated different ethnic groups and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions
while limited their ability to challenge the authority of the state
o Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjects
o Manchu policies towards Chinese
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Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elite and military professionals
o Ottoman devshirme
o Chinese examination system
o Salaried samurai
Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in
both hemispheres.
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Europeans establish new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia. While profitable for rulers and merchants
involved in new global trade networks, these empires affected the power of states in interior West and Central
Africa
Land empires expanded dramatically in size
o Manchus
o Mughals
o Ottomans
o Russians
European states establish new maritime empires in the Americas
o Portuguese
o Spanish
o Dutch
o British
o French
Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state
consolidation and expansion
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Competition over trade routes
o Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
o Piracy in the Caribbean
State rivalries
o Thirty-Years War
o Ottoman-Safavid Conflict
Local resistance
o Food riots
o Samurai revolts
o Peasant uprisings
Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration: 1750-1900 (Long Century)
Concept: Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
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A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production
o Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
o Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
o Demographic changes
o Urbanization
o Improved agriculture
o Legal protection of private property
o An abundance of rivers and canals
o Access to foreign resources
o Accumulation of capital
The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources and increase the energy available
to human societies
o Steam and combustion engines
o Fossil fuels: coal and oil
The factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of
labor
Industrialization spreads from England, to Western Europe and then to the USA, Russia, and Japan
The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and
precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century
New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists
sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories
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The need for raw materials and more food for growing cities led to the growth of export economies around the
world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources (CASH CROPS)
o Cotton
o Rubber
o Palm oil
o Sugar
o Wheat
o Meat
o Guano
o Metals and minerals
The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive,
agriculturally based economies
o Textile production in India
Increased productivity encouraged industrial states to seek out new consumer markets
o British and French attempt to “open up” Chinese markets during the 19th century
The demand for metals for industrial production led to the development of extensive mining centers
o Copper mines in Mexico
o Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
Financial institutions expand to support industrialization
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Adam Smith’s development of capitalism and John Stuart Mill’s development of classical liberalism
inspire/support economic changes
Financial instruments expand
o Stock markets
o Insurance
o Gold standard
o Limited liability corporations
Rise of large-scale transnational businesses
o United Fruit Company
o HSBC: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Major developments in transportation and communication
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Required Examples:
o Railroads
o Steamships
o Telegraphs
o Canals
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses
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In Industrialized states, workers organized to support their rights while others opposed capitalist society by
promoting alternate visions of society
o Utopian socialism
o Marxism
o Anarchism
In Qing China and Ottoman Empire, some leaders resisted change and attempted to maintain preindustrial
forms of economic production
In a small number of states, governments promoted state-sponsored industrialization
o Meiji Japan and Zaibatsu
o Development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia
o China’s Self-Strengthening movement
o Muhammed Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt
Some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reform
o State pensions and public health in Germany
o Expansion of suffrage in Britain
o Public education
The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent major changes in industrialized states due
to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy
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New social classes developed
o Middle class
o Industrial working class
Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization
Rapid urbanization often led to unsanitary conditions as well as new forms on community
Concept: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation
Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires
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States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies
o British in India
o Dutch in Indonesia
European states, as well as American and Japanese states, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific,
while Spanish and Portuguese influence died
o British
o Dutch
o German
o French
o German
o Russian
Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa
o British in West Africa
o Belgians in Congo
In some parts of the empires, Europeans established settler colonies
o British in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand
o French in Algeria
In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism
o British and French and the Opium Wars in China
o British and USA investing heavily in Latin America
Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world
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The expansion of US and European Influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan
The USA and Russia expanded their land borders and conquered neighboring territories
Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire
o Establishment of independent Balkan states
o Semi-independence in Egypt, French and Italian colonies in North Africa
o Later British influence in Egypt
New states developed on the edges of existing empires
o Cherokee Nation
o Siam
o Hawaii
o Zulu Nation
The development of nationalism as an ideology fostered new communal identities
o German nationalism
o Filipino nationalism
New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism
Concept: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought often preceded the revolutions against existing governments
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Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships
o Voltaire
o Rousseau
Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life
Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract
o Locke
o Montesquieu
The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing poltical authority, as reflected in
revolutionary documents
o The American Declaration of Independence
o The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
o Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter
These ideas expanded into other social realms to initiate change
o Suffrage
o Abolition
o End of serfdom
Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language,
religion, social custom, and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of
the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations
Increasing discontent with imperial rules propelled reformist and revolutionary movements
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Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments
o Janissaries’ rebellion
o Marathas challenge to the Mughal
American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states and
revolutionized governments
o American Revolution
o French Revolution
o Haitian Revolution
o Latin American independence movements
Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas
o Maroon societies
o North American slave rebellions
Anticolonial movements rise
o Indian (Sepoy) Revolt of 1857
o Boxer Rebellion
Some rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism
o Taiping Rebellion
o The Ghost Dance
o The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
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Responses to rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies
o Tanzimat Reforms
o The Self-Strengthening movement
The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new
transnational ideologies and solidarities
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Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including
liberalism, socialism, and communism.
Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies
o Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women
o Olympe de Gouge’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women”
o The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848
Concept: Global Migration
Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies
that presented challenges to existing patterns of living
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Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to significant global population rise
Due to improvements in transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities.
Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons
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Many individuals chose to freely relocated, often in search of work
o Manual laborers
o Specialized professionals
The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration
o Slavery
o Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
o Convict labor
A significant number of temporary or seasonal migrants returned to their home societies
o Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
o Lebanese merchants in the Americas
o Italians in Argentina
The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of consequences and
reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and existing populations
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Due to physical nature of the labor in demand, most migrants were male, leaving women to take on new roles
Migrants often create ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world, which helped transplant their culture and
facilitate the development of migrant support networks
o Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean and South America and North America (CHINATOWN)
o Indians in east and southern Africa, Caribbean and Southeast Asia
o Organized crime networks/Mafias
Discrimination often led to policies aimed at reducing flow of new peoples across borders
o Chinese exclusion act
o White Australia Policy
Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900-Present (Modern Era)
Key Concept: Science and Environment
Researchers made rapid advances in the sciences throughout the world
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New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance
New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world
o The theory of relativity
o Quantum mechanics
o Big Bang Theory
o Psychology
The Green Revolution produced food for the rapidly growing population as it spread chemically and genetically
enhanced forms of agriculture
Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive
o Polio vaccine
o Antibiotics
o The artificial heart
Energy technologies including the use of oil and nuclear power raised productivity and increased the production
of material goods
As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with
the environment
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Humans exploited and compete over the earths finite resources
Global warming/climate change was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other
pollutants
Pollution threatened the world’s supply of potable water and clean air. Deforestation and desertification
escalated. Rates of species extinction also escalated
Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts
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Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to
human survival. In additional, lifestyle changes and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain
diseases
o Diseases associated with poverty:
 Malaria
 Tuberculosis
 Cholera
o Emergent epidemic diseases
 1918 influenza pandemic
 HIV/AIDS
 Ebola
o Diseases associated with lifestyle change:
 Diabetes
 Heart Disease
 Alzheimer’s
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More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and challenged traditional
gender roles
Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties
o Improved military technology
 Tanks
 Airplanes
 Atomic bomb
o New tactics:
 Trench warfare
 Firebombing
o Wartime Casualties:
 Nanjing
 Dresden
 Hiroshima
Concept: Global Conflicts and Their Consequences
Europe dominated global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic
empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end
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The older land-based Ottoman, Russian and Wing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and
external factors
o Economic hardship
o Political and social discontent
o Technological stagnation
o Military defeat
Some colonies negotiated their independence
o Indian from the British
o Gold Coast from the British
Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle
o Algeria and Vietnam from the French
o Angola from the Portuguese
Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states
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Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule
o Mohandas Gandhi
o Ho Chi Minh
o Kwame Nkrumah
Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule
o Muhammed Ali Jinnah
o The Quebecois separatist movement
o The Biafra secessionist movement
Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries
o Communism
o Pan-Arabism
o Pan-Africanism
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Movement to redistribute land and resources develop within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,
sometimes advocating socialism and communism
Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences
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The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements
o India/Pakistan partition
o Zionism Jewish settlement of Palestine
The division of the Middle East into mandatory States (Mandate System)
The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties
between the colony and the metropole even after dissolution of empire
o South Asians to Britain
o Algerians to France
o Filipinos to USA
The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in
refugee populations
o Ethnic violence/Genocide
 Armenia
 Holocaust
 Cambodia
 Rwanda
o Displacement of peoples
 Palestinians
 Darfurians
Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale
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World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies such as facism,
nationalism, and communism to mobilize all of their states resources (including peoples) both in home countries
and colonies.
o Gurkha soldiers in India
o Military conscription
The sources of global conflict varied
o Imperialism expansion of Europe and Japan
o Competition for resources
o Ethnic conflict
o Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany
o Nationalism ideologies
o Great Depression
Post-War balance of power shifted to USA and USSR and sparked the Cold War. Ideological struggle between
communism and capitalism begins.
The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and Warsaw Pact and promoted proxy wars in
Latin America, Africa and Asia
The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War
Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals, groups and states opposed this trend.
Some, however, intensified conflicts
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Groups challenged the many wars of the century and promoted the practice of nonviolence
o Picasso in his Guernica
o The antinuclear movement during the Cold War
o Thich Quang Duc by self-immolation (Buddhist monk on fire)
Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political and social orders
o Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong
o The Non-Aligned Movement
o The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa
o Participants in the global uprisings on 1968
o The Tiananmen Square protesters
Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified
with
o The promotion of military dictatorship in Chile, Spain, and Uganda
o The US promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War
o The buildup of “military industrial complex”
More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aim
o IRA
o ETA
o Al-Qaeda
Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture
o Dada
o James Bond
o Socialism Realism
o Video games
Concept: New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Culture
States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenge of the 20th Century
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In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies
o Five Year Plans
o Great Leap Forward
Originally, American and many European governments played a minimal role in the economy. Their involvement
in the economy increased.
o The New Deal
o Fascist corporatists economies
In the newly independent states after WWII, governments took on a strong role in guide economic life to
promote development
o Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
o The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia
At the end of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted
economic liberalization
o USA under Reagan
o Britain under Thatcher
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China under Deng Xiaoping
Chile under Pinochet
States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent
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New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and cooperation
o League of Nations
o United Nations
o International Criminal Court
New economic institutions sought to spread the principals and practices associated with free market economies
o International Monetary Fund
o World Bank
o World Trade Organization
Humanitarian organizations developed to respord to humanitarian crises around the world
o UNICEF
o Red Cross
o Amnesty International
o Doctors without Borders
o WHO
Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and
goods across borders
o European Union
o NAFTA
o ASEAN
Multinational Corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy
o Coca-Cola
o Sony
o Royal Dutch Shell
Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of
globalization
o Greenpeace
o Earth Day
People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and
religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions
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The notion of human rights spread throughout the world
o UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
o Women’s rights
o End of the While Australian Policy
Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities and
exclusionary reactions
o New identities: Negritude, African Nationalism
o Exclusionary reactions
 Xenophobia
 Race riots
 Citizenship restrictions
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Belivers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within
existing faiths and apply them to political issues
o New forms of spirituality
 New Age religions
 Hare Krishna
 Falun Gong
o Application of religion to political issues
 Fundamentalist movements
 Liberation theology
Popular and consumer culture became global
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Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations
o World Cup Soccer
o Olympics
o Cricket
Widespread diffusion of film and music
o Reggae
o Bollywood