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How altitude and latitude affect configuration of biomes in Southern Arizona and Central Oregon. Bryan Abbott, Undergrad, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. Email: [email protected] The purpose of this experiment is to show how altitude and latitude affects biomes. In this experiment I will be showing the difference in the altitude of two biomes that are found in Southern Arizona (about 32 degrees North) and in Central Oregon (about 44 degrees North). I will be using the plant native plants Pinus halepensis and Pinus ponderosa. Both of these plants are found in different Biomes. The Biomes that they are found in are the desert and the coniferous forest. The ratio of deference in altitude to latitude will allow us to predict where those biomes should be found at different latitudes. Key Words: Biome, Pine tree, Elevation, Altitude, Pinus halepensis, Pinus ponderosa, Coniferous forest, Desert Distribution and Variation of Species of Trees in Provo, Utah. Brianna M. Abilez, 783 N. 200 E. Apt. C, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. nature experience Abilez fall 2008.doc Abstract The purpose of this study was to observe and record the different species of trees of my surroundings. This consisted of around my apartment building, campus, and mostly, Provo Canyon. The study involved describing different trees, the changes they went through, their characteristics and their specified scientific name through research. I will focus on a few species to show a more focused subject, as well as comparing them to ones in another location, or ones of the same family. The different trees were observed and described by their varying characteristics and features. The variations are seen in the results and the changes over time with these trees are recorded and gone into detail in the discussion. Key Words: Trees, Characteristic changes, foliage, species, distribution Leaf Size and Effect of Exposure to Sound C. Kristopher Alder, 1115 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]. Abstract The goal of this study twaso determine what effect, if any, regular exposure to sound has on the growth of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Several samples of grass were selected in the Provo area and exposed to an audio recording many times over the course of two weeks. Their growth was measured and recorded every few days. Comparisons were made between plants exposed to sound, and those left unexposed (Parsons, 1968). Keywords: grass, sound, cynodon, leaf size, growth. Habitats of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) through Stream Alteration in Parley’s Canyon: Park City, Utah, USA Allison Anderson, 1340 North Freedom Blvd. Apt. 335, Provo, Utah, 84064 Email: allison7741@comcast. Abstract Like humans, beavers (Castor canadensis) have the capacity to drastically modify their surrounding landscape. When available, beavers create habitats by burrowing into nearby lakes and river banks. However when such resources do not exist, the beaver may transform an ecosystem into a suitable environment by changing stream morphology through building dams and lodges. At my family cabin located at the summit of Parley’s Canyon there are two separate beaver ponds, one located at a higher elevation than the other. Observations conducted at the individual ponds may reveal the processes beavers use to transform the local terrain into a functional habitat. Site surroundings, stream depth and gradient, air and water temperature, along with local vegetation and various populations, determine the presence of beaver lodges. Keywords: Castor canadensis, beaver, habitats, transform, dams, streams, Parley’s Canyon, ponds, processes Fall Foliage—What and Why? Katherine Anderson [email protected] Abstract I have always had an interest in leaves during the fall. For my Nature Experience I decided to study the leaves that were changing color in the mountains. I saw many beautiful colors and varying types of leaves. This lead me to do research on why leaves change color, which leaves seem to change first, and what colors certain leaves become. keywords: trees, leaves, winter The Secrets of Spider’s Cobweb in Provo, Utah, USA Seung Woo Baek, 329 East 1250 North, Orem, Utah 84057. Email: [email protected] Abstract: It would seem that the spiders are catching their prey, so easily, by weaving cobwebs. This is because the prey, such as crickets and dragonflies, would be entangled with the web by themselves. However, I discovered some advantages and impedimental factors on the usage of the web by observing the spiders’ behavior. Surprisingly, the spiders had to do some exhausting work daily to maintain the viscosity of thread. I found that they had to remove all the dewdrops every morning and remodel their webs frequently to maximize the number of preys they catch. Additionally, they had a skill to attract more insects by building the web that could reflect the specific intensity level of ultraviolet light toward the insects. This experiment was conducted in several parks in Provo where I could find the spiders. I took several interesting photographs to show the detail of their daily movements. The cobweb has a mystique although it looks plain to me. Keywords: Spider, Cobweb, Viscosity of thread, Prey, Dewdrops, Ultraviolet light. The eating habits of birds and how it is affected by the environment in the Provo Canyon Megan Bailey, 692 W. 1850 N., Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to observe the eating habits and diet of birds native to Utah and evaluate how it was affected by the surrounding environment. Many birds’ diets consist of living prey, and it is common for birds to eat insects, worms, fish, etc. However it must be noted that birds consume many different varieties of food. This study was meant to present observations on these different varieties and which are most desirable among birds. Throughout this study five different food types were observed. These food types being, birdseed, bread crumbs, peanut butter, jam, and fresh fruit. They were put in separate dishes and then placed at the mouth of Provo Rock Canyon. The amounts of food were weighed before they were placed in the canyon and every four hours afterward. The dishes of food were placed in the canyon on three different days. After three days of observation, all the data was collected. It was then analyzed with the objective to discover which was most desirable among the birds in the Provo Canyon. After three days I observed that the birdseed, and the bread crumbs were vastly more favored among the birds in Provo Rock Canyon. They consistently had the most eaten. Bringing me to the conclusion that granivorous birds are most present in the Provo Canyon, and that birdseed would generally be a good way to attract birds. Key Words: Aves, diet, insectivorous, granivorous The Attraction of Light to Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera) Courtney Baker, 701 N 500 W #212, Provo, Utah 84601. [email protected] Abstract I discovered the reason that moths are attracted to light and whether they gain any benefits from exposure to such light. I investigated whether moths are attracted to all types of light and if they are preferable to some lights over others. I tested their preference and sensitivity to a “regular” incandescent 60 watt light bulb and a 60 watt ultraviolet “black light.” The ultraviolet “black light” attracted an average of 11 moths compared to the average of 6 moths that the incandescent bulb attracted, proving that the ultraviolet lights. I researched where moths go during the day since they are almost always seen at night. Key words: light attraction, incandescent light bulb, ultraviolet light bulb, moth Indigenous versus Invasive Plant Species in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Karissa Baker, 49 Fox Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:[email protected] Abstract The invasion and establishment of alien plant species can have numerous adverse affects on a community, the most common of which is the eradication of native species through completion for resources. Alien species often follow human migratory patterns. For example, the colonization of the Americas brought many European plant species into the New World. Later, the emigration of the Mormon pioneers to Utah brought several new crops, trees and weedy species to Utah, many of which have become firmly established in the region’s environment. In this study, I designated a random 1 meter study area in each of two different locations and marked it off with a string boundary. I then examined and identified each of the plant species in the study area. The two study areas were Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah, and the bank of the Provo River in Canyon Glen Park, in Provo Canyon. In the Rock Canyon study area I found five native species, one non-native species, and two unidentified plants. In the Provo River study area, I found one native species, three non-native species, and three unidentified plants. The nonnative species found in these sites possessed many traits proven to increase invasive success in plants. Some of these traits included favorable growth patterns and methods of seed dispersal. Keywords: Rock Canyon Park; Provo River; invasive species; native species The result of wildfire on the solubility of soils near Draper, Utah Brett Bardsley, PO Box 7253, Univ. Station, Provo, UT 84602 Email: [email protected] Abstract Many studies have confirmed that, depending on the duration and intensity of a brush fire, specific elements are sent to the atmosphere and the physical properties of soil are changed. Nevertheless, there has been little research conducted on how such variables affect the water solubility of soil found in the Wasatch Front. After seeing the rapid regeneration of plant life after a 200-acre wildfire burned through the Wasatch National Forest east of Draper, Utah on August 29, 2008, I was interested in learning how the solubility of the soil could have helped with the regeneration and why there was so little runoff during the heavy rains that occurred just weeks after the fire. For this purpose, I conducted an experiment to test how the fire affected the solubility of the mountain’s soil. Multiple soil samples were taken from both burned and unburned locations on the mountain. The samples were then measured to find differences in weight and water solubility. The resulting data was then used to find trends in solubility. The analysis of the data showed that the soil taken from the burned locations of the mountain were lighter and more water soluble. Keywords: brush fire, Wasatch Front, solubility, soil, water, Draper, Utah, runoff, burn The Changing Leaves of the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelli) trees in Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah, as a Result of Temperature. Kathryn Eleanor Barker, 52 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Deciduous trees have leaves that change in the fall and eventually shed for the winter. In this study, the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelli) of Rock Canyon Park in Provo, Utah was studied. There are many factors which contribute to how fast a deciduous tree's leaves change, but the one focused on in this study was how temperature affected the rate of change on the Gambel Oak. As the temperature of Rock Canyon gradually got cooler, the amount of leaves changed over a week was observed over the course of four weeks. A scatter plot was created and a line of best fit was calculated to examine the correlation between temperature and the rate of change. This tree was identified by taking pictures, examining the leaves, and then searching through A Guide to the Trees of Utah and the Intermountain West by Michael Kuhns. Key Words: Gambel Oak, Quercus gambelli, Rock Canyon, deciduous, leaves, colors The internal survival mechanism of the earthworms Aporrectodea longa Lindsay M. Bean, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. [email protected] Abstract The choice of an earthworm’s domestic soil seems to be a purposeful one. A worm will be able to reasonably live in most soiled environments, however, they lean (or wiggle) towards those that give them the most strength. This will probably be because of their natural inclination towards survival. The earthworms, under the phylum of annelids, will first be identified as the earthworm Aporrectodea longa. Then the moistness of the earth and the already existent activity of the earthworms will be taken into account. Each will then be placed in this same earth they were founded in, but in an isolated container. Although this must include tampering by the experimenter, this will allow these said earthworms to then be observed over a period of 14 days, or two weeks. Approximated time spent in each environment will be plotted. This experiment will be a step towards answering the question of whether or not the earthworm will be able to internally find the moister soil. Keywords: Soil, Earthworms, Aporrectodea longa, moisture, survival Attraction of insects to certain types and intensities of light and its application in providing desirable outdoor experiences: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Dereksen R. Beck, 1340 N. Freedom Blvd. #208, Provo, Utah 84604 Email. [email protected] Abstract Moths and many other flying insects are positively phototactic, and usually move towards light. This could be useful perhaps for navigation, or a natural reaction to move away from the ground if disturbed. Also, different organisms are attracted to different light intensities. Moths are attracted to moonlight, but not sunlight (Staude 2007). Seeing as numerous flying insects are attracted to light, the purpose of this experiment is to learn which types of insects are attracted to which types and intensities of light. Studies, taking place in Provo canyon at night, will include the positioning and careful observation of different types of light and different intensities, such as halogen, incandescent and fluorescent. Using the results and the observation of the efficacy of different wattages of light used to illuminate an outdoor setting, a conclusion can be made regarding the type of light used and the necessary intensity. The final goal is to elect the proper ratio of bulb wattage to insects attracted in order to create a desirable, efficient outdoor environment. Keywords: insects, moths, attraction to light, positive phototaxis, fluorescent lighting Cocos nucifera and how it’s influenced by different geographical regions Paola Becker, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose for my nature experience was to see the physical differences in palm trees, more specifically cocos nucifera, that grew in El Salvador. I wanted to see if there were major differences in the size and color of cocos nucifera that grew within the city of San Miguel and those that grew in the beach just south of the city called Cuco. My hypothesis before starting was that the palm trees in the city would be smaller and darker than the ones found in the beach due to the lack of sunlight and available nutrients in the soil. Daily observations were made for 10 days in both locations and the results ended up being very close to my predictions. Keywords: Palm Trees, Cocos Nucifera, El Salvador, San Miguel, Cuco, The Effect of Altitude on the Weight and Density of Insects Within a Small Altitude Range Brandon Beeks, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Pleasant Grove, Utah 84062. Email: [email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. beeksbNE2008.docx Abstract Rapoport’s rule states that the abundance and diversity of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower latitudes, than at higher latitudes. In 1992 Stevens found evidence to expand this rule to say that changes in altitude also affect the abundance and diversity of plants and animals. The purpose of this study is to see if this hypothesis holds true for insects as well. The total amount (based on weight) and range in diversity of insects (based on number of insects) at different altitudes levels within Utah Valley is observed. Three bug traps for non-flying insects were set at three separate altitudes. The contents collected from the traps show that there is a increase in insect weight with and increase altitude. They also show that there is a decrease in the number of insects with the increase in altitude. The results provide evidence that Rapoport's rule does not apply to insect weight at smaller ranges of altitude change. It does however apply to insect diversity at smaller ranges of altitude change. Keywords: Rapoport's Rule, Insect Diversity, Altitude, Bio-Diversity, and Non-Flying Insects The Effect of Water Content and Elevation and The Role It Plays on The Diversity of Plant Life In SouthFork Canyon, Utah, USA Chad Bennett, 3145 N Canyon Rd. Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Water is essential for life. It is the compound of two of the most important elements in this world; every living thing uses it and every living creature would die without it. But studies have shown that water does a lot more than just sustain life; it plays major roles in Bio-diversity, allowing some organisms to flourish while others waste away. In fact, water can contribute to diversity by “the cycling of mineral nutrients [which] is one of the most important processes occurring in the forest ecosystems” (Rentch, Hicks, 2002). This was tested by examining the diversity of plants within the belt transect format; three elevations were selected at random and within those three elevations two, four square meter plots were tested for their diversity of plant life. Each elevation had a site located directly at the bank of the river, and then a second test plot ten meters from the river. Although there were measurable differences between the plots the variance was less than expected. The plot at an elevation of 6301 ft. by the stream had the greatest diversity with the identification of nine different kinds of plants, Senecio pauciflorus (Rayless Alpine Groundsel) being the most common of the nine. But the area with the second greatest amount of variation was 5720ft. by the stream where there were six different species found there. Key words: Elevation, bio-diversity, Senecio pauiflorus Patterns and Factors that Influence Leaf Pigmentation Change in Acer campestre, Pyrus calleryana, and Ulmus americana Sam Bernhisel, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The goal of my nature experience was to determine if there was a general trend in leaves off the same tree in the way they lost their green pigmentation and also to determine the effect, if any, that the amount of direct sunlight a tree received had on this process. Observations were carried out on three trees, all of different species, around the BYU campus. Data was collected twice a week throughout the month of November 2008 on three species of trees: an american elm Ulmus americana, a Hedge maple Acer campestre, and a Bradford Pear tree Pyrus calleryana. Information including a rough estimate on what percentage of the tree’s leaves had changed color, general patterns in which leaves turned from green to purple, yellow, and other colors was collected. The process of a tree losing its green pigmentation, commonly called autumn colors, is caused by a decrease in chlorophyll production by the leaf in response to cold temperatures allowing other pigments such as carotene, xanthophyll, and anthocyanin to become visible. Some of the conclusions of my observation were that the outer most extremities of the the leaf were the first to lose chlorophyll and change from being green as well as that the amount of direct sunlight received by a tree did have a noteworthy effect in determining the rate at which leaves lose pigmentation. Keywords- pigmentation; sunlight; pattern; chlorophyll, carotene Aspen tree Reproduction myleka Bevans-White, [email protected] Abstract I am studing how Aspen Trees Sexually and Asexually reproduce and how effective each method is. The trees I decided to study were the; Populus tremuloides or Quaking American Aspen, and the populus tremula or Aspen or European Aspen. I decided to go with the most common trees to Provo Canyon, to examine what makes their disruption of seeds more efficient in Utah's climate. I am also examing their Asexual Reproduction due to the fact that Aspens tend to colon themselves through expansive root systems containing thousands of sprouts or "suckers" all really the same tree. These large bodies of trees then are usually all one sex and unable to sexually reproduce for lack of another gender. I am studing how this benifts and hurts the Aspen trees survival and growth. Key Words: Aspen, Repoduction, Root system, Asexual, Sexual, Seeds The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllus assimilis) Chirping in Rock Canyon: Provo, UT U.S.A. Janine R. Bird, 555 North 500 East Apt. 24, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract The frequency of cricket (Gryllus assimilis) chirping varies immensely from one climate to another. Research has shown that crickets are more likely to chirp depending on variables within their surroundings. To gain a better understanding as to which factors affect a cricket’s vocal activity with greater magnitude than others, I decided to observe cricket liveliness in Rock Canyon. There, I recorded and analyzed native cricket chirping on a daily basis for a total of three weeks. Weather variations were especially taken into account, namely, temperature and precipitation. Using table charts and graphs, the collected data reveals that cricket chirping increases linearly with higher temperatures. Key words: Crickets, temperature, precipitation, stridulation, average Use of Visual Cues in Helping Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to Navigate to and from Food Sources Pete A. Bird, 375 West 1720 North Apt. 114, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the methods used by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to navigate to and from food sources. More specifically, I evaluated how ants store visual cues from their surroundings to remember where food sources are located. Experiments were conducted that measured an ants ability to relocate a source of food solely based on recurring visual elements. In this experiment a solid white floor and a solid black wall were used. The evaluations showed how ants do, indeed, commit a visual image of their surroundings when they locate a source of food. They are then able to recall this information as they attempt to locate the food source. A second experiment was then conducted to test the ants' ability to navigate from the food source back to their home based on the same visual cues. Data gathered from the experiment affirmed the hypotheses that ants are able to commit to memory these images and recall them in order to both locate previously discovered food sources and return home. Keywords: Formicidae, ants, visual, navigate, food, image. Effectiveness of Five Pan-trap Colors Determined by Number of Insects Each Color Collects Lynette Blunck, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the traditional pan-trap colors (yellow, blue, and white) to the effectiveness of pink and green pan-traps in attracting insects. The hypothesis that the descending order of pan-trap effectiveness by color would be yellow; blue; white; pink; and green, was tested. Sets of the five specified pan-trap colors were set out in three different locations in Rock Canyon Park. After these sets of pan-traps collected insects, the results of the number of insects each trap color collected was analyzed and will be discussed. The hypothesis regarding pan-trap color effectiveness in collecting insects was partially seen in the results. Keywords: insect sampling, pan-trapping, color. Behavioral Changes of Earthworms (phylum annelid) as a result of changes in their environment. Jonathan R. Boren, 1340 N Freedom Blvd. #418, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to understand the behavioral changes in worms as their environment is effected by large amounts of precipitation. Its common knowledge that after heavy rainfall earthworms can be found on the pavement or sidewalks. This study was conducted to try to understand the reason for the worms leaving their burrows and moving to the surface of the soil and sometimes to the pavement. Heavy rainfall was simulated and the results were recorded. The data was inconclusive and did not support the hypothesis that the reason for the movement from the burrow to the surface is because of a lack of oxygen beneath the surface and sometimes on the surface of the soil. Keywords: Phylum annelid, worm grunter, rooping iron, habitat Eating Preferences of Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrynchos) When Presented with a Choice of Breadcrumbs, Feeder Fish, or Cracked Corn. Kelsey Brems, Biology 100, 761 E. 820 N. #226 , Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Anas platyrynchos, more commonly known as the mallard duck, is found across the world in or near sources of water. In their natural habitat, the mallard duck generally feeds on plant life and sources of protein when living as wildlife unless given opportunity to feed from humans. This experiment is to test which type of food mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) prefer when given a choice while living in their natural habitat. I wanted to experiment and find out what type of food mallard ducks would prefer when given the option of three different types of food that would be readily available to them, which in turn removes the hunting and foraging aspect of their feeding, leaving simply the duck's choice. The test sample, eight ducks at Fanno Creek located in Tigard, Oregon, was given an option between feeding fish, breadcrumbs, or cracked corn all available to them in the same area. The data that I will find will determine what type of food these mallard ducks prefer in their diet. Based on the averages collected from the experiments conducted, the breadcrumbs were preferred the most among the mallard ducks as the primary source of their diet. Keywords: Anas platyrynchos, mallard ducks, grain, breadcrumbs, cracked corn, protein, feeding fish. Comparing Mountain Plant Life on Northern and Southern Facing Slopes in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Mitchell M. Brower, 133 Snow Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to see the difference of plant life between northern and southern facing slopes. The difference between the two is the amount of sun exposure each one gets during the day. The north and south facing slopes of Rock Canyon provided a perfect place to carry out my experiment. North facing slopes have higher soil water content than south facing because north facing are blocked from the sun most of the day. I observed the two slopes to visually see the difference in plant life and decided to measure the water content in the soil on both sides to prove that the south facing slope is drier. I found that the north facing slope did have higher soil water content. The plant life on the north facing slope was more diverse and abundant than the south facing. My studies agreed with the studies previously done. Keywords: North facing slope, south facing slope, sun exposure, soil water content, plant life, scrub oak (Quercus gambelii), diverse, abundant. Variations in Spider Web Designs in Relation to Height from the Ground near Ogden River, Ogden, Utah, U.S.A. Kimberly Brown 669 E. 800 N. #S109 Provo, UT 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract Many spiders (of the order Araneae) build webs of various sizes to catch their prey. The variation of web design is likely to be dependent on the species of spider and the vegetation that the webs are constructed around, but the web designs also vary in relation to the height they are from the ground. Observations and data were collected in Ogden Canyon, near Ogden River, of the different spider webs found in areas near and far from the river’s edge. A correlation was found between the height and the pattern of the spider web, but the correlation is most likely due to the variations in vegetation available to be used for web-building at different heights. Record was taken of the height each web was from the ground as well as detailed notes and sketches of the web. A graph is included to display the findings of web patterns compared to the height the web hangs from the ground. Keywords Spider web, web pattern, web design, web structure, vegetation, Araneae, Ogden, Utah The Onset of Hibernation in the Mountains near Provo, Utah Shana E. Brown 832 E 820 N Provo, UT 84606 email: [email protected] Abstract: This study was to show how the onset of winter triggers hibernation in animals. As animals enter their state of hibernation, they gradually disappear from their active lifestyle above ground. A study was conducted in Provo Canyon, watching how gradually it is that these organisms went into hibernation. Once a week for three consecutive weeks, predetermined organisms were counted and recorded. Data was collected specifically on ants, gnats, mites, and mice. The temperature and weather were also recorded those days that data was collected. The data collected showed that as the temperature drops, as the habitat changes, organisms gradually became less prevalent in the area as they settled down to hibernate for the winter. I saw at least one of these organisms the first time I collected data, and the last time I counted I did not see any organisms from any of these species. It can be concluded from this study that organisms gradually go into hibernation as the temperature and weather becomes colder and less helpful for food sources to produce. Key Words: mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), mite (Trombicula alfreddugesi), ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus), gnat (Bradysia coprophila), hibernation, torpor, diapause, temperature, change of seasons The effects of natural sunlight and air exposure on a Dracaena Marginata, as opposed to shade and protection from other plants.(Plant: Liliaceae) Esther Cabrera, Student of Brigham Young University . Provo , Utah 84604 . [email protected] Abstract I purchased a Dracaena Marginata plant recently and placed it inside of my dorm room. Instead of testing the difference between the plant while being outside versus inside, I decided to take the plant outside. I observed the plant in the pot and also out of the pot in actual soil among the other plants. This experiment was conducted outside of Taylor Hall in Helaman Halls. There is an area where other plants and bushes are planted. I recorded the results of the Dracaena inside the protection of the pot while watering it one cup everyday. Than a week later I removed the plant from the pot and planted it amongst the landscaping and observed it for a week. The results were uniform. The plant had not changed much from the soil to the pot. I researched about the Dracaena and discovered that the plant can be equally grown in a populated area or simply in a pot of its own. Keywords: observation, replanting, consistency Prey Interception in Webs of Orb-weaving Spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Neal Call, 1441 Cherry Circle, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The interception of prey within an orb spider’s (Araneae: Araneoidea) web is strongly determined by the mesh width, or space between threads on the web, but the probability of prey contacting the web is not clear in the current literature. I hypothesized that the chance of an insect contacting a web would increase the closer it is to the center of the web, but did not know by how much the chance would increase. I conducted observations at three locations near the Provo River in Provo Canyon, Utah. In this observational study, careful measurement of orb web architecture cross-referenced with wing-span size of prey allowed statistical calculation of the probability of different sizes of prey contacting web filaments at different points on an orb-web, assuming that they fly through the space a web occupies. I plotted wingspan/profile size against the percent chance of contacting orb-webs. Results showed that the chance of prey contacting the web is higher near the center of the web than near the outside edges, and that webs with smaller mesh width are more likely to catch insects of various sizes. Keywords: Araneae: Araneoidea; orb-weaving spiders; prey interception; wingspan; mesh width Nature Experience: Correlation between tree bark thickness and tree height Ashley N. Campbell Biology 101 215 E Richards Hall Provo UT, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between the thickness of tree bark for different tree species and average height that the specific species grows. Three trees were identified for this observation Acer grandidentatum, Quercus macrucarpa, and Pinus resinosa. The thickness of each tree’s bark was measured and compared to the average height of the corresponding tree. I hypothesized that the thicker the bark of a tree the taller that tree would be. However, according to my findings, based off the data from the above three trees, it was found that there is a negative correlation between tree bark thickness and tree height. In simpler terms, the thicker the bark of the tree the shorter the tree will be. Keywords: canyon maple, red pine, burr oak, correlation Influence of Temperature on the Aquatic Life in Utah Lake: Provo, Utah Marissa Campbell, 300 N 185 E Apt. 15 Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Plankton are the base of every freshwater food web, and give rise to the amount and diversity of life found in freshwater habitats. Thermal conditions can significantly influence the composition and properties of plankton communities. The plankton communities can be affected to such a degree that there could be alterations in the food web that shift the balance and types of plankton which then affect the composition of other organisms in the habitat. The metabolism and production of new plankton are affected by sunlight, and temperature. Samples were extracted from Utah Lake for analysis. Multiple samples were taken, each at a different temperature, that were then examined with a microscope. A small amount of the sample was then systematically searched for number of aquatic life forms. This data was recorded and then plotted to find the relation between temperature and amount of life. The trend in the graph shows that there is a direct relationship between decreasing temperature and the amount of life. This result tells us that the aquatic life in Utah Lake is similar to the life in lakes that were found in other studies. The condition of Utah Lake has not yet severely altered the plankton’s response to temperature. Key words: Temperature; plankton; aquatic life; Utah Lake; Freshwater habitat Influence of weather, specifically sunlight, rain clouds and perhaps snow, on different species of spiders living in the same environment together found at Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Isaac Carr, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The behavior of spiders is influenced and affected by many things ranging from temperature, food and water to what species of spider. However, perhaps more important is what other prey (animals for the spiders to eat) are nearby, for after all, all are predatory. Spiders live in most parts of the world except cold regions (Bastyra, Watts, Henwood, 2004). But experiments and more research must be conducted to determine, what is the affect of weather, on different species of spiders. Whether or not they will become more agile or it will cause them to become weaker because of the rain or sun. Or rather will the more sunlight or rain have no affect on the spiders at all, positive or negative? Data and statistics will be gathered to show which species of spiders were affected and which were not. Flower Attraction of Bees in the State of Utah. Hillary Chamberlain, 1340 N. Freedom Blvd. #342 Provo, UT 84604 Email:[email protected] Abstract The attraction to flowers by bees is due to floral signals such as color and scent, but research and study has to be done to show that this attraction is present and not due to other causes or coincidence. A study of bees on a random sample of flowers will be done to watch their interaction with the flowers. The same set of flowers will be watched and the bees will be counted on each different type of flower in the garden. The time that the bee spends on the flower will also be watched. This will be done multiple times to get an accurate conclusion. This will help to find if bees are attracted to a certain type of flower, color, smell, or a combination of both. Key Words: flowers, color, scent, bees, attraction. Anas Platyrhynchos (mallard duck) sights and similarities in different areas of the US that relate back to either dance or psychology Michelle Christensen, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract While walking around campus at the beginning of the semester, I saw a duck pond that had many ducks both swimming in the water and also walking around the pond in groups. I noticed that the ducks sometimes formed straight lines with one another. I decided I would see if the ducks had dance-like technique by using space, time and energy when they would swim or walk with one another. I also wanted to be able to see how similar ducks and people are in the sense of having inborn traits within them, such as the ducks following a specific leader. I also wanted to see if the weather affected the outcome of their technique to wander together in groups, or lines. I wanted to observe in both rain and shine as well as different parts of the country. I seemed to believe that the weather wouldn’t have that much of an effect on how clustered or straight their groups would move on land and in the water. Key words Mallard ducks, dance, movement, space, grouping, line, weather Behavior and Travel Patterns of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Northern Utah: Bothwell, Utah, U.S.A. Keagan M. Christensen, 2170 North 154 West Apt. 415, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The behaviors and travel patterns of mule deer are affected by weather conditions. They say that in Utah the rut or breeding period starts in Mid-November (Wallmo, 1978) but nobody can really answer a few important questions such as: At what temperature is the rut activated? What time of the year does the rut really start going strong? When do the larger bucks start joining herds of does and fawns? I have started monitoring deer in an area with a very strong population of deer. This ranch is in northern Utah near Bothwell, it is 2200 acres and the current population density of deer on the ranch is about 44 per square mile. Estimates put the overall population base at about 150 animals. As the rut is going to be occurring within about the next two-three weeks I will be monitoring behavior of the deer pre-rut during the rut and after the rut. Travel patterns, mating habits, herd size and when the larger bucks join the herds will be monitored very closely. Keywords: Rut, Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, Travel Size’s (both height and trunk width) effect on leaf color change and leaf dropping of narrow-leaf poplar (Salix angustifolia) trees in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Ryan C. Christensen, 896 North 910 East, Orem, Utah, 84097 Email: [email protected] Abstract The changing of leaf color in the fall provides great opportunities to enjoy the beauty of the surrounding canyons. The changing of a leaf’s color and when the leaf falls off the tree are part of leaf senescence, or dying off. Several studies have researched temperature and CO2’s affect on the time of leaf senescence. Currently, no studies have been presented on size’s (both height and trunk width) effect on leaf senescence. The observation study focused on three narrow-leaf poplar (Salix angustifolia) trees located in Provo Canyon near Provo, Utah. The three trees ranged from 13.5” x 32’ (width (inches) x height (feet)) to 27” x 60’. Pictures were compared on three different dates using Adobe Illustrator computer software. The results showed no difference in the time of leaf changing color and falling off of the tree. Therefore, size plays no critical role in leaf senescence among the narrow-leaf poplar. Keywords: Senescence Average size of White Bass (Morone Chrysops) taken from Utah Lake. Sean R. Chung, Brigham Young University, 674 E 300 N Provo, UT 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract There is a diverse scale of living organisms in the Utah Lake. There is also a large population of people who enjoy fishing. There are many laws created in the state of Utah in order to regulate size and number of fishes taken from its waters. However, the white bass or morone chrysops has no legal size requirements. There is also no limit to the amount of white bass taken in a single day. The question of whether or not the white bass taken from Utah Lake follow the average of those taken across the country is being addressed. 66 white bass were drawn from the lake and were measured. The average size was 21.7 cm with 28 cm being the maximum size and minimum being 19.5 cm. Keywords: white bass, size, Utah Lake, Abundance of Sorbus scopulina and Sambucus melanocarpa berries and fruits and their attractiveness to birds MeChel M. Clark, 374N Main St, Orem, Utah 84057 Email: [email protected] Abstract In Provo Canyon, Utah County, and Millcreek Canyon, Salt Lake Canyon, Western mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina) and Black/purple Elderberry (Sambucus melanocarpa) shrubs can easily be identified. However, the Western mountain-ash shrubs and the redorange fruits are more abundant. It was thought that Western mountain-ash was less disturbed by the bird population, therefore its fruits and the shrubs in general were more plentiful. Four days were spent in the two locations sited above observing which shrubs the local birds preferred to rest on and consume the fruits. While it was found that the purplish-black berries of the elderberry shrubs (63%) were consumed more by the birds than the red-orange fruits of the mountain-ash (37%) the difference is not significant and there is insufficient evidence to state that the birds are the cause of the abundance of mountain-ash fruits. Keywords: Sorbus, mountain-ash, Sambucus, elderberry, shrubs, fruit-eating birds, seeds Differences in plant growth of the Yellow Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) based on its growing environment in Davis County, Utah, USA. Kristyn Clark, 222 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The area in which the Yellow Rabbitbrush grows will have an effect on its size, shape, how far closely it is located to other plants of its species and the amount of leaves and flowers that are on each plant. A plant that is in the more arid climate of the mountains will need to be more durable and able to grow with limited water. This could cause the plant to be smaller in size but also more durable. In contrast the same species of plant found in an area like a pond or lake would likely be larger in size and have a fuller shape. The location has an effect on the plant’s growth and spacing as well as factors such as the number of leaves and flowers and the position of these items on the plant. Keywords spacing, Diversity Among Tree Leaves Based on Elevation and Rain Fall in the Alpine Loop Tara J. Cookson, 3221 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to find and understand the affect that elevation and rain fall have on leaf diversity among the trees in the Alpine Loop, Utah, U.S.. The Alpine Loop was chosen because of its great diversity among plants and also the constant change in elevation. Two different areas of the Alpine Loop were chosen, a lower-elevated area and a higher elevated-area. Maple and Oak trees were most common in the lowerelevated area while aspen trees were most common in the higher-elevated areas. Both elevations produced trees with drip tip leaves. In the valleys of the mountains (lowestelevated area), the pine tree is most common. These trees do not have drip-tips and survive better in dryer soil or soil that drains water quickly. Elevation of each area was recorded and photographs were taken of each tree type found in those areas. Through my observations, the amount of rainfall and the elevation combined affect the leaf type among trees in the Alpine Loop. Keywords: Alpine Loop, higher-elevated area, lower-elevated area, lowest-elevated area, oak, maple, aspen, pine, rainfall, drip tip. Research to Determine if Insects Have Parallel Hunger Cravings to Humans. Provo, UTAH, U.S.A Larissa Cox, 2102 N. 170 W. Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: This experiment was organized to observe if insects of all sorts had parallel hunger cravings to those of humans. I wanted to determine if insects also craved breakfast at the same time we craved breakfast, or lunch at the same time we craved lunch, etc. I used food samples of three separate food categories (breakfast, cereal; lunch, peanut-butter and jelly sandwich; dinner; pasta) and placed them near the bank of a river. Then I checked on them at eight in the morning, at noon, and again at six at night, and recorded how many insects were on each food sample at the given time. After this observation was made, no correlation was found between the insects hunger cravings to that of our own. Keywords: hunger, prey, insects (ground dwelling and predatory) The effect of temperature and weather changes on Rock Canyon bird population. David Crall, 143 W. 2060 N. Apt 209, Provo, UT 84604, [email protected] Abstract I observed the bird population of Provo's Rock Canyon between the times of 10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. every other saturday starting September 20 and ending November 15 to discover whether or not temperature and weather changes in the area affected the activity level and number of birds. I purchased a hopper bird feeder and filled it with black oil sunflower seeds as I was told by the storekeeper that feed is known to be highly attractive to birds around the Provo area. I counted the number of birds that came within 10 feet of the feeder that I hung on a tree on the outskirts of the park. My observations support my hypothesis that there is a higher frequency of birds on warm days with clear skies. Keywords: bird population, Rock Canyon, frequency The Effects of Moisture and Mulch on the Foraging Activity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, USA Devin M. Curry, 1565 N. University Ave. Apt. 125, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Many studies have been done to try to determine what affects the foraging activity of ants (Formicidae). Finding what deters foraging activity would make it possible to reduce crop damage and other destruction caused by Formicidae. While many studies have shown little effect in deterring foraging activity, more study needs to be performed in relation to how mulch, and the moisture of mulch affects foraging activity. In this study, both dry and moistened mulch were placed under sources of sugar. The number of ants at each food source was counted. Results showed that while the initial number of Formicidae was fewer on the mulch food sources, the final number on each food source was similar. Key Words: Formicidae, ants, foraging, mulch, moisture Fresh Water Organisms’ Susceptibility to Temperature Variation in Utah County, U.S.A. Amber R. D’Agostini, 1135 West 1100 North, Orem, Utah 84057 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to see the susceptibility of fresh water organisms to temperature change in their environments. A sample of fresh water, which contained planktonic diatoms, was taken from the inlet of the Jordan River in Saratoga Springs, UT, then taken back to a lab were it was split into three separate samples. One sample was heated, one cooled and the third remained the same as a standard. The activity level of the diatoms was recorded at every five degree increment change from the original sample. The findings confirmed that planktonic diatoms are effected by changes in their environment’s temperature level but not until the water gets considerably hot. It was also observed that the activity level of the diatoms does not decrease gradually as its environment changes but instead ceases all activity quickly at a certain degree. Keywords: Temperature Variation, Planktonic Diatoms, Fresh Water, Climate Change, Dissolved Oxygen Water Temperature and Its Affect on Duck Migration Alicia Davis, 1565 N University Ave Apt. 119, Provo, UT 84604, email: [email protected] Abstract: The Purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between duck migration and water temperature. I studied the relationship of water temperature and duck migration by weekly observing and recording the number of ducks at Utah Lake and the average water temperature. In order to determine the Lake’s average temperature, using a thermometer, I observed where the ducks mostly congregated and took two water temperature samples in that area of the Lake. From these two temperatures, I calculated the average temperature. I calculated migration by counting the number of ducks in the lake and comparing the changes over a 5-week period. I measured water temperature and counted duck density once a week for five weeks. Based on my results there is little or no relationship between the water temperature of Utah Lake and the migration of the local ducks. Key Words: duck migration, temperature, habitat. Water Purity in Relationship to the Altitude and amount of algae in American Fork Canyon: American Fork, Utah, U.S.A. Brian W. Davis, 900 East, Heritage Halls, Snow Hall, Apt. 131 Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract The Purity in water varies as it travels downstream in a river. Experiments were done in American Fork canyon testing the river at four various altitudes and one pond test for its water purity in the forms of its electrical conductivity (EC) and the amount of algae per rock; Algae being part of the algal group, being a polyphyletic with many different scientific classifications. (P. Gualtieri 2005) The water was tested at various altitudes by using an (EC) tester and by using an altimider to know of the altitude of the river and pond being tested. I also did visual estimates of the amount of algae per rock in each area. This experiment was able to show how great an influence the altitude or distance from the source of a river has on water purity. The results showing an increase of salts and ions in the water as it went downstream with a 358 (EC) rating at an altitude of 1,850 meters above sea level, and a 506 (EC) rating at 1,600 meters. The pond test did not follow the river results and was calculated with a 350 (EC) rating at an altitude of 1,820 meters. The amount of algae per rock increased as it went downstream with an average of 18% of each rock being covered by algae at 1,850, and an average of 38% of each rock being covered at 1,600 meters. The pond once again did not follow river results and stuck out with an average of 79% of each rock being covered by algae. The algae results might be slightly inconsistent due to different variables such as amount of sun light, flow of stream, and position of the rock. Keywords: Electrical conductivity, water purity, algae, American Fork Canyon. Morning Feeding Habits and Behaviors of Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) in Utah County Ciera E. Davis, 420 East 600 North, Provo, Utah. Email: [email protected] Abstract The feeding, foraging and eating habits of Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) is documented in areas around the United States, primarily in areas where they breed. Documentation of the diet of western populations of this gull is available but it is not specific to their eating habits in Utah County. Observations of early morning feeding habits and behaviors will be examined in adult Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in Utah County. Observations began in October 2008 and concluded on November 29, 2008. Observation sites included (1) two fields around Brigham Young University Campus, the outdoor track field and the outdoor baseball field, (2) three farm fields in west Provo (3) various parking lots around fast food restaurants, Brigham Young University and shopping malls in Provo and Orem and (4) the Utah county dump in Lindon. Observation times began between 7:15 and 8:00 am and continued until 9:30 am. In addition to speculating on the type of food the gulls obtained at different sites, observations of their behavior are documented. Key words: aggressive behavior; communal behavior; large group; small group Nutritional Preferences in the Main Food Supply of the Italian Honeybee in Lindon, Utah Landon B. Davis, 130 Wymount Terrace Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract It is common knowledge that Honeybees are attracted to a variety of colorful aromatic flowers that produce pollen and nectar; but further research is required to determine why this is so. Bees are often seen swarming around the food tables at outdoor activities in search of close substitutes for the life-sustaining staples necessary to their diets. This incident is especially common around summertime picnics and outdoor barbeques. Thus, experiments were conducted to determine what key ingredient primarily attracts bees to foreign food sources over the typical pollen or nectar found in flowers. Observations were made over the space of two weeks which provided the necessary data to conclude that Honeybees are primarily attracted to the sugar content in foods, rather than to other key nutritional staples such as salt, flour, oatmeal, and baking soda. Keywords: Honeybee, Apis mellifera, Foraging, Nurtition, Pollen, Nectar, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Alternative food Sources. The Effect Leaf Size has on the Speed of Changing Leaf Colors in Rock Canyon Park: Provo, Utah, U.S.A Whitney Day, 186 Fugal Hall, Provo, Utah 84062 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract For this study, I focused on whether the size of the leaves had an effect on the speed of their color change in the fall. To find out whether the size was a factor in how fast the leaves changed, I observed the following three trees, which each have a varying leaf size from extra large to incredibly small, respectively: English Walnut, Quercus gamelii Nutt (Gambel Oak), and Amelanchier alnifolia (Western Juneberry). For six weeks I went to Rock Canyon Park and observed these three trees to watch how fast their leaf colors changed. After going through and putting the data that I collected, I came to the conclusion that the size of the leaf does not have an effect on how fast it changes colors in the fall. Keywords: size of leaves, color change, speed, time The Migration of Birds through the State of Utah Paige Dewey, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84604, Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to observe and analyze different species of birds and their behaviors. Through observations it was discovered that not many birds were active during the cold weather. After this observation the purpose was changed to looking into the migrations of different species throughout the state. This paper will explore various aspects of migration such as why birds migrate, when they migrate, and specific migration patterns within the state of Utah. Migration will be explored through analysis and discussion of all of its contributing parts. Keywords: migration, cold weather, flight patterns Mosquito’s attraction and need for blood; Utah Lake, Provo, Utah U.S.A. S. Paul Dickson, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Email: [email protected] 564 West 600 North Apt. 8, Provo, Utah 84601 Abstract Test were conducted in a small cove off of Utah Lake, the test area is highly populated with mosquitoes. I set out to determine which mosquitoes bite because I noticed that only certain mosquitoes were biting me. After preliminary tests, it was discovered that only female mosquitoes suck the blood of humans. All mosquitoes use plant nectar and sugar water to survive but the female collect blood for nourishment during pregnancy. This led me to wonder if the female mosquitoes were solely attracted to the blood of humans or if the blood of animals would also provide the needed sustenance. After field tests and research it is concluded that mosquitoes suck both humans and animal blood. Further test showed the conditions the mosquitoes are most active in which is damp, warm climates. Research was also done on how mosquitoes transmit diseases. Key words: Mosquitoes, biting, blood, uses Thermal and Seasonal Influences on Population and Diversity of Bugs in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Michelle T. Drennan, 2115 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to track the population of insects and bugs in relationship to the decreasing temperature and amount of sunlight over the course of three months. Previous studies have shown that bugs that do not migrate during the winter season have adapted their own ways of facing the cold—usually by hibernating or nesting in protective areas. This causes the general population to be lower during the winter. Experiments were conducted in Provo Canyon with local bugs found under specific as well as random rocks. The current temperature, amount of bugs found, as well as recognizable species, were recorded with each data-collecting visit. The hypothesis matched the resulting data which showed that as temperatures decreased, the number and diversity of bugs decreased as well. Key words: temperature, freeze avoidance, adaptation Adaptation of Feeding Patterns in Rocky Mountain Mule Deer Eliza L. Durrant, 2204 Chipman Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the adaptations of feeding patterns of Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) (see figure 2) throughout the changing of seasons. Mule deer are known to be adaptive animals with an impressive ability to survive the long, cold, and harsh Utah winters. A herd of deer were observed three nights a week for 8 weeks as the seasons changed from summer, to fall, and into the beginning of the cold winter. The data collected showed the ability of the Mule Deer to adapt their feeding patterns to available sources and prepare themselves for the coming months of scarce food. Observations and data collection were in conjunction with previous studies of Mule Deer which also determine the adaptive nature of these organisms. Keywords: Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus); adaptation; resource selection Favored Diets of Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Roswell, New Mexico Ryan Egbert, 375 W 1720 N Apt 312, Provo, Utah, Email: [email protected] Abstract Going down to Roswell, New Mexico, does not have a very appealing sound to it, except if you are an avid believer in aliens. After hearing about going down there for Thanksgiving, and hearing stories of the climate there and all the wild animals there, gears started turning in my head. Roswell, New Mexico, has a population of 45,582. But when you look at the surroundings you can tell there is much more living there. Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) populate this area as well, and looking around at the vast desert surroundings all around, it is hard to see how these creatures survive. The only real food is some different desert shrubs, Tar bush (Flourensia cernua), and Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), and some occasional grasses. Data indicates that Creosote bush is the preferred diet among the Pronghorn Antelopes population in Roswell. Keywords: Antilocapra americana, Flourensia cernua, Larrea tridentata, diet, Roswell Analysis of bird seed consumed in various locations around the Provo, Utah area Brendon Elwood, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: For as long as I can remember, my grandma always had bird feeders all over her backyard. Whenever I would go visit her or spend the night at her house, she would always take me out back to watch the birds at the feeders. Needless to say, after many years of visits to my grandmother’s house, I became fairly acquainted with, and somewhat interested in bird feeders. Having never lived in Provo, UT before, I decided that it would be interesting to do an experiment to discover what species of birds were common to this area. I wondered if it would be possible to discover what kinds of species of birds were in the local area based on what kinds of bird seed would be most often eaten out of birdfeeders. I realized that there is no way that any evidence gathered from such an experiment could be one hundred percent conclusive, but I might be able to get a good start in hypothesizing what species of birds inhabited the local area based on observations of bird seed. Keywords: Bird Seed, Bird Watching, Bird Feeders Abiotic factors influencing leaf color change and fall in Narrow Leaf Cottonwood Trees (Populus angustifolia) in Kiwanas Park, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Frances R. Flanigan, 58 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract It is well documented that deciduous trees lose their leaves before winter. However, the effect that sunlight and temperature have on leaf color change on Narrow Leaf Cottonwood Trees (Populus angustifolia) is uncertain. In order to observe this leaf change many trips over a period of a month and a half were conducted to Kiwanas park. On each day of observance, three different Narrow leaf cottonwood trees were observed. For each trip, the average temperature, the high temperature, the low temperature, the time of sunrise, and the time of sunset was recorded. The experiment indeed demonstrates that the temperature and the amount of sunlight indeed have an effect on the rate of change of a Populus angustifolio. Key Words: Populus angustifolia, Precipitation, Sunlight, Temperature, Daylight Significance in diversity of leaf patterns in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Jennifer S. Foote, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. 133, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The patterns of leaves differ in each tree, but research can reveal why these differences occur, what the advantages are for each diverse pattern and what the prominent leaf pattern is in Provo Canyon. Observations will be held six times in Provo Canyon through the months of September to November to note three different patterns of leaves, which trees are thriving, and which are dying first throughout the fall based on their different leaf patterns. Leaf patterns from various areas will be studied while the distance from the river and temperature are noted each time. Distance from the river, color, and fullness of the leaves will be plotted against the leaf patterns. The size, in inches, of the width and the length of each leaf will be recorded. Pictures will be taken at each visit to compare from September to November. The temperature and time of day will also be recorded. Key Words: leaves, patterns, diversity, temperature. Influence of Color and Smell on Choice of Food for Cyprinus Carpio (Common Carp) in Utah State Reservoirs. Spencer M. Gale, 2202 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Cyprinus carpio, common carp, were caught using lures of different colors and scents at two locations in Utah, Yuba Lake and Deer Creek Reservoir, repeating the same procedure at each location. The purpose of this experiment was to establish whether color or scent play a significant role in the choice of food of Cyprinus carpio. In the first phase of the experiment three poles, each with a different color lure, were placed in the water rotating positions regularly. Each Fish caught was weighed and recorded with the color of lure it was caught on; fish that were hooked, fought, then got away were recorded as well. This experiment suggested that red might be slightly favorable to white and blue because it was the most successful at both locations however only by one fish. Based on the small sample size and only slight difference in the number of fish caught on each color, color was ruled to be a statistically insignificant factor. Therefore, it must be determined that color does not play an important role in the feeding habits of the Cyprinus carpio. In the second phase only one color was used, red (the most successful in the first phase), however, each lure was given a different scent, a commercial fish attractor (Berkley PowerBait Attractant), vinegar, and none (control, no scent added). The poles were kept in the water for two hours, rotating pole positions and adding more scent at regular intervals. The commercial scent caught 83% more than the control while the control caught 100% more than the vinegar (fish that got away included, one Walleye fish not included). Despite the small sample size, the statistical difference suggests that scent plays a significant role in the eating habits of the Cyprinus carpio. Key Words: Cyprinus carpio, common carp, feeding habits, food, diet, color, smell, scent, olfactory Determining where different types of birds habituate: Trees, shrubs or ground; in Orem, Utah and Gilbert, Arizona (Aves). Laura M. Garcia. 1565 N. University Ave. appt. #15 Provo, UT 84604. Abstract: Birds around the world are each specifically designed to live in a particular area. Many, however, adapt to their allotted environment, later to grow up in a completely different and distinct place. Some adjust to diverse surroundings because of food, mating and weather conditions. In this study, different types of birds were observed to see where most of them were spending most of their time. A hypothesis was made that most of the birds would spend their time in the trees. According to the observations and results, the place where each bird spent its time depended on the species. Different birds were observed in one of the Provo River trails, in Provo, Utah. Another group of birds was observed at Provo Canyon Park, in Provo, Utah. A fourth group of birds was observed in the Mesa Arizona Temple grounds in Mesa, Arizona. While watching the birds, a journal was kept to record the date, place, temperature, colors, behaviors and other biological factors. Binoculars were also used to be able to see the exact movements and behavior of the birds. Keywords: adaptation, hypothesis, biological factors Which Type of Tree Will Lose its Foliage the Soonest Nicole M. Goodman, 2122 N 120 W Apt 297, Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract Each tree has its own leaves or needles. Each tree loses them at a different rate. Observations were made to document which tree lost its foliage first. A Washington Hawthorne (Crataegus phaenopyrum), an Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra), and a Paper Birch (Betula payprifera) were each observed throughout the months from September 30th to November 25th. There foliage count will be documented by photographs to see which of the trees lost their foliage first, or rather which lost more of their foliage than the others. Key Words: foliage loss, observation, documentation The economic or work distribution of ground squirrels in Mueller Park Canyon, during time of preparation for winter: Bountiful, Utah, 84010 Dallas J. Green, BYU Biology student, 1130 East 450 North Apt #87, Provo, Utah, 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract Winter is a harsh time for vegetation to produce the nutrients needed for survival of omnivores in the state of Utah. So, as winter approaches us quickly, an observation will be done to observe how ground squirrels of Northern Utah, specifically in Mueller Park Canyon, distribute the work and preparation for winter’s difficulties. This task won’t be easily done due to the common ground squirrel of Utah, the Uintah Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Armatus), begins to become less and less active in the open around late summer. I observed the squirrel population of a specific area three days a week, every other week for five weeks. I observed from approximately the same spot and at the same time. Through controlling these variables I was able to better learn the tasks at hand for that time of day and year. Through this research, I was able to better comprehend the wonders of nature and how they exist in the tiniest of creatures of the world. Keywords: Uintah Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Armatus, winter, vegetation, Northern Utah Feeding and Flight Rapes of Anas platyrhynchos at the Reserve in East Bay Brady S. Greenhalgh, 209 N. 1200 W. Apt. 302, Orem, Utah 84057 Email:[email protected] This report is a study of Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, residing at the east bay reserve and the effect of different types of food upon the ducks behavior and overall attitude. The idea was to see if processed people food caused ducks to be more irritable or if it had no effect. Food suitable for mallards was obtained and set for the ducks close to their gathering areas. Also, food processed for humans was set out at a different location. The two groups of ducks were observed and their reactions noted. The study shows that ducks react the same to both types of food but an altogether new reaction was studied and that was the flight rape that male mallards inflicted upon other females of their group although Mallards are generally regarded as monogamous. Keywords: Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, Necrophilia, Fighting, Feeding, Rape Influence of Temperature and Season Change on Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) at Kiwanis Park, Provo Canyon, and Utah Lake in Provo, Utah. Ahlin R. Griffith, 151 West 2170 North Apt. 266, Provo, UT 84604, Email: [email protected] Abstract It is well known that birds fly south for winter. Assumptions were made based on this fact. The expectations were that the observed population of birds (sparrows) in the chosen locations would decrease as the temperature/climate decreased. Also, it was thought that the number would decrease more abruptly, as opposed to gradually decreasing. At these locations- Kiwanis Park, Provo Canyon, and Utah Lake- it was observed each week for eight weeks if there was any change in population over the course of that time and if it had a correlation with the temperature. All that was needed, essentially, was a thermometer, a watch (to tell time), paper, and a pen. There was definite correlation between the amount of birds in the areas and the average temperature. Also, there seemed to be more birds at the park than at the mouth of the canyon or at the lake throughout the whole eight weeks. This might be due to warmer temperatures and/or other different outlying factors. Overall, when the temperature decreased, the number of birds at the different locations did as well. Keywords: sparrow population; passer domesticus; decreasing temperature; contrasting locations Predominant Leaf Arrangements in Provo and Surrounding Area Abby L. Gullerud, 469 N 300 E #4, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The three most common forms of leaf arrangement or phyllotaxis in the Provo area are, in order of prominence: the whorled pattern, alternate orientation, and opposite orientation. This study explores which of these is the most favored by vegetation in Provo and surrounding areas and uses research, evidence, and speculation to figure out why. Collected data suggests that the whorled pattern tends to be the most favored by plants in this area, and research and evidence suggest that the whorled pattern is favored because it allows for greater exposure of leaves to sunlight. Also, the kind of phyllotaxy preferred by a plant is influenced greatly by the plant's individual genetics and development. Key words: Phyllotaxis, leaf arrangement predominance, plants, Provo area How Caddisflies different architectural styles of their “saddle cases” may be beneficial over another type of design. Zachary Jon Haag, 167 W 2060 N Appt. 198, Provo Utah 84604. Undergraduate, Brigham Young University Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine if one type of design is beneficial over another. The Caddisfly builds saddle cases, or houses that they live. Caddisflies belong to the Trichoptera order and are closely related to butterflies and moths (Caddisflies). The hypothesis that the structures the Trichoptera build differ in benefits was tested and researched. Analysis of benefits will be discussed. Key Words: Trichoptera, Caddisfly, Saddle Cases Female feeding habits in relation to population growth of the Ochlerotatus Increpitus along areas of the Provo River and Utah Lake in highly human-dense areas versus lower human-dense areas: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Brad Hancock, 375 West 1720 North apt 212, Provo, Utah 84604 email: [email protected] A common weekend getaway or a casual barbecue with friends and family is a time to enjoy the outdoors, breathe in the fresh air and enjoy the sights and sounds of nature. In even these most enjoyable moments, the persistent buzzing of mosquitoes and ineffective attempts to battle their bite can chase out this thrill of the outdoors. The dense population and availability of a blood meal can directly influence the growing colony of mosquitoes since female mosquitoes use such blood meal to provide proper nutrients to their eggs. Humans take drastic measures to eliminate and ward off the pesky creatures but often fall victim of itchy red bumps all over their bodies and in cases more severe become infected with deadly diseases that claim the lives of millions. In this report the relation blood meal availability and population density among mosquitoes is evaluated to better understand their behaviors and interactions with humans. Also shown are records collected of various locations in which mosquito behavior and population density was tested and observed concluding that mosquitoes thrive in a higher density of host blood meals. Key words: Mosquito, Ochlerotatus Increpitus, population, blood meal, reproduction, habitat. Tree Preferences for Birds on BYU Campus: Provo, Utah, USA Michael R. Hancock, 1505 N. Canyon Rd Apt 122, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The following is a study of the relation between bird populations and their relationship to trees on the Brigham Young University campus. The study is to look for trends in the location of birds in specific trees in the study area. The study area is largely composed of the natural areas on the southern end of the Brigham Young campus as well as some portions of the north-eastern side of campus. This experiment was taken over several weeks and focused only on birds present in the months of September and October. The birds and trees were identified and relationships drawn from this experiment. The main hypothesis of this experiment is that preferences will exist. The data, while only representing minimal observed species, did show a trend over time of preferences for specific trees. Discussion of the experiment will follow below. Key Words: Utah birds, Utah trees, habitat preference, Brigham Young University wildlife. Insects favored foods and the how air temperature change affects number of insects found, in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah U.S.A. Cameron G. Hartmann, 105 North Daniels Drive, Batavia, Illinois, 60510 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to test which foods are favored among insects, and how the weather affects the number of insects found in Rock Canyon. All insects are counted and gathered, the size of the insect will have no place in the results of this experiment— each individual counts as one. Data was collected between October 2, 2008 and November 29th, 2008 a total of three times. A decrease in the number of insects found is likely to be directly correlated to the air temperature decreasing. A differing number of insects caught within each trap will show the popularity of each of the differing foods. The data indicates that out of raw chicken, corn, peanut butter, lettuce, and bananas peanut butter was the favored food. The data also shows that as the air temperature decreases, so does the number of insects found. Keywords: Insect, foods, temperature, fall, favored, amount, Rock Canyon. Effect of varying times of day on density and species of waterfowl Name and Address: Morgan Hawkes; [email protected] Abstract: This experiment was conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not density or species of waterfowl changes at different times of the day. Birds were observed at dawn and dusk in a single, unchanging location. The experiment took place at Lake Poway in San Diego, California. The results show, indeed, the number and quantities of birds varied at the different times of day. Key Words: waterfowl, density, species, birds Do ants prefer the taste of salts over sugar? Sarah Hiatt, 2108 N 120 W #291, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Ants are very complex insects and can be researched in many different aspects of their lives. Ants have fascinated me for some time. When I was younger I would sit and watch ant hills and observe the ants coming to and leaving their homes. So, for my nature experience, I decided to observe ants and determine whether they preferred salts over sugars. I found through my research about this topic that sugar is an energy source for ants and salt is essential for survival to an ant's diet (Witmer, 1996). I also found that ants, which live near the ocean or another source of salt, take in less salt than sugar because of salt's abundance in their environment (Livescience, 2008). In my experiment I had three separate sites for my observations-grass, woods, and rocky areas. I put out three tablespoons of both salt and sugar on paper plates for the ants to eat. I then came back periodically and checked on the plates. I took note of how many ants were eating the salt and sugar at each site. I found that the most salt was eaten in the grass sites. Therefore, most ants in the Hurricane Valley of Utah ate the salt over the sugar. This is an extremely interesting experiment and was also very educational. My research proved to be consistent with my hypothesis, salt is preferred over sugar in an environment at least sixty miles away from the ocean for ants. Keywords: Ants, salt, sugar, proximity to a salt source The Influence of the Elements on the Positions of Various Vegetations in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. David T. Hilton, 2413 Young Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]. Abstract Vegetation is very resilient. Although there is ample evidence of violent storms tossing plants about, overall, the position of plants is very stable, regardless to the elements. Climate, whether as a sweeping global change or a simple seasonal change, is the main instigator for change in vegetation. The extremity and speed of the changes in climate correlate to the extremity and speed of the adaptations that plants undergo in order to survive the new climate. Without sweeping climactic changes, plants undergo very little real positional change as a result of the elements, even after violent rain and wind. Plants will often fluctuate around the same position, on either a daily or seasonal time-table. Keywords: elements, vegetation, change, adapt, climate The Decomposition Rate of Quercus Leaves in the Vivian Park Stream Kayla Hilton, 1908 N. 40 W. #60, Provo, UT 84604, [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study is to observe the decomposition rates of Quercus leaves in a local Utah stream located in Vivian Park. Quercus leaves were selected because they are readily abundant in the surrounding Provo area and in Vivian Park; therefore, these leaves naturally fall into the surrounding streams. Two bunches of leaves were gathered from the same tree, at the same time, to ensure they were the same type and about the same density. The leaves were placed in the Vivian Park River and the decomposition rates were then measured for each bunch, for one month. The data shows an increasing decomposition rate for each bunch for the first three weeks. Then, in the fourth week, there is an actual increase in both bundles weight. Keywords: Leaves, Quercus, Oak, Decomposition, Utah, Vivian Park Environmental and climate influence on moss growth in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. William H. Hittle 1505 N. Canyon Rd. apt#103, Provo, UT 84604 [email protected] Abstract I identified several areas of moss growth around the BYU campus and observed them for short-term growth and the effects of location and sunlight, precipitation, and natural debris (such as leaves). The presence of water seemed to have the greatest influence on the moss, with debris having less effect, and temperature and light having little observable influence. (This was not a controlled experiment, and I didn’t separate the different mosses into controlled groups to evaluate the extent of these influences, but my conclusions agree with previous findings. Further studies should be done to be more precise.) KEY WORDS: moss growth, temperature, precipitation Weather change affecting diversity in birds (Aves) in Provo parks; Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Natalie Horne, 2105 North 40 West Apt. 329, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see how the diversity of birds (Aves) is affected by change in weather and air temperature and thereby determine which birds do and do not migrate during the fall season. There are many similar experiments done by other scientists across the world that all involve different bird species in different environments and I wanted to do a study on the birds that can be found specifically in the Provo area. By observing birds on site, a conclusion could be made as to which birds migrate due to weather change and which birds do not simply by noting the presence or absence of the particular bird. Observations were made in a wooded area near Provo River with local birds to determine the different species present. The observations were done at eight a.m. each time and lasted approximately forty-five minutes each time. The air temperature was recorded on site and any significant weather factors, including rain, snow, or frost. I was expecting a significant decline in the diversity of the birds as the weather got colder, however, data showed that there was no significant decline in the diversity of species. Which flavor is preferred most by ants (Formicidae) by the Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Kellyn M. Howell, 1130 West 450 North Apt. 112, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Ants, or formicidae, are naturally drawn to sweet things when looking for things to eat. Everyone has seen a movie where the family is having a delightful picnic lunch and out of nowhere, a horde of ants appear and start eating the warm Belgian chocolate brownies that the actress spent hours in the kitchen preparing in order to impress her boyfriend. But is this just a phenomenon made up for the movies? Or does this happen in real life to? Is there a scientific reasoning behind it? Is there a certain kind of sweet that they are more drawn to? I went to the Provo River to study the ants in that area. The purpose of this study was to find out what ants eat in nature, if they prefer people food, and which foods are they more drawn to. Keywords: Formicidae, drawn to, sweets, Provo River The Effect Color has on Life Melissa D. Hoyt, 1849 N 200 W Apt. 104, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract My study of how color affects the earth was done by two concepts: natural observation and a controlled experiment. My observations consisted of keeping records and analyzing which color habitats animals and insects dwelt in the most. I found that darker areas tends to be more abundant in life than lighter area. However, this is not always the case because creatures use colors differently to survive. I also performed a controlled experiment in which I had four different colored containers all lined up in the same area outside. I let them sit for several afternoons gathering the data daily; the results came out very similar to the observation results. Thus, the darker container resulted in more life while the lighter ones resulted in little to none. My main findings are that life tends to be attracted to darker, richer, colors while lighter areas tend to attract less. Keywords: controlled experiment; observations; color Color Influence in Foraging Choice of Ants (Formicoidea) in Provo Canyon Glen Park: Provo, Utah Alexandra Huish, 1218 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Ants (Formicoidea) seem to like to eat anything they can get, but more research is needed to see if they are drawn to a certain color for their food source. Local ants in Provo Canyon Glen Park in Provo Utah were experimented on to see if they have a preference to food on certain colors. Napkins of different color were placed on the ground. Each napkin had a slice of bread broken into small pieces on it to experiment if ants go to a certain napkin color. The tested hypothesis was that the ants would forage off of the red napkin. The results were that the ants preferred the color yellow, proving the hypothesis incorrect. Keywords: Color preference, observation Responses to foreign objects by different species of fish located off of the shores of Ko Olina Hawaii Landon Hyde, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Email: [email protected] Abstract I looked at the responses of the local fishes of Ko Olina Hawaii to several different foreign objects. These objects covered four areas: shiny, white, black, and clear. The objects themselves were tinfoil, a white hand towel, a black and towel, and a clear Ziploc bag. My hypothesis was simply that more fish would react to the tin foil then the other three objects and that the white towel would be looked at the second highest amount of times. Based on my observations my hypothesis was correct many of the larger fish, including the red bullethead parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus), teardrop butterflyfish (Chaetodon unimaculatus), and the blue bullethead parrotfish (which are the same species as the red only males), were all attracted to the tinfoil. Some of the smaller fish, namely the Hawaiian Sergeant (Abudefduf abdominalis), were attracted to the white hand towel. Keywords: response, observations, attracted, fish behavior, foreign objects Physiological Characteristics of Amphitornus coloradus, stripped grasshoppers found at base of Y Mountain, Provo Utah, that enable long distance and high vertical jumps. Paige Irwin, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected] Amphitornus coloradus, or striped grasshoppers that can be found all over the earth. This experiment discusses a population of striped grasshoppers found at the base of Y Mountain. Vertical height and long distance were observed along with the physiology of their high legs. It is concluded that mass/volume and muscle power is relative. Muscle power is a much greater part of the mass in a smaller size. This allows grasshoppers to make high and long jumps. It is also found that as striped grasshoppers develop, their jumping abilities develop as well. With each moult, the jumping ability, including height and distance, increases. Key words: striped grasshopper, jump, Amphitornus coloradus, vertical height. The Cycle of a Deciduous Tree During Fall Amie N. C. Isom, 218 E Richards Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract As the seasons change, plants go through cycles to prepare themselves for the differences in weather conditions. What do trees do to prepare themselves for the cold winter months? And is there anything they are doing now during fall to prepare themselves for spring to come again? The purpose of this nature experiences it to determine why trees do what they do. Observations will be made and research will be done to try and determine why trees change colors, why they loose their leaves, and if they do anything to prepare for spring as they loose their leaves. Key Words: Deciduous trees, midrib, Bradford Pear tree, leaves The Affect of Size on the Rate that Leaves Change Color and Fall Off in Rock Canyon Park: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Vanessa James. Undergraduate. Brigham Young University. Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: Autumn can be a breathtaking high point for deciduous trees as all of the leaves change from green to vibrant colors. A wide variety of differently sized and shaped trees display their best color just before their leaves fall. Observations were made at Rock Canyon Park with local trees of three varying species, all with noticeably different leaf shape and size: the white oak (Quercus alba), the box elder (Acer negundo), and the white willow (Salix alba). The purpose of this study was to see if the size of the leaf had an effect on how quickly the leaf changed from green to fall colors, in the same environment and under the same conditions. Each week the high and low temperature was recorded as well as the percentage of leaves than had fallen to the ground. The hypothesis was that the leaves of the greatest size and largest shape, on the box elder tree, would change and fall the fastest, followed by the leaves of the Gambel’s oak, and lastly those of the white willow. I reject this hypothesis and the results will be discussed and analyzed. Keywords: white oak, box elder, white willow, leaves, photosynthesis, color, change The Reaction of Yellow Jackets to Sugars and Meats John M. Jensen, 754N 700E Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Everyone has been to a barbeque and become somewhat uncomfortable at the presence of our yellow flying friends known as the yellow jacket. Some people are annoyed while others are frightened by their mere presence. If you have ever had this experience at a barbeque you would notice that all the bees, wasps, and yellow jackets seem to be attracted to the same things. They all seem to migrate towards the same kinds of foods. This research is designed to discover what foods yellow jackets are more attracted to between drinks with high sugar content or meat. My original hypothesis was that the yellow jackets would be drawn more to the meats than to the sugars. I was able to watch and study the habits of these insects as they were confronted with the option of drinks with high sugar content versus meat and see what they preferred. Keywords: yellow jacket, vespula, meats, sugar, attraction Attraction of Insects to Human-Manufactured Odors in Nun's Park of Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Rebecca A. Jensen, 2104 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Throughout all of nature odor is a mechanism used many diverse ways. Smell is an attractant for numerous species, and the human species is no exception with one of its uses of attractant odors taking the form of cologne and perfume. But what are humans really attracting with all these odors? Experiments were conducted in the natural area of Nun's Park in Provo Canyon of Provo, Utah with local insect species to show whether or not insects are attracted to perfumes manufactured by humans. Insect species were caught with pit-traps and recorded in an effort to achieve the main objectives of showing if there are correlations between different species and their preference to certain manmade odors, and to see if a certain odor would be ultimately preferred over the others. The odors used were vanilla, freesia, and there was also a control group with no odor. The results of my data showed a higher number of insects were attracted to freesia than vanilla or no odor, but the data is insufficient to accurately confirm these findings, and the results are not statistically significant. Keywords: insect attraction, olfactory preference, floral scent, manufactured odors, pittraps The Difference in Diversity of Insects on the Banks of the Provo River Upstream and Downstream: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Joanna Johnson, 701 North 500 West Apt. 107, Provo, Utah 84601 Email: [email protected] Abstract There are many different insects that make their home along the banks of the Provo River. But the question remains, does it make a difference if the water has a fast current or a slow current? The purpose of this experience was to see if there are different diversity of insects that live in the banks of the Provo River and if it differs upstream, where the water is not moving, from downstream, where the water is moving faster. I went to the banks of the Provo River in Utah and observed the different species of insects. Two locations were chosen to do my studies. One was located on the river where there is a dam and the water is not moving very much at all. The other is located on the other side of the dam where the water is running over the edge of rocks in a faster motion. There are many different insects that were seen making their homes on the banks of the Provo River. Some of which include Dolichopeza, Perlestia, and Salticidae. The two locations didn’t show much difference in the types species of insects that lived there. I did however; find from my research how much the weather affects the different species. The small change of temperature affected whether or not the insects were seen. It was very interesting to observe these changes. Keywords: diversity, Dolichopeza, perlestia, salticidae, species, temperature, insects, Provo River. A Study of Maple Trees proximity along the Provo River Jordan R. Johnson, Brigham Young University, 1338 N 1220 W Provo, Ut 84604. ([email protected]) Abstract In this study, I examined the forming pattern, proximity, and size of the Canyon Maple tree (Acer grandidentatum) population along the Provo River throughout various points of the Provo Canyon. While studying at three different points along the canyon, I measured the distance each tree formed from the edge of the river. After results of the study were produced, it was clear that there was an association between the width and strength of the river and the distance and size of the Acer grandidentatum tree. Key Words: Maple trees, Acer grandidentatum, Provo River, Canyon Glenn, Sundance, Deer Creek. Dietary Affects on the Lifespan of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Provo, Utah Brinai Johnston, 1849 North Freedom Boulevard, Apartment #344, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The diet of grasshoppers is herbivorous and wide in variety, though the diet of a specific species of grasshopper most often depends on the natural host plants available in the inhabited region. For this nature experience, grasshoppers were captured and separated and then fed different types of food. The experiments were conducted with local grasshoppers from Y Mountain to determine which choice of food they would prefer and whether or not this preference would lead to greater chances of survival. Keywords: Grasshoppers, Diet, Host Plant, Survival Chickens and their behaviors. Kayleen J. Jones, 1565 N. University Ave. Apt. 56, Provo, UT, 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract When we think of chickens, we often think of the many different ways that we can cook them and then eat them. Have you ever really wondered more about chickens? I used to not think or care about them, and when my father announced that he would be getting chicks, I was not exactly thrilled. I instantly thought of them as annoying and noisy. But after thinking about them a little bit more and watching them, I began to be intrigued. They are rather interesting to observe and they have just as interesting behaviors and personalities. Different breeds of chickens are similar in some of their behaviors and fun to see the differences. I observed chickens in Mink Creek, Idaho and found their perching habits rather intriguing. They seemed to always like to be up higher when perching versus being at a lower elevation. A fun change occurred in my observations when four new chickens were added into the eighteen that were already there and familiarized with each other and their surroundings. I enjoyed observing the new group of chickens and how they interacted in relation to the chickens already living there. I observed the chickens at different times of day and found some interesting things. Keywords: Chickens; behaviors; perching; interactions of different groups. The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrients on Water Distribution in White Tulips. Matt Judkins, 469 N. 100 E. #8, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract White tulips, like all flowers, absorb water and nutrients through the bottom of their stems. The experiments that will be described in the following paragraphs outline a curious attempt to find out how different nutrients in a liquid might affect the way nutrients and water are distributed from the flower's stem all the way up to the tips of its petals. Types of sugars that ants are most attracted to. Kelsey Killian, 2122 North 120 West Apt # 279 Provo, Ut. 84604, [email protected] Abstract: Often, when food is dropped on the ground, ants will assemble to that item of food. Why is this, and how to they know how to get to it so quickly? Which type of sugar do ants accumulate to most? Using different samples, ants will begin to gather to these samples. After measuring/counting the amount of ants on each sample, and retesting the experiment a number of times, I will be able to tell which sample ants are most attracted to. For example, if on a picnic, where ants are known to gather around dropped foods, which sugar should you bake with to prevent as many ants from congregating as possible. This experiment will include materials such as sugars, waters, and will be conducted in an outdoor environment. Key Words: Ants; Types of Sugar: Cane, Sweet ‘N Low; Aspartame; Outdoor environment. The Effect of Different Surfaces on the Movement of Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestrialis) near Snow Canyon, Utah, U.S.A. Tanya C. Kinghorn, 1940 N. 138 W. Apt. 160, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: “[email protected]” Abstract Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestrialis) have adapted so that their bodies are well suited to burrow through the soil. Dirt is a habitat that they are very fit for, and their niche relates to the soil. Since they are so well adapted to soil, the purpose of this study was to determine whether earthworms move the more efficiently through the soil than other surfaces. I recorded the distance at which five worms traveled on the soil, grass, and rock. I hypothesized that the worms would move the greatest distance on the soil as opposed to rock or grass. The results did not support my hypothesis, however. The earthworms, on average, moved the farthest on rock, then grass, then soil. The experiment was conducted by the wilderness reserves near Snow Canyon by St. George, Utah. Keywords: Lumbricus terrestrialis, earthworms, movement of worms, surfaces. Analysis of the Communication of Ants and Computer Systems at Provo Canyon: Provo, UT, U.S.A. Joseph A. Kjar, 118 Shipp Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The methods of communication between ants is similar in some ways to the communication of machines over a network. Experiments will be conducted to examine the various forms of communication between ants, including their ability to relay information despite disruptions. These observations will then be compared to the communication between computers on a network. Differences and similarities will be analyzed, along with the methods employed to cope with data loss. The Slowing of Photosynthesis and Eventually Decay of Leaves Due to Shortened Day Length Karianne Knowles, 151 W 2170 N #267, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract In this study, I wanted to see the affect of altitude on the rate of photosynthesis and leaf decay. I felt the higher the altitude, the earlier in the season the leaves would fall. I selected five different trees in three different locations in the Provo, Utah area. I recorded the color of leaves, amount fallen, time, and temperature for each of these locations. Through this study, it was impossible for me to draw a clear connection between altitude and the rate the leaves fell at. I was able to discover that as daylight hours decreased due to seasonal change, the process of photosynthesis was slowed. Since there was less food for the plant, chlorophyll drained to the base of the tree, causing the decay of and detachment of the leaf. Keywords: color change, leaves, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, deciduous trees Western Scrub Jays and Mental Time Travel Christopher J Kuchin, Information Systems Major, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. Nature Experience Kuchin Fall 2008.docx Keywords: Mental Time Travel, Western Scrub Jay Abstract Mental time travel is an ability that has long been thought to be the principal domain of Humans. A recent study has revealed that this is likely no longer the case. (Clayton 1). This recent development was initiated when a researched noticed that scrub jays would when caching food if observed would then come back later and move the location of the scraps to be sure it was stolen (Clayton 1). Initial reports and studies were based on direct observation of western scrub jays in their natural habitat around the campus of the University of Cambridge (Clayton 1). Color variations and the fall/death rates of Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer glabrum, and Cornus sericea in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Heidi Kuchin, 1565 N. University Ave. #103, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract In the fall, all of the lush green trees begin to transform into bright yellow and red expanses. The cause of this change is the levels of chlorophyll and anthocyanins found within the leaves. The color of the leaf affects the time that it remains on the tree. However, it is not just simply the color, but what creates the color. The weather conditions, mainly the light and temperature, are huge factors in the length of time that leaves remain attached to the tree. Further research and experimentation were used to test this idea. Four trees, namely the Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer glabrum, and Cornus sericea were the main focus for the observation. Over a period of a month, the leaf colors, falling/death rate, temperature, and light were observed. Although the weather was a little strange and inconsistent, the over-all trend was that the light and temperature really do play a large part in the senescing process of leaves in the fall. Key Words: Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer glabrum, Cornus sericea, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, and senescence A Comparison of Algae Growing on Rocks in the Provo River Versus the Brigham Young University Botanical Pond in Provo, Utah U.S.A. Raven KuyKendall, 650 North 100 West Apt. 1, Provo, Utah 84601, [email protected] Abstract Algae can grow just about anywhere as long as there is plenty of sunlight and oxygen. For this research project I wondered if rock algae grew better in flowing or standing water. I collected rocks samples from the Provo River in Utah, a flowing source of water and the Brigham Young University Botanical Pond and artificial standing body of water inhabited by many ducks. I hypothesized that the pond would be a better environment for algae growth because of the standing nature of the pond – it wasn’t displacing all the algae with a flow. I also believed that the feces from the ducks that frequent the pond would provide many nitrates another component of good growth. I collected six rocks from each location and measured the total algal growth relevant to each location. I was surprised to find much more algae on the rocks from the Provo River. In fact there was no alga on the rocks I collected from the Duck Pond. After further research I discovered two possible reasons for this eutrophication or the flowing nature of the river. While I outline and discuss both possibilities I make no definitive declaration on which if either it is. Keywords: algae, eutrophication, freshwater microbiology Effects of Temperature Changes on Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Activity in Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Jordan K. K. Laimana, 674 East 300 North, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Mosquito (Culicidae) activity is affected by the temperature changes, but in order to determine which populations are more susceptible to these factors, experiments were conducted at Utah Lake. These experiments involved the local population of Mosquitoes at Utah Lake. Mosquito traps were be set out it several areas specific time of day once a month. Air temperatures were measured while were set traps and the mosquitoes caught in the trap were counted and identified. A graphical representation of the data was made with respect to the temperature and the number of mosquitoes caught. See Figure 2. The results of the experiment was a total of 167 mosquitoes trapped and collected. Of the mosquitoes collected the most prominent species was Culex erythrothorax, it made about 80% of all mosquitoes connected. The temperature was found to have a direct effect on Mosquito population. Mosquito activity disappeared and the only factor that had a significant change was the temperature. Although not all factors were controlled or eliminated, they were minimized to a sufficient degree. To understand how much temperature is related to mosquito activity requires further experimentation. Keywords: Mosquitoes, Activity, Temperature, Utah, Lake, Sugar and Yeast Traps. Thermal Influence of Evergreen Trees in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Karalee Langton, 1912 Gates Hall Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract There seems to be no effects from low temperatures on evergreen trees, through research why this happens will hopefully be discovered. Observations took place at the Provo Canyon, where two large groups of trees were observed, the two types were evergreen trees and non-evergreen trees. These two types of trees are obviously different but, what causes the evergreen trees two stay green all year round? Items from nine different trees were collected, including either types or groups, these items were then examined carefully and the two different groups were compared to each other, in order to find the differences that allow pines to be green all year long. It was found that there is significant difference between the two types of trees and these differences are most likely that cause of a larger photosynthesis range in the evergreen trees. Keywords: pine or evergreen trees, photosynthesis, bark, soil, and leaves Visual Affect of Colors in the Process of Predation: Aposematism and Adaptation with Birds: Meridian, Idaho, U.S.A. Kassandra Larson, 229 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Birds are common predators affected by the aposematic traits of their prey; a trait that sends warnings of toxins or poisons which most predators desire to avoid. This experiment tests the intuitive versus learned behavior that birds have toward brightly colored “prey”. Experiments were conducted in the fields of Meridian, Idaho where brightly colored birdseed of various colors is placed in an area where birds have naturally been observed feeding. The seeds were measured carefully each day, after three hours of field study, to observe the birds feeding patterns based on the coloration of the seeds in order to try to explain the degree to which local birds are affected by warning signals and to account for the aposematic warnings of which these species of birds will recognize and react. It was mostly observed that while some predetermined hesitation towards conspicuously colored feed occurred, the birds were quick to recognize false toxicity warnings, and showed great signs of learned predation behaviors in adapting to eating all the birdseeds regardless of color. Keywords: birds, aposematism, learned behaviors vs. innate behaviors, eating habits Leaf Decomposition in a natural stream compared to on land: Provo, Utah, U.S.A Melanie D. Linton, 223 Tingey Hall, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: As fall comes around, leaves start to dry up and fall off of the tree, and as they sit where they land, they are there long enough that they begin to decompose. The location of where these leaves fall depends on the location of the tree. There are various things that affect decomposition. I thought that placing the leaf packs in water from a stream in a controlled environment would provide me with optimal decomposition circumstances, but found upon doing the experiment, that leaf packs left alone on the ground outside were subject to a higher rate of decomposition over the given amount of time. The effect of water in leaf packs varies depending on the type of leaf and how long the leaves are in the water. This difference also depends on the components present in the water. Distilled water might have a different effect on the leaves than stream water because there are additional biotic factors present, such as fungi and bacteria. These differences could also change what the rate of decomposition is. Keywords: Leaf Decomposition, Leaf litter, Stream, bacteria, fungi, quercus macrocarpa, plantanus acerifolia The affects of ambient temperature on cricket stridulation in Utah. M. W. Liu, Brigham Young University, 3108 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Communication between organisms is ubiquitous. Perhaps the most prevalent form of communication in between the crickets and grasshoppers are their familiar chirping and trilling. Both the cricket and the grasshopper belong to the Order Orthoptera. Crickets have been to known to stridulate at a constant rate and under certain conditions. This research was to assess the validity. I recorded the current time and temperature, the number of audible crickets, the number of chirps observed in sixty seconds, the quality of the recording in respect to hearing the chirping, and the acknowledgement of any presence of external noises that could have a substantial affect on the quality of the recording at the Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, USA and Little Cottonwood Canyon, Brighton, Utah, USA during the fall season. I recorded the acoustic behavior of crickets using a digital audio recording. Only location 1 in Provo and location 2 in Little Cottonwood Canyon had stridulations. Thus, I compared the two locations with one another. A model was compared to both locations combined to see if either location or the combined results yielded data that was like the model. The data in location 2 in Little Cottonwood Canyon yielded the data that was most ideal. However, when both locations were combined, the trend was similar to the model. There was less deviation from the model at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures. Thus, according to the results, crickets more like the ideal constant rate in warmer temperatures than cooler temperatures. Because stridulations only occurred at the warmer locations of 1 and 2, the data suggests that crickets do not chirp at a certain low temperature. I noted an apparent violation of basic assumption of comparing all stridulations as crickets. The species Melanoplus differentialis was found near location 2 suggesting that the Melanoplus differentialis could have cause some of the recorded stridulations. However, it is better if all the audio recordings were for a specific species. Keywords: Orthoptera, crickets, grasshoppers, Melanoplus differentialis, temperature, acoustic behavior, stridulation, audio recording, Provo River, Little Cottonwood Canyon Artificial Light and its Effects on Aquatic Invertebrate Longley Krysta, 1565 University Ave Apt. 159, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine whether aquatic invertebrates are attracted to light, and how light attraction relates to aquatic invertebrates foraging and behavioral patterns. The experiment was performed by first constructing two insect traps, one with a light source, and one without a light source as a control. The hypotheses was that insects would be most attracted to the white light, and the least amount of invertebrates would be attracted to the control, or no light. According to the results, the hypothesis is supported. More insects, namely Chironomus plumosus, (non biting midges) and Baetis flavistriga were captured in the insect trap that had a light source. Key words: artificial light, aquatic invertebrate, foraging, behavioral patterns, river. Turkey vulture behavior at different times of the day and in various weather conditions in San Juan Capistrano, CA, U.S.A. Megan Looney, 2002 Taylor Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if turkey vultures had different behavior patterns at different times of the day and in different weather conditions. Specifically, the birds were observed in the morning from the hours of 7-9am and in the evening from 46pm. Two hypotheses were that there would be greater numbers of the birds together in the evening hours and there would also be more activity in the evening, for example, more circling and flying around as opposed to roosting in nearby trees. As the results will discuss, it was found that on most occasions the hypotheses were correct. On the majority of the days more turkey vultures were seen in the evenings and of those birds seen in the evenings a greater percentage of them were flying. Key words: behavior patterns, California, roosting Rocky soil influence on the growth height of the Curly-Cup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) on Y mountain: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Andrew M. Lords, 546 N 400 E Apt. 2, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract In this study the curly-cup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) was measured on Y Mountain in Provo, Utah with an hypothesis that the average height of this plant would decrease the furthur up the mountain it grew. When a specimen was found the height and elevation was recorded. The data collected reflects a wide range of measurements taken at many different elevations on the mountain. The growth and spontaneity of occurrence of the curly-cup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) is affected greatly by the soil they grow in. It was assumed that the higher on the mountain, the rockier the soil will be. This study was conducted to show that the higher the elevation on the mountain, the shorter the average height of the curly-cup gumweed will be, due to the increased rockiness of the soil. It was discovered, however, that increased elevation on the mountain doesn't decrease the average height, but it does decrease the total number of specimens growing there. The higher-up the mountain the fewer number of curly-cup gumweeds were growing there, although their height was seemingly unaffected. It was discovered that the rockiness in the soil didn't affect the growth height of the plants, but the extent to which new seeds were planted and new plants started to grow. Keywords: elevation, rocky soil, curly-cup gumweed, mountain, plant height, growth Presence of organisms on five decomposing basic food types. Exchange Park 900 N. 700 W. Provo, UT 84601 Nadine J. Lugo, 1964N 40W #84, Provo , Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract I purposely placed different food to see what kinds of organic matter would attract certain types of scavenger insects. Since moisture influences the presence of insects, I placed the food on the banks of the stream crossing Exchange Park in order to increase the chances of insect presence. The foods that were used for this experiment were potatoes, cheese, bread, ground beef, tomatoes, and bananas. I observed and recorded if there were any insects present such as flies, ants, beetles or any other insect prior to placing the food on the ground, but there were no insects present. When I returned after three days to record any changes I found unexpected results. Some foods were untouched and for the most part unchanged except for an increase in fluids in the bananas and tomatoes and a change in their consistency. Even with these changes and with the excretion of fluids that would typically attract scavenging insects there were none to be found. The cheese, bread, and ground beef were completely gone and this was most likely a result of other animals scavenging for food. The bread might have been taken by ducks since there were some present on the stream on the day the food was placed there and on the day I returned. Keywords Population Sampling, Scavengers, Insects, Decomposition, Organic Waste The Food Preferences of Several Insects in the Woods: The Woodlands, Texas, U.S.A. Brian H. Mann, 163 F. Smith Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract The reasons that insects choose certain foods to eat is complex. It may be based on nutrition or it could be based on taste. While I would like to use my experiment to solve this question, the main purpose of my experiment was to determine which types of food insects prefer and to see the differences, if any, in the types of food that various insects choose. In my research I discovered that insects can taste foods, so this means that their decisions could be based on taste. If they were unable to taste, than they would probably only eat for nutritional reasons. In order to discover their food preferences, I set up different mats of fly paper and each mat had a different food on it. There were five different foods being tested along with a control with no food on it. The mats were left out for 24 hours and then the insects on each mat were identified and counted. My results showed that each type of mat was the best at catching at least one type of insect, but turkey caught the most insects overall. In total ten different species of insects were caught by the fly paper. Each different type of trap caught six different species of insects, except for the potato and apple which only caught four and five respectively. Based on my results I believe that each species of insect has different preferences in food, but I cannot solve the question of why insects choose these foods. Because the same species of insect was caught on more than one of the different types of food mats, I believe that either one food type does not provide enough nutrition alone or even insects in the same species have different preferences in food. Keywords: insects, taste, nutrition, preferences Nocturnal and Diurnal Activity in Different Species of the Formicidae Family Lynn Markham, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 788 North 700 East # 12, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if the time of the day or temperature has any affect on the level of activity of various ant species in the Formicidae family. Two hypotheses discussing whether ants can be nocturnal in nature as well as diurnal or only diurnal were tested. The amount of ants traveling in four different time periods throughout the day were tested. These amounts of ants were tested at three different nature locations in Provo and were compared to the amounts of ants at the other locations and times. Ants were counted to see how the time and temperature affected the activity of ants in these six different locations and three different times. Keywords: nocturnal, ant behavior, diurnal, various species, Formicidae Influence of Temperature on the Insect Population in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. David S. Marsh, Provo 84604, Email: [email protected] Abstract: Research has shown that there is a correlation of temperature and the population of insects. Further experiments will allow entomologists to progress their knowledge concerning the decrease in population of insects as the temperature decreases. To conduct this experiment, observations and insect counts were taken over a certain period of time and compared to the dropping of the temperature as winter approaches. The research supported the fact that there is a strong correlation and was able to further pinpoint the general temperature in which the density of insects quickly decreases. My observations also demonstrated that certain insects have a greater cold-temperature resistance than others, which will be further discussed. Keywords: Temperature, Resistance, Density Cottonwood Tree (Populus angustifolia) Dependency on Streams and Water Flow in Big Cottonwood Canyon: Murray, Utah U.S.A. Brock Mason, 27 Broadbent Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Cottonwood trees are found throughout eastern, central, and southwestern parts of the United States. Growing up to 30 meters in height, and living for almost 100 years, the Cottonwood is one of the most established hardwood trees in North America. These trees appear only to establish themselves near streams, rivers, and other sources of adequate water flow. Data was collected from Cottonwood Canyon in Murray, Utah through observation of tree abundance, distance from the stream, elevation from the water, size in relation to neighboring trees, and branch moisture content. Also, extensive research was conducted to view the roots of the Cottonwoods and their location relative to the stream. The Cottonwood exists intimately close to the stream (most of the trees located were within 10 feet of the bank) and have higher moisture content than the surrounding trees. Cottonwoods certainly have a high level of dependency upon water flow, but why? Research has shown that the water flows provide adequate nutrients, water for growth, inhibits the growth of derogatory vegetation, and aids in reproductive processes. But pines may grow abundantly away from streams, why not Cottonwoods? The relative height, diameter, and fruition of this tree suggest that the tree has been genetically predisposed to water dependence. Overtime the Cottonwood has evolved to rely upon water flow for its survival, and hence one sees the abundance of the tree near water. Keywords: Cottonwood; Populus angustifolia; Water; Size; Diameter; Height; Survival; Reproduction; Evolution; Incentives. Effect of water temperature on the amount of color in different types of algae in Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Helena Mavromatis, 199 Gates Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: This study investigates the effect of water temperature on the color of freshwater algae. Experiments were conducted in Utah Lake for three weeks at three different sites around the lake. The algae that were identified included the bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, and rhodophtya. Results were inconclusive however as there was no direct effect on the water temperature and the color of algae. Through research it has been determined that the algae already contain certain pigmentations that give its color. More research should be done on the subject to get a more detailed analysis on how certain algae receive different pigmentations. Key words: water temperature, algae, color, bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, rhodophtya Spider Webs are Built in Various Locations Jennifer R. McArthur, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. #110, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract As web-spinning spiders, Araneidae, are discussed in this paper it will be shown that there is a reason for the location of the webs. There are several variables that affect where a web is built and some of those factors will be considered as well. Experiments will be done up in Rock Canyon studying the web location and the webs found in these specific locations, with photographic documentation. Various spider webs will be identified with the type of Arachnid spinning the web with the location that it is on. It will be noted where the webs are found and the different elements that can affect where and why it is built in a certain location. The findings will be discussed and analyzed to show that there are several elements such as light, prey abundance, time of year, and weather that affect the location of the webs. Keywords: Araneidae, spider webs, location, Arachnid, Utah The variance in the rate of leaf coloration of Quercus alba in the Utah Valley Adam F. McBride, BIO 100 Brigham Young University, 735 N. 400 E. #21 Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The changes in the coloration of fall leaves may be attributed to one or many of a myriad of natural or evolutionary factors. The individual rates of this change within a species may vary. Regular observations of a designated species could shed some light on the differences of the actual rates of change. Multiple specimen of Quercus alba in differing locations within the same area display this change over the observation period of 6 weeks during the months of October and November. Although differences occur, they seem to follow similar rates of change in their coloration. The percentage of fallen leaves is also taken into consideration. The differences may be due to the actual placement of the trees in their immediate environment, their age, or a number of other causes. Keywords: Leaves, color, coloration, Quercus alba, oak, rate of change Color Preference of Bees (Arthropoda: Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Payson, UT, U.S.A. Elissa M. McCullough, 865 North 160 West Apt. 70, Provo UT 84604 email: [email protected] Abstract Visual cues are vital aspect to animal’s survival and success in the animal world. “Animals use vision to perform such diverse behaviors as finding food, interacting socially with other animals, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators. These behaviors are complex and the visual system must process color, motion, and pattern cues efficiently so that animals can respond to relevant stimuli” (Paulk, 2008). Members of the Apoidea family (bees) rely on the nectar and pollen that flowers produce as a source of food and nutrients. These insects are attracted to certain flowers more than other. This attraction is due to the visual cues or coloration of the flowers. Experiments will take place in Payson, Utah; testing the relationship between the color of the flower and the interaction with bees that it receives. Leaf Color Change of Fremont Cottonwoods (Populus fremontii) Provo Canyon at Changing Altitudes and Varying Amounts of Rainfall From Provo to Heber City, Utah, U.S.A. Darnelle McNees, 619 North 700 East Apt 6, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:[email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the effect of altitude and temperature on the amount of color change and leaf fall of the Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) tree in autumn. Samples and data were collected on three different dates, with 4 weeks in between each date, to see the rate at which the leaves change colors. The percentage of green leaves and the percentage of leaves that have began to change color and leaves that have changed color were documented on each of these 3 dates. Weather and water information were also documented to see if they had a significant affect. This information was collected around mountainous areas of Provo, UT and Heber, UT. The data indicates that, in fact the weather conditions did have a significant affect on the amount and rate of color change. Keywords: Populus fremontii, Fremont Cottonwood, autumn, leaves, rainfall, altitude, temperature. No More Algae in Scuba Experiences Jordan Miles, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. I do not wish to give out my private address. Email: [email protected] Abstract Scuba divers are often concerned about the visibility of their dive cite. Algae are the most common living organism that can naturally cloud water. By finding out what types of algae grow in different Utah diving locations it will be easier to identify the times of year that these diving locations are clear for divers. Three samples of water were taken at three different diving locations over a week long period. The three samples were tested for signs of algae growth. Then an attempt at incubating algae was attempted, in order to see what kinds of algae were growing in the specific areas. No results were found for living life forms, due to suspected human error. Keywords: algae; scuba diving; nature experience The Seasonal Change of Foliage A. MeKell Miles, 665 West 1260 North, Pleasant Grove, Utah 84062 Email: [email protected] Version: Fall 2008. Nature experience fall 2008.doc Abstract: Leaves change colors during the fall because during the fall the days become colder and shorter. Because of this, the leaves don’t get the nutrients and energy from the sun that it needs to continue growing and for creating nutrients to provide for the tree. The leaves also turn from a green to a yellow color because the chlorophyll breaks down and the green pigment is no longer seen (Heuerman 2004). The leaves then fall and start decomposing which makes it turn brown and they then seep into the soil and the nutrients is absorbed through the roots to nourish the tree once again (Swensson 2008). I realized how this was occurring and wanted to learn the steps the leaves take during this ongoing process of dying and recreating themselves. I also wanted to find out if the leaves would change faster in a higher altitude. So by researching and experimenting with leaves in different altitudes I soon found out the process of the leaf. Keywords: colder, nutrients, energy, sun, decomposing, chlorophyll, absorbed, roots, altitudes. Diversity of waterfowl species in the lacustrine fringe wetlands surrounding Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Justin M. Miller, 21 Broadbent Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Lacustrine fringe wetlands (also called wet lake margins) are the wetlands along the edges of lakes or reservoirs. They are home to hydric soils, hydrophytic plants, bacteria, and animals. When the water level is high, the fringe is flooded, but when the water level is low, the fringe has no surface water. Experiments were conducted near Utah Lake wetlands, observing a plot of lacustrine fringe for waterfowl activity. The plot was five square meters and was located along the west shore of Utah Lake near Utah Lake State Park. This area, along with the water immediately surrounding it, and the air above it were observed on three different days. Each observational period, of 30 minutes each, took place at the same time (4:00 PM) with the same weather conditions (approximately 55°F). Six species of birds were identified during the three observational periods. The number of birds present, and where they were seen was recorded and displayed in tables (see Figures 3-5). I hypothesized that mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) would be the most abundant waterfowl observed, and that hypothesis was proven. It was also analyzed why mallards congregate in flocks in the shallow waters of lacustrine fringes. Keywords: lacustrine fringe, wetlands, waterfowl What elements combine to keep Jesus bugs afloat? Why water striders can walk on water. Andrew R. Moore, 746 North 1250 East, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract I made an attempt to determine the reason why Gerris marginatus are able to stay afloat whilst other insects cannot. I captured three specimens from the same environment and tested them in a controlled environment on other liquids like vegetable oil, alcohol, and liquid soap. Since I had three specimens and three liquids, I decided to test each one on each liquid once to account for any variation in results. As hypothesized, all specimens were able to stay afloat on each one of the test liquids meaning that the density of water is not what keeps them afloat as the other liquids had different densities. However, it was notable that it was much easier for the specimens to move about freely on water than liquid soap or vegetable oil. Alcohol and water were similar because alcohol has a density more similar to water than vegetable oil or liquid soap. After further observation and research, I have come to the conclusion that what keeps these insects afloat is their leg structure which is covered in tiny hairs which utilize the waters tension to stay afloat. By this same theory, they can stay afloat on other denser liquids, but it restricts their movement because the hairs stick in the liquid. Key Words: Water Strider, Tension, Surface Germination Rates of Domestic Seeds Compared to Weed Seeds Larry J. Moore, 280 E 500 N #12B, Provo, UT 84606, email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the germination rates of domestic seeds with wild weed seeds. The hypothesis tested was that domestic seeds should exhibit a higher germination rate due to the advantages of selective breeding. Three varieties of domestic seeds and three varieties of weed seeds were collected and the germination rates were tested. The results showed that on average, a slightly higher percentage of domestic seeds germinated than weed seeds. Before testing, half of the seed base of all varieties collected underwent an artificial winter simulation to test for possible discrepancies in the results due to dormancy. Dormancy is also discussed. Keywords: Small Red Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Soft White Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum L), Wild Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Kochia (Kochia scoparia). Feeding Preferences of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Moreno Valley, California, U.S.A. David E. Morin, 10015 Rock Hill, Moreno Valley, California 92557. Email: [email protected]. Abstract Three kinds of energy bars, each with differing ratios of carbohydrates to protein, were set out near ant colonies, and ant activity was observed over 1½ hours to determine which bars the ants were most attracted to. Specimens were then collected and identified to determine which species of ant were foraging. Possible reasons for their behavior were proposed. A specific energy bar was then identified as ideal to avoid an infestation when out on the trail. Keywords: energy bar; backpacking; Tetramorium caespitum; Solenopsis invicta. Survival and Natural Nutrients Michael Chad Murdock, 972N 900E, Provo, UT, 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose for this study is to examine the natural resources located in the Provo area that could provide the nutrients necessary for survival. Our society depends almost entirely on commercial produce for food. After studying the local plant and animal life I will spend 2 hours searching Rock Canyon for food such as berries, insects, wild animals and other plants to determine the likelihood of surviving off of wild life. Keywords: survival, outdoorsman, wild life, nutrients, abundance, edible plants, trees, berries, insects Effects of elevation on cone growth in Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) Shaun M. Murdock, 1505 N Canyon Road Apt. 98, Provo, Utah 84604; Email: [email protected] Abstract The intent of this observational study is to consider the effect of elevation differential on the size of the female cone of the Colorado Blue Spruce. Elevation is nearly always a factor when characterizing living organisms. It affects their range of habitat, growth distributions, growth rate, reproduction and many other elements of life. I gathered observations from available cones being sampled from 3 distinct elevations, spaced by approximately 1000 feet each, up the mountain from Utah Valley. Multiple samples from different trees at each elevation helped to allow for good sampling and diversity. The results came from statistical analyses and inference in comparison to reported typical special measurements. The results proved to not be significant, or in other words, I found no statistical difference between measured cone length from one elevation to another. Key Words: Picea pungens, Colorado Blue Spruce, elevation, cone size Tree Endurance as the Weather Turns Cold Annaka Nay, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to ascertain if trees have different temperature tolerances which would result in them losing their leaves at different times. Studying five different types of broadleaf trees in Provo Canyon near Bridal Veil Falls, I to observed them to see if a certain species’ leaves endured longer than another. Temperature and amount of sunlight were my primary variables, monitoring the general leaf color and amount of leaves left. However, I observed other possible factors, such as location and surroundings. Each of the trees lost their leaves at different times and in different amounts, some quicker than others because of a difference in ability to maintain life on a limited amount of sun and water for photosynthesis. The Fagus grandifolia, or American Beech, lasted the longest. Keywords: trees; Fagus grandifolia; leaves; temperature tolerance; autumn Rate of Quaking Aspen foliage color change related to elevation and temperature Katie Neff, 1219 Taylor Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relation of elevation and temperature with the rate of color change of the Populus tremuloides (hereon referred to as the Quaking Aspen) foliage. A hypothesis of the relation between elevation and temperature with the rate of foliage color change was selected. On a daily basis, the temperature and color change of the leaves on the Quaking Aspen were observed at two different locations; Salt Lake City, Utah with an altitude of 4,500 feet, and the base of the Uintah Mountains at an altitude of 6,500 feet. Analysis of data and observations seen during the Quaking Aspen foliage change in the experiment will be discussed. Keywords: elevation, temperature, relation, color change, foliage, Quaking Aspen How plant growth is affected by different amounts of sun exposure (especially in the winter) and moisture. Overall, effects dealing with photosynthesis. Philip D. Nelson, 2104 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Plant growth is affected by the amount of sun light and moisture received. The process of photosynthesis was explored. Different areas were tested to see which received more sunlight and which received more moisture. Also, I explored how growth rate changed from warmer temperatures compared to the beginning of winter when I expect growth to slow significantly. Different plants were tested for growth and were used for comparison. Overall, it was expected that during the warmer season there would be more growth and that some plants would experience faster growth than others. I experimented with how the amount of sunlight and moisture affected the plant growth of two different areas. Both of these areas were on Mount Y. One received direct sunlight and was exposed to rain and snow (snow on one day I checked). The other was covered by the shade of a patch of trees. I found that in the beginning the area receiving direct sun was starting to shrivel up and dry. This was in September and it had not rained for awhile. The weed I explored was a Horseweed Conyza Canadensis in the Mint Family and fell into the larger category of broadleaf weeds. This plant can grow up to ten feet tall. The ones I watched were only about two feet and not fully mature. They grew .3 inches from September to October yet .39 inches from October to November when it was colder and when there was rain and snow. Area two was covered by trees and the underbrush did not receive many of the benefits of photosynthesis. There was moss and grass in this area. This particular grass was Leymus cinereus and its common names are: great basin wildrye, giant wildrye, and basin wildrye and is part of the grass family. It was a green and mixed color. It can grow up to ten feet tall but is typically less than five feet tall. The grass I viewed was only two and a half feet tall. It grew .29 inches from September to October yet growth slowed to .1 growth from October to November. The moss I viewed had the capability to be anywhere from .4-4 inches tall. It is small soft and grows together in clumps and shady areas (Area 2 with the trees provided shade). Its growth was .11 inches from September to October, and .09 inches from October to November. Key Words: Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Climate/Weather, Grass/weeds, Moss, Photostastis, Photosynthesis, Plant growth. The Correlations Between Soil Acidities of Gambel Oak Trees, Maple Trees, and Reed Grass in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Kristen Niederhauser, 1505 North Canyon Road Apt. 51, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Gambel Oak trees (Quercus gambelii) grow in great abundance on mountainsides and hills in the Midwestern United States. Many of them grow in Rock Canyon. When I visited Rock Canyon to observe them, I found that reed grass grows in abundance around these Oaks. Maple trees are also dispersed throughout the Oak trees. Canary grass grows in patches everywhere there is an Oak, but nowhere around the Maple trees. This led me to ask, does reed grass depend on Oak trees to survive? Further research led me to believe that there may be a correlation in the soil around these three species. I hypothesized that the soil around Oak trees is more acidic than that of Maple trees; if this is correct, then reed grass, whose soil is generally more acidic than most trees, grows around the Oaks due to their acidic soil. I measured the acidity of soil samples gathered from all three species and compared the pH between each of them. Key words: soil acidity, gambel oak, maple tree. Contrasting Observations of the Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta) in the Provo River Tyler Orton, 1358 S. Alpine Loop, Provo Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this paper was to examine the difference in results obtained when fish density in rivers is calculated using three different methods: electro fishing and chest waiters and river walk observation. This paper specifically focuses on the fish density of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in the Provo River but will also look into population density. This paper also looks at the certain aspects of both environment and traits which influence will impact the population density of fish, namely Brown Trout. The results of this paper compare and highlight the differences in collecting data by observation versus interaction and manipulation of the environment. The papers discussion highlights both pros and cons of each approach, when dealing with nature or in doing a nature experiment. Key Words: Population Density, Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta, River, Fish, Freshwater The Effects of Hill Direction on the Amount of Growth of Vegetation in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Anson Owens, 253 North 150 East, Orem, Utah 84057 Email: [email protected] Abstract The direction of the hill that a plant is on can affect the amount that the plant will grow. I decided on three different hills facing to the North, and three different hills facing to the south in Provo Canyon. In each of these areas I collected leaves from three different plants that I found in each of the areas. One of which was a ground shrub and the other two were trees. One tree was the Canyon Maple, Acer granditatum the other was the trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides. For each of these area's I took several leaves and measured them for length and found an average length. Results of the north facing hills was compared to that of the south facing hills. The South facing hills had larger leaves, but in the shrub and the trembling aspen it was not by enough to be called significant. The Canyon Maple on the other hand was so much larger that it could be called significant. The probability of the outcome that I got from my samples was less then .02, which is where I drew the line of significance in this study. There are other factors that I tried to reduce to let the samples changes be as much a change due to hill facing direction as possible. For instance, all samples will be taken at least 100 feet from Provo River. This is to allow for both sides to have roughly the same water supply and remove that as a factor in the growth of these plants. Thus allowing the sunlight to be a primary factor in the amount of growth of the plants Also, each of the areas was chosen to try to be affected by human activity as little as possible. This is because of my assumption that human activity will disrupt the plant growth in some form. Which would disrupt the accuracy of the study as well. Key words: hill direction, Acer granditatum, Populous tremuloides, plant growth, light environment Influence of weather on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) on the banks of a Provo stream in Provo, UT Katie Packer, 3207 Chipman Hall, Provo, UT, 84604 email: [email protected] Abstract Earthworms have the capability of living in many different ecosystems across the United States. In the valley of Provo, UT, a location of average environmental factors will be used to study the affects weather has on earthworms: a local natural stream in Provo. Earthworms are generally night-dwelling invertebrates that are more commonly seen in the coolness of spring and fall (Lee 1985). The observations taken this fall will show that the species are more active in the stable temperatures of the autumn season and that the factor of rain causes the earthworms to seek for protection above their soil homes. For the next four weeks, as the two seasons of autumn and winter overlap, the outside temperature, precipitation, and the number of worms seeking protection from drowning on the soil’s surface will be observed. Keywords: temperature, precipitation, survival tactics, season preference Environmental factors which influence habitat for Water Striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) Provo River: Canyon View Park: Provo Utah, U.S.A. Tyler J. Patterson, 380 North 1020 East Apt. 103, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract I estimate that the site preference of water striders (Gerridae) is influenced by water conditions and sun position. This requires observations and analysis to prove that it is not other environmental conditions that reflect the preference of water striders. Specific measurements of water temperature, outside temperature and conditions and pH level are noted. I also take in to account the other species cohabitating with the striders which possibly disturb their personal preference for habitat. I also thought it necessary to determine whether individual species have different preferences concerning where they reside. This however, didn’t create a necessary part of the experience. The number of water striders in the different locations was very limited on many occasions. Indications that insect species prefer particular habitats emerge during many surveys to asses distributions. Habitats are classified with respect to environmental variables. Other factors may also influence these decisions; such as certain types of vegetation structure at the time of spring colonization, preferences for lake habitats and preferences for reproductive dispersal (Spence 1981). Keywords: specific measurements, analysis, cohabitation. To what extent does elevation affect branch density? Michelle Payne, Provo Utah 84606, [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this nature experience is to determine the effect elevation has on the frequency and density of branches on trees. This study focuses on a deciduous tree known as the Betula lenta, or the yellow birch (Little, 1980). Through this study it will be determined whether elevation increases or decreases the branch density of a tree. In higher elevations key components to tree development are reduced, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, therefore elevation is expected to have a negative effect on tree development and branch density. This study will use a statistical program, STATA, to analyze the collected data. Data will be collected at four different elevation levels, after the data is collected, several statistical analysis will be completed to determine the real world effect elevation has on branch density on a tree. KEY WORDS: Betula lenta, density, elevation, carbon dioxide Observations of the Behavior and Interactions of the Mallards of Provo Hannah Pedersen, 1969 n. canyon rd #111, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The Mallards are one of the most familiar and easily recognizable specie of ducks. They have mostly been found to settle in North America, Asia, Europe, and North Africa (Fleskes et al. 2007). The Utah Valley is one of many sites within North America to have several Mallard colonies. In order to explore the Mallards feeding patterns, three Mallard settlements within the Provo area were used to collect data for the research. The aim of the study was to use naturalistic observations to discover the feeding preferences of the Mallard ducks—whether the ducks preferred to find sources of food in the water, on land, or feed on food given to them by humans. Keywords: Mallard, birds, ducks, Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Anseriformes, Anatidae, Anas platyrhynchos. The Relationship of Elevation on Tree Bark Thickness in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. S. Abby Perkins, 1060 East 450 North Apt. 341, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:[email protected] Abstract One of the purposes of tree bark is to protect the tree from temperature changes (Ferguson 2008), but little research has been done to understand the exact relationship between how different elevations and the temperature changes that go along with this affect the thickness of bark. To test this relationship between bark thickness and temperature, I took samples of ten Balsam Poplar; Black Cottonwood trees- five at a higher elevation and five at a lower. Because higher elevations have lower temperatures, this tested my hypothesis. I conducted an experiment in Provo Canyon to observe if the bark of trees at higher elevations is thicker to insulate the tree more because of the temperature differences at different elevations. The average tree bark thickness at 6,400 feet is 4.8mm while the average at 4,700 feet is 4.2mm. The difference is the group of trees at 6,400 feet was an average of 0.6mm thicker than the group at the base of the canyon (4,700 feet). Key Words: elevation, Balsam Poplar, increment borer, tree bark. Plant Pollination on BYU Campus in Provo, UT, U.S.A. DaNae Peterson, 2105 North 40 West Apt. 328, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Plant pollination (with a particular emphasis on flowers) occurs every day. There are two primary sources that enable plants to pollinate: wind and insects. The purpose of this field study was to determine what type of plants use which technique to pollinate and more importantly why does a plant use a certain technique. Three locations were chosen (two of which are throughout the BYU-Provo campus and a natural location in Rock Canyon, Provo) where plants were located and observations were recorded. More qualitative (with some quantitative) data was measured to note how many insects were surrounding each type of plant. From this, the numbers and observations were analyzed to come to a conclusion supported with research to decide which type of plants use which technique of pollination and an explanation of why. Keywords: plants; flowers; pollination; wind; insects Variation of senescence amongst trees due to climatic changes Mindy Petitta, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if the change in climate and weather had an impact on the developmental levels, or senescence, of trees in Provo during the fall season. After some preliminary research it was found that temperature impacts the senescence of trees greatly, and I wanted to find out if the weather also impacted in the changing of the leaves colors. In testing this hypothesis, three different species of trees were chosen to be observed each day for a couple of weeks. The American Elm (Ulmus Americana), the Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra), and Schwedler Maple (Acer plantanoides) were all chosen to monitor. By taking temperatures of each day, checking for any color differentiation, monitoring intake, and noting changes in weather observations can be made towards the senescence within the fall season as a whole, as well as amongst the individual species of trees. Analysis of the variation in colors of leaves, change over time, variations amongst species, and climate will be discussed in relation to the senescence of tress will also be discussed. Keywords: Senescence, climate, color differentiation, species Effects of Behavioral Changes in Male Odocoileus hemionus due to the Mating Season Lea M. Pherribo, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84606, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This study was conducted to observe behavior changes in Odocoileus hemionus, commonly known as the Mule deer, during rutting season. Rutting season is the time of mating for Odocoileus hemionus which lasts from September to November, but in cold climates often peaks in mid to late November (Mckean 2008). Small groupings of Mule deer were observed in natural habitat at the base of Spanish Fork Canyon in Spanish Fork Utah. Through weekly observations spanning the month of November, the male Odocoileus hemionus, known as bucks, were recorded acting out of their normal daily habits. These behavior changes are due to the rutting season. The hypothesis tested was that buck Odocoileus hemionus are more likely to be seen in places that are vulnerable to human hunters and natural predators due to their desire to mate. The outcome of this study is that male Odocoileus hemionus exhibit many behavior changes that could increase vulnerability to predators, specifically hunters. Keywords: rutting season, bucks, sexual segregation How Sunlight Effects the Amount of Plankton Present in Ocean Water Alissa Pitt, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Email: [email protected] Version: Fall 2008. nature experience nelson fall 2008 Abstract Photosynthesis is a very important process by which phytoplankton present in the ocean receive nutrients necessary for survival. Sunlight is therefore essential for phytoplankton to not only thrive, but simply exist. Without this fundamental part of their environment, plants are not able to convert the carbon dioxide around them to the glucose and oxygen they need and thereby receive necessary nutrients. In this experiment I collected two water samples from the Pacific Ocean just off the coast of Southern California: one in direct sunlight, and one receiving no direct sunlight. I observed both samples under a microscope and recorded my observations. I found that not only does sunlight play a significant role in the abundance of phytoplankton present in a given area, but on a more intricate level, it determines the types of phytoplankton present in the given area and the nutrients they are able to obtain through the process of photosynthesis. I found that some phytoplankton do not need as much direct sunlight as other species of plankton, and therefore different species are found in different places. The phytoplankton that are able to survive on minimal nutrients due to their size or needs are able to survive on less direct sunlight and are usually found in these environments of less sunlight, but larger and more intricate plankton are found mostly in areas with abundant resources of light and nutrients. Keywords: Phytoplankton, Light, Photosynthesis, Nutrients, Abundance Leaf Pigmentation in the Fall Influenced by Abiotic Factors Estefania Pliego. 3273 Apache Lane Provo, Utah 84602. Email: [email protected]. Fall 2008. Nature Experience Abstract Factors like sun exposure and temperature were found to be closely correlated to the change of color in leaves during the fall. Pictures and samples of leaves that showed signs of seasonal change were collected from the area surrounding Bridal Veil Falls and the Provo River. Among the species observed, I was able to identify the Bigtooth Maple or Acer grandidentatum (Andersen) and the Alternate-leaved Dogwood or Cornus Alternifolia (Symonds). Leaves from my backyard were also taken into consideration to further substantiate the evidence found through research. Some of the species identified in this location were the Thundercloud Ornamental Red Leaf Plum Tree or Prunus cerasifera (Gilman) and the Japanese Maple or Acer Palmatum (Evans). An evident change in pigmentation was observed primarily in areas higher up in elevation and farther away from the river. Keywords: Pigment, Discoloration, Chlorophyll, Temperature, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins On the Relationship between Elevation and Plant Species Richness Kyle V. Pratt, 3205 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between elevation and plant species richness. The two dominant hypotheses concerning this study are introduced. Data on plant species richness was collected on Y Mountain, and the data were statistically analyzed. I find a seeming counterexample to the generally accepted hypothesis, but propose that this is due to sampling issues. Keywords: Y Mountain, plant species richness, elevation, elevational gradient Aquatic Biodiversity of an Irrigation Canal Stacie Purcell, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this nature experience was to identify the aquatic biodiversity inhabiting a local irrigation canal. In order to classify the invertebrate species, the author had to take samples from the mud on the bottom of the partially drained irrigation canal in South Jordan, Utah. A total of five different aquatic invertebrates were sampled and recorded. Research was performed in order to identify the genus and unique characteristics of each individual. A larval Spread-winged Damselfly (Lestes), Bladder Snail (Bivalves), Pond Snail (Lymnaea), Leech (Helobdella), and a Crayfish (Order Decapoda) were identified by the author. The author’s purpose for performing the nature experience was to better understand the biodiversity found in a man-made canal. After performing this nature experience, the author concluded that there can be a surprisingly vast amount of biodiversity even within habitats that do not naturally occur. Key Words: Lestes, Bivalves, Lymnaea, Helobdella, Order Decapoda Temperatures Influence on the Circulation of Insects in Provo, Utah, USA. Rachel K. Quinn, 3108 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Life and death of an insect depends heavily on temperature changes, especially when at extreme levels. Does this mean that winter will take away from the circulation of various insects? Experiments will be performed in a natural habitat to determine if insect circulation is affected by the change in winter temperatures from October to November. Tomcat pest glue boards will be placed in a natural area to collect various bugs in oder to reflect any changes in quantity or diversity of insects. For two weeks at the beginning of each month the boards will be left out to collect data. Studies have revealed that when winter hits the activities of insects greatly reduced. It is as if their hibernating to be revived once again when warmth can allow them to function properly (Cook1881). The tissue in these insects only provide enough activity to live. This experiment will focus on the changes in insect activity comparing bugs with and without wings. Comparisons tables and graphs have been developed to prove this theory that the activities of insects with wings during the winter season decreases. Key words: Circulation of insects, Temperature change, Winter Amount of earthworms (Lumbricus terestris) found in different geographical locations depending on moisture and elevation. Robbie K. Rane, 448 East 600 North Apt. 18, Provo, Utah 84606, [email protected] Abstract Earthworms are of great importance to an ecosystems overall health and productivity because they mix, aerate and help in the mineralization of soil. Previous research has been done regarding how certain factors affect an earthworm population. Moisture and elevation are two very important abiotic factors which have a deciding effect on the ecosystem. Research was done in three different geographical locations testing how elevation and moisture effect an earthworm population. In this experiment results showed little connection between these two factors and the Lumbricus terestris population. Further future research is needed to understand exactly how moisture, elevation and other factors influence earthworms Keywords: Lumbricus terestris, earthworm, elevation, moisture, soil, abiotic factor, Fattest worms for fishing: influence of varied diets on mass and liveliness of European Night crawlers (Lumbricus terrestris) in a controlled habitat. Peter J Ransom, 2546 W Country Club Dr, Fargo, ND 58103 Email: [email protected] Abstract The diet of Lumbricus Terrestris (European Night Crawler) is known to include a vast array of decomposing organic matter, including anything from leaves and grass to fruits, vegetables, cardboard and eggshells. As the Lumbricus terrestris is widely raised and used for fishing bait, it is of interest to know the effect that different foods have on the mass (growth rate) and liveliness of the L. terrestris. I collected populations for three experimental groups from the same location. I divided up the collected specimens into three populations and recorded the weight of the population and number of specimens in each population. I placed each of the three populations in identical controlled habitats. I supplied a different diet to each of the three populations, including: organic material found around the natural habitat of L. terrestris, organic kitchen waste, and commercial worm food. I controlled and monitored the diets of each population over a 45-day period, after which I weighed and counted the populations again. After 45 days, the first population given the diet of natural organic material became totally extinct, leaving no trace that a population even existed there. The second population that was given the diet of organic kitchen waste increased in number and its mass substantially increased. The third population that was given the diet of commercial worm food decreased in number, but increased slightly in population mass. This study shows that varying the diet of Lumbricus Terrestris may have a significant effect on the amount of mass gained over a set period of time and the liveliness of L. terrestris populations. Further experiments must be done in order to determine the significance and effect that diets have on mass and growth. Keywords: Lumbricus terrestris, Annelida, controlled diet, growth rate, Night Crawler, Hob Worm, diet vs. mass, fishing bait, raising and growing worms. Average Distance Between Quaking Aspens (Populus Tremuloides) in the Uintah National Forest, Utah Andrew E. Rasband, 971West Pfeifferhorn Court, Alpine, Utah 84004 Email:[email protected] Abstract The Populus Tremuloides commonly know as the Quaking Aspen are clones from other aspens nearby. The Quaking Aspen grows in clusters and creates the world’s largest living organism. In this study I plan to find the average distance between the Populus Tremuloides. This study will also be seeing if the diameter of the tree has an effect on the distance between the trees. This study was done in the Uintah National Forest outside of Heber City, Utah. In this study I found that average diameter of the Quaking Aspen and the average distance between the trees. Keywords: Populus Tremuloides, Quaking Aspen, Heber City, Distance, Diameter. Prevalence of Weevil (Curculio Glandium) Population in Oak Trees: Holladay, Utah, U.S.A. Jessica Reese, 1340 North Freedom Boulevard Apt. 335, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Weevils (Curculio glandium) formulate their nests in the acorns of oak trees (Schopmeyer 1974). Many different kinds of acorn-bearing oak trees are found throughout the United States. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the prevalence of acorn-nesting weevils in the acorns of red oak trees (Quercus borealis) and Oregon oak trees (Quercus garryana) in the suburb of Holladay, Utah. I collected acorns from multiple locations throughout Holladay and examined for weevils through a float test method; this float method is a fast, nondestructive, and reliable means of differentiating between sound and insect-infested or damaged acorns (Gribko & Jones 1995). For each of these locations, I determined and recorded the population density; the data indicated a correlation between species of oak tree and dense weevil infestation. Keywords: weevil, Curculio glandium, acorn, oak tree, red oak, Quercus borealis, Oregon oak, Quercus garryana, larvae Movement of a mule deer and bighorn sheep’s leg (Southern California and Boulder City, Nevada) Courtney E. Robbins, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract The way a mule deer and bighorn sheep’s leg move is related to their environments and their anatomical muscle structures. There are similarities and differences in the structure of their muscles as well as the physiology. I observed these animals in a natural habitat. I observed mule deer in an area outside of Universal Studios in California and bighorn sheep in Nevada by Lake Mead. These creatures were watched as they moved; I paid close attention to their leg movement and how it could relate to the environment. Key words: mule deer, bighorn sheep, anatomical muscle structures, structure, physiology Color recognition in Fire Ant (Solenopsis invictas) on the flatlands north of Delta, Utah, U.S.A. Tyler J. Robertson, 758 East 900 North Apt. 103, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Throughout the animal kingdom, color plays an important role in the food chain. Many animals, including birds and lizards recognize colors to decide what is safe to eat and what is not. Ants are predominantly known to use scent trails and detection of chemicals to navigate and find food, but more research is required to detect their ability to discern colors and whether or not colors affect their choice of food to eat. For this experiment, ant colonies were marked and identified. Then food of different colors was placed on cards around the colony and the number of ants on each card was counted at intervals of 30 minutes and 2 hours. Results show little regard for color in the long run, although initial response was more favorable to the colorless food. Key Words: Fire Ants, Solenopsis invictas, food, color recognition The many aquatic insects that can be found in the Provo River Michael K. Robinson, 183 S 850 W, Orem, Utah 84058. Email: [email protected] Abstract In the Provo River there are many places where one can find many aquatic insects. I was instructed by one of the TA’s on how to go about gathering such insects. My plan was to go and do such field work to try and gather as many different types of insects as possible. My goal was to find and gather maybe five or so different kinds as I would gather around fifty insects. In order for me to gather these bugs I would need an aquatic net, waders, and the know how of what to do. As I would enter the river I would place the net on the bottom of the river just downstream from a rock. I would then proceed to move the rocks around with my foot and catch all that would be jarred loose from the movement. You cannot really tell what is going on but after a few times kicking the rocks around you lift the net up out of the water and find many surprises. Keywords: Insects; gather; waders; surprises. A Study of Factors Contributing to Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrynchos) Wintering in Urban Settings Jeff Rodeback, 2168 N. 40 W., Provo, UT, 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract There are numerous examples of waterfowl wintering in urban settings in and around Provo, Utah. This project involved observing, photographing, and tracking waterfowl at a pond in a developed area of Provo near the Brigham Young University campus, then analyzing the data collected in field observations to determine factors contributing to the selection of an urban setting as a winter habitat for the Mallard duck (Anas platyrynchos). Field observations and photographical analysis provided evidence that many waterfowl seemed to frequent a specific setting, and did not travel often from one locale to another. A number of factors seemed to contribute to the waterfowl’s decision to winter in an urban setting; some of these factors include safety, security, and abundance of food, and the presence of other members of a similar species nearby. Areas within a local urban setting that exhibit these characteristics provide a safe haven for local waterfowl, allowing them to spend the winter within a relatively small geographical area without having to venture long distances to find inhabitable areas. Keywords: Waterfowl, Mallard, Anas platyrynchos, wintering, urban Preferred Habitations of the Rock Squirrel (Spermophilus Variegatus) at a Mountainside in Layton, Utah, U.S.A. Clinton H. Rollins, 665 North 500 East Apt. 4, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The rock squirrel or Spermophilus variegatus are large bushy-tailed ground squirrels found throughout the southwestern United States and northern and central Mexico (Johnson 1981). My parents and other neighbors nearby can attest to this in perhaps a positive or a negative way as many rock squirrels live and roam near homes, which are located on a mountainside, the east bench of Layton, Utah. Such squirrels, however, aren't so common in every area of Utah. Experiments were conducted at and nearby the mountainside in Layton using peanuts—a food generally eaten only by squirrels in that particular area. Results indicate a greater population of squirrels in areas that meet several conditions, especially sloped rocky places that have sufficient food. Keywords: Rock Squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus, Habitat, Oak, Slope. Influence of Season, Weather, Time of Day, and Location Difference on Bird (Class Aves) Behavior in Provo, Utah: U.S.A. Breanne N. Roper, 1121 Hinckley Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The behavior of Utah birds in two different locations is affected by change in season (change in temperature and weather conditions) and can be monitored before winter migration to the south. The experiment includes observation in two separate places, the Provo River and the Provo Canyon. Behavior such as bird sightings, birdcalls, and bird activity was closely annotated and later studied in the two locations. These studies were conducted at dawn in both locations and bird activity before and after the sunrise was observed and compared. This observation gives some idea as to what birds do in response to dawn and the change in weather. A comparison of wild fire effects, in terms of plant growth, of mountain grass and shrubbery on the Wasatch Mountain range, near Kaysville Utah. Jonathan Clark Rose, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if the growth of plants years after a natural fire took place, were the same as before the fire. The hypothesis that growth would flourish after the fire was tested. Three, five by five squares were observed on two opposing mountains at the same altitude. The first mountain has never been touched by fire; the second was scorched by a natural fire in 2003. The hypothesis that growth would flourish years after a fire, due to the natural nutrients left behind, was observed to be disproved. Keywords: Kaysville, Utah, growth, pressure, altitude, plant biomass, chaparral, Fruit consumption of wasps (Paravespula: Vulgaris) in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Brian L. Ross, 195 East 600 North Apt. 31, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Wasps will utilize fleshy sweet fruit as nourishment for their colony and themselves when given the opportunity, but which fruits do they prefer? What attracts them to certain fruit, and what keeps them at that fruit? There may be a correlation between the most chosen fruit, and the sucrose content. The wasps may have an innate ability to choose the most nutrient dense food. The color or brightness may be determining factors, or the texture and solidity of the flesh of the fruit. There have been recent studies conducted that have determined that insects use their antennae to smell, so there is a possibility that the smell of the fruit may contribute to their decision. Time of day could also change which fruit they choose. I conducted an experiment in Rock Canyon in Provo Utah with resident wasps to determine which fruits they are more inclined to eat. Seven different kinds of fruit were placed around an area of high wasp concentration. The wasp’s activity was observed right after the fruit was set out, it was left for one hour, and the wasp activity was documented. Keywords: Paravespula vulgaris, fruit, preference, sucrose, odor, color Observations of the autumnal coloration patterns of Acer platanoides and Quercus robur grown in direct sunlight compared to Tilia x euchlora, Ulmus parvifolia, and Acer saccarinum grown in partial or complete shade. Jennifer Rowe, Brigham Young University, 737 East 750 North Provo, Utah 84606, U.S.A. (email: [email protected]) Abstract: Pigments in Norway Maples (Acer platanoides) and English Oak (Quercus robur) leaves, when in direct sunlight, remain green longer during the autumn coloration period than leaves from Crimean Linden (Tilia x euchlora), Siberian Elms (Ulmus parvifolia), or Silver Maples (Acer saccharinum). When these leaves were gathered at the end of September as well as the end of November, they showed differing levels of change during senescence. In the specific experiment conducted, Norway Maple and English Oak began to show their carotenoid colors later in the period than Crimeans, Elms, or Silver Maples due to their location in open areas with no shade from surrounding trees or buildings. A Comparative Study of Flowing and Still Aquatic Systems Matthew Rowley, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract Don't drink the water! We're all familiar with that warning, and finding a clean water source has been a major concern for humans throughout all history. Thanks to the germ theory of disease we even understand why one should be careful about untreated water, but long before we acquired that understanding traditional knowledge has guided us to the best available water sources. Even for a layman it seems intuitive that moving water would be cleaner and safer than still water. A controlled study could offer greater insight into the validity and extent of this difference. This study used direct microscopy to observe and compare microorganism density in different aquatic systems. Samples of standing and flowing water were included to offer a comparative look at the differences between them. Samples were collected, stained, and observed under a light microscope. As expected, still water with high nutrient availability showed the highest numbers of microbes, and flowing river water the least. Unfortunately confidence intervals were very large, so parameters for a more successful future study are also suggested. Keywords: Microscopy, Aquatic System, Microbe, Bacteria, Protist. Responses of American Coots to Various Genres and Styles of Music Garrett Samuelian, 2119 May Hall, Provo Utah, 84604. [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if foreign vocal sounds had an effect on species that were both extremely vocal (American Coot) and not frequently vocal (Ruddy Duck). This study also aimed to determine which sounds, if any, would affect the behavior patterns and actions of the American Coot and the Ruddy Duck. The hypothesis that “big band” music would have the greatest effect on the American Coot was tested and confirmed, although altered. There was also confirmation that vocal species have a much greater reaction than non-vocal species to external sounds/vocalizations. Data was collected and will be discussed later in chart and table formats. Analysis of which sounds and music styles triggered what responses will also be discussed. Keywords: Oxyura jamaicensis, Fulica Americana, species response to external audible stimuli The Affect of Temperature on Grasshoppers’ Sexual Behavior Michelli Cavalcante Sant’Ana 1565 N. University Avenue #163 84604 Provo UT [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of different weather conditions on grasshoppers’ sexual behavior. The data gives evidence that at low temperatures, there is a decrease in the ability of grasshoppers to sexually reproduce. Higher temperatures increase their excitement stage, and the process of generating offspring. Temperature above or below grasshoppers’ preferred temperature range alters their sexual behavior because the difficulty grasshoppers have in controlling their body temperatures. Key words: Grasshopper, temperature, sexual reproduction, seasonality, climate. Plants Favored by Different Environments on Opposite Faces of Rock Canyon Justin C. Schoof, 112 Shipp Hall, Provo, UT, 84604 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This is a general study to see what kind of plants are optimal for the different environments offered by the north and south sides of Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah. The north side, since it is in sunlight much more than the south side, offers an environment quite different from the south side. Three of the predominate species of plants in each area were observed, and only a few of the characteristics, namely height and population number, were recorded since these were the characteristics that were most easily observable as differing considerably. On the whole, it was found that the warmer environment with varying temperature and sunlight levels on north face of the canyon favored smaller, more numerous plants, while the cooler, relatively stable temperature and sunlight levels of the south face favored much larger plants with a much smaller population. Keywords: favored species; differing environments; adaptations due to sunlight/temperature variances. Effects in Productivity of Fomicidae Based on Diet in Hobble Creek Canyon Dustin Seely, 1130 E. 450 N. Apt 7, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Ants (Formicidae) have different eating habits depending on geographic location. The purpose of this study was to determine the preference of food and productivity differences between a sweet diet and a bland diet. The specie studied was the Iridomyrmex Humilis. Two distinct ant hills of the same specie were observed to be similar in population showing approximately 100 visible ants at any given time. Two types of food, dead insects and honey graham crackers, were used as the ants’ diet during this observation. Results yielded that the sweet food or graham cracker was the food of choice throughout the experiment. Measurements showed that the anthill that was given the graham cracker consumed more than the anthill that was given the dead insects. This food in turn increased their productivity slightly by showing more ants working at any given time of the day. Results show that the sweeter food returned a slight increase in productivity of the ants. Keywords: Formicidae, Iridomyrmex Humilis, productivity, ants, The effects of UV Light and White light on nocturnal flying insects Stephen Sharrah, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The behaviors of nocturnal flying insects show how they are attracted to light sources at night time. In order to show reasons why these insects are attracted to a particular light source at night, more research is needed to be done. Experiments will be conducted in Provo Canyon, the Provo River, and outside a neighborhood. These places have been chosen in order to accommodate for any lurking variable in an environmental surrounding, so choosing three different kinds of places to receive data is of the most importance to coming to a real conclusion. A light source will be placed in a strategic spot to try to attract insects to it and after X amount of time; insects will be caught with a net. Number of insects will be plotted against the amount of time the light source was acting upon the insects. Keywords: Flying Insects, Behavior, UV light, Light, Attraction. Wetland Conservation and Reconstruction: A Case Study of the Jordan River, Utah. C. Natasha Sirrine, 1061 W. River Pine Cir. Riverton, Utah 84065. [email protected] Abstract Along the Jordan River in Utah communities have taken advantage of the scenery to provide a trial running along the river’s side. With these communities come development of land that may prove harmful to the environment. Between 12300 South and 16000 South, along the river in the cities of Riverton and South Jordan, there are various sections of wetland that had been covered up by the development of the area. This study compares one reconstruction site to an untouched portion of the wetland area in order to provide data indicating whether the community’s efforts had been effective in restoring what once was natural. Data was collected for a comparison of plant life, water purity, and animal habitation. Key words: preservation, wildlife. The effect various solutions have on Kentucky bluegrass’ (Poa pratensis) tolerance at geographical coordinates: 111.709645,40.301321,0 (Orem, UT USA) Samantha L. Skabelund, 220 N. 600 W. Orem, Utah 84057, email: [email protected] Abstract It is hard to not to notice all the different solutions we add to grass from its usual diet of water. I conducted experiments on a large area of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) to see what unfamiliar solutions could be added to its usual diets and still survive. I went out daily and poured 240 ml of different solutions onto 31 cm x 31 cm squares to see their effect. I had a control square followed by experimental squares of rubbing alcohol, mild olive oil, regular bleach, a dishwashing gel solution, hydrogen peroxide and distilled white vinegar. After one week of pouring each solution over the indicated square of grass the white vinegar, regular bleach, and rubbing alcohol had completely lost its green color, indicating death. The dishwashing gel solution and the olive oil had lost some of their color while the hydrogen peroxide had no effect. I concluded my research by testing the different pH levels of the various solutions I used to see what affect, if any, it had on the outcome. Keywords: common home lawn grasses, grass health, pH level chart Effect of elevation and temperature on Pinus resinosa and Quercus gambelii in American Fork Canyon: American Fork, Utah, U.S.A. Alyssa L. Smith, 3219 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Plant life is affected in large part by the elevation in which it is grown. My research focused on why, and at what elevation and temperature the plants are at their peak condition. Observations were made in American Fork Canyon. A scrub oak bush (Quercus gambelii) and a Red Pine tree (Pinus resinosa) were identified and observed. Using an altimeter, altitude was calculated. Pictures were taken at each of the three altitudes. I found that the lower the elevation, the more productive the Quercus gambelii was. Each of the altitudes was productive for the Pinus resinosa. Keywords: elevation, Quercus gambelii, pinus resinosa, temperature Effect of Water Temperature on the Biodiversity of Insects in Provo River Jeffrey R. Smith, 744 East 750 North Apt. 9, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose behind this nature experience was to observe the correlation between the decreasing water temperature of the Provo River and the biodiversity of insects. The fall season is a time of transition in the living world and brings about changes in all types of life as preparations for a cold winter are made. During this time of transition, observations were made along the Provo River, approximately three miles up Provo Canyon, recording the quantity of insects and identifying as many species as possible. The data supports a decrease of insect life with a decrease in water temperature, but also suggests other determining factors. Keywords: water temperature, biodiversity, insects, Provo River, fall Natural temperature effects of calling song patterns on the Field Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Sorenson B. Jeffrey, 2220 Merrill Hall, Helaman Halls, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Field Crickets are commonly found and heard in Utah during the warmer months of the year, ranging from late spring to mid fall. The purpose of this study was to analyze the direct affect thermal temperature has on the rate and patterns of the chirp song of crickets. I hypothesized that with increase thermal temperature of the surroundings, the chirp rate would therefore increase, and that with a decrease of temperature, the rate would slow. At a certain low range, the Field Crickets would theoretically die off or leave the biome withholding Y Mountain, Provo. Plotting a designated area of research on the mountain, I measured and recorded the temperature, time and chirp rate of the local crickets. After calculating and plotting the recordings, my hypothesis was confirmed and backed with research, illustrating the direct relationship of thermal temperate and its effects upon the song rate. The chirp rate was the greatest as the temperature peaked during measurements, subsequently slowing as the temperature descended from the crest. The abiotic factors including sunlight and temperature are accounted for the chirp rate range. One particularly rainy rain congested the cricket chirps altogether. Key Words: field crickets, chirp rate, behavior, temperature, time, weather conditions, Y Mountain Influence of Development on Mule Deer Habitat and Behavior (Odocoileus hemionus) on Brigham Young University Campus, Y Mountain, Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Lauren A. Spurgin, 1117 David John Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract The behavior and habitats of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) have often been monitored; however, the appearance of deer in developed communities’ calls for observance and research of newly developed activities and changing territory. Mule deer are common in Utah and are found in many types of habitats ranging from high mountains to urban areas; however deer sightings occur more often in urban green spaces where deer population and road density are high. I observed deer in three environments (Brigham Young University Campus, Y Mountain, and Provo Canyon). Using the Brigham Young University campus as a control, I was able to compare deer sighted on Y Mountain and Provo Canyon to this already developed community. At each location the number of deer sighted in a 2 ½ hour window was recorded biweekly. The behavior of each deer was noted and compared to deer found in the other previously mentioned locations. These observations were conducted to show that a larger number of deer will be seen in more populated areas due to increased urban development. I observed a total of 15 deer, and received a mixed combination of observations. However, more mule deer were found in the controlled urban environment, rather than the variable mountainous locations. A narrower study might be suggested of observing specific groups of mule deer’s for several seasons to monitor their ranges and provide a more in depth idea of the effects of urbanization on a mule deer’s range. Keywords: Odocoileus hemionus, behavior, habitats, developed communities, urbanization The behavior of geese at Barnes Park compared to that of geese in a natural habitat- a pond, in Kaysville, Utah, U.S.A. Karina Stabenow, 69 Harris Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if the amount of distance between geese and a human being would have an effect on the behavior of the geese living in natural habitats compared to civilized areas. Geese were observed at Barnes Park, a local park, as well as a natural pond, both located in Kaysville, Utah. Reactions from the geese when exposed to human interaction were recorded at various distances. The changes in their behavior were recorded to conclude what effects human interaction have on geese when they are in their natural habitat compared to an area of high human interruption. Any increase in human disturbance of a natural habitat is likely to be directly correlated to species adaptation. Analysis of the geese behavior related to the distance from human beings was preformed and will be discussed. Keywords: natural habitat, human interruption, behavior, species adaptation Are Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Attracted to Certain Color of Flowers? Amanda Stagno, 7672 Wyatt Earp Avenue, Eagle Mountain, Utah 84005 Email: [email protected] Abstract The behavior of bees (Apis mellifera) is something that has been researched many times. One question that comes to mind is, are bees attracted to a certain color of flower? Experiments were taken to test the hypothesis of whether or not honey bees (Apis mellifera) are attracted to a certain color of flower. I tested this hypothesis by using three different colors of flowers. The colors were purple, pink and white. After doing observing the honey bees it seemed that they were more attracted to the purple flowers. They all went to different colors, but purple they were most attracted too. In order to which it seemed they like the different colors proceeds as purple, pink and then white. Keywords: honey bees, color, flowers, preference The Changing State of Net Leaf Hackberry Leaves (Celtis reticulata) and Their Relationship to Hackberry Galls (Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla) in Autumn in Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah. Jordan Stauss, 665 N. 500 E. #8, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract The Celtis reticulata, or net leaf hackberry, possesses leaves which are covered to a degree with hackberry psyllids or galls (Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla). Studies have shown that these galls are parasitic and cause the tree to shed its leaver faster than most other trees in the same area. I studied three of these trees situated in the ravine in Rock Canyon of Provo, Utah over a period of five weeks to observe the changing effects during autumn on the galls and the leaves. The study I underwent yields data showing that through the autumn the leaves and the galls both eventually turn brown and fall from the tree. Keywords: Celtis reticulata, Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla, leaves, shed, autumn Strength versus Position of Leaf Stems in the Tree Canopy of Crabapple trees in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Spencer Taylor, 437 Belmont Place, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract October 24-30, 2008 I took many structural measurements of crabapple trees. I feel that there is much that can be learned from plant structure and organization that can be applied to architectural and engineering methods and techniques for the construction of everything from buildings to artificial limbs. One such structure is the individual leaf stems that support the essential organs that feed the plant. I measured the difference in strength between leaf stems in relation to there location in a tree’s canopy. I thought that trees would spend more energy strengthening the stems of leaves on the periphery of the tree’s canopy because those leaves are more exposed to detrimental forces such as wind or contact with debris. The findings in this experiment on a species of crabapple tree, the scientific name for which may be Malus rockii, supported my hypothesis that leafs on the periphery would support more weight, but it seems that the ratio of the leaf size to the stem length corresponds in the opposite way from what I had supposed. The leafs on the outer edges of the tree canopy which hold more weight on average also have a shorter stem length on average. Further research could be done to test verify these findings and also explore other possible explanations, such as how the flexibility of the longer branches may play a role an individual leaf stems durability. Key words: periphery, tree canopy, leaf stem, external forces, detrimental forces, crabapple The Diversity and Richness of Plant Species Along Rock Canyon Amanda Teerlink, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this particular observational study was to see what the difference is between plant diversity at different levels of altitude on a hill. A common hypothesis is that the diversity and richness of the plant species decreases as the altitude decreases. However, another hypothesis is that the dependence of plant diversity on altitude is more in the shape of a bell curve. In other words, when the altitude is either very low or very high, the plant diversity is lower. Plant species were observed and counted at different levels at one of the hills forming Rock Canyon. Pictures were taken of the variety at different levels. The hypothesis that plant diversity dependence on altitude is a bell curve was found in the results. Keywords: Plant diversity, richness, Rock canyon, altitude, variety Rates of Leaf Coloration and Natural Defoliation in Deciduous Trees in Kiwanis Park, Provo, UT 84604 Eric A. Thayne, 92 Rogers Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract Most deciduous trees’ leaves change to a reddish color during Autumn and eventually fall off their tree, but they all happen at different rates. The purpose of this study was to compare different deciduous trees to find the rates at which they colorize and lose their leaves. Experiments were conducted on three different types of deciduous trees in Kiwanis Park, Provo, Utah, just east of the Brigham Young University campus. I hypothesized that temperature and weather in the most prevalent factor contributing to the rates of coloration and defoliation. At the conclusion of the experiment, studies led me to conclusions as to why some trees colorize and defoliate faster than others. Keywords: deciduous trees, coloration, leaf loss Why Do Bird Sing in the Morning? The Song Patterns of the Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Hilary G. Thomas, 2207 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. [email protected] Abstract The song patterns of Sturnella neglecta (Western Meadowlark) vary by air temperatures and daylight hours. Observations were made in local and wild areas around Provo, Utah in order to differentiate between the song pattern and frequency in each variable. As the air temperate decreased or it proceeded to get later in the day, the Meadowlark’s songs decreased substantially. Additionally, as the seasons changed and the weather became colder and harsher, the Meadowlark’s song changed frequencies. As the ground became colder, the Meadowlark migrated in search for stable food sources. When frost or ground coverage was present, minimal singing was recognized. It also held true that minimal or no singing was observed in dusk and night time hours. The Western Meadowlark’s song was heard minimally as breeding season ended and the males mating songs decreased. Overall, it was observed that bird song was heard most at sunrise and early daylight hours with little ground cover and a warm temperature. Key words: Sturnella neglecta, repertoire, grassland birds. Do household products have the chemicals needed to become a viable fertilizer? Kasey K. Thompson, 375 West 1720 North Apt. 114, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract: Plants receive three necessary nutrients from fertilizers. These three macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Without these three macronutrients, plant growth will be limited. Various household products contain these three macronutrients and if used correctly, could possibly stand in as a viable fertilizer to help plant growth. Experiments were conducted on ten seedlings found at Bicentennial Park. Five different household products containing these valuable macronutrients were added individually and in various combinations to the plot of soil surrounding the immediate area of the seedlings. Most of the seedlings exhibited stunted or normal growth. However, the use of one household product incurred a positive change in the health of the seedling. Keywords: fertilizer, macronutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, household product. The elements that influence the color change of leaves on trees in the fall season. Study to be done in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Peter L. Tidwell, 215 W. Laguna Vista Circle, Orem, Utah 84058 Email: [email protected] Abstract The colors of leaves on deciduous trees change each fall. The trees in the mountains noticeably change much sooner than those located in the valley. Is it because of the lower temperatures in the mountains that cause them to change from their normal green to an array of yellows, reds, and oranges? Observation and research will be done in Rock Canyon on a few different types of trees, such as Maple and Oak trees. Observations will be contrasted with trees in the valley and in the city in order to accurately discover and compare the factors that influence the color change in the trees in Rock Canyon. Observations will be done each week in both places. The results of the experiments will help determine the various factors that cause or contribute to the color changing seen during each fall season. Other factors that play a part in the color changing process will also be included in the results. Keywords: Autumn leaves, chlorophyll, vacuole, deciduous, fall foliage, photosynthesis.Comparison of the Attractiveness of Three Different Sweet Substances to the Pavement Ant Species (Tetramorium caespitum) Jon D. Troutman, Biology 100, Section 18, Fall 2008, BYU, [email protected] Abstract Pavement Ants (Tetramorium caespitum) are a common household pest throughout North America. There are thousands of ant species that fill significant roles in the food chains of their respective habitats, however, they can also prove to be bothersome pests in many urban areas. Ants are known to be particularly attracted to sweet substances. By discovering which foods are more or less attractive to these ants we can know how to best avoid attracting them in unwanted areas. Thus, this study seeks to establish a relationship between the sugar content of a substance with the level of attraction of Pavement Ants toward that substance. Three substances are used for testing in this study: refined sugar, natural unrefined sugar, and a sugar substitute. A sample of Pavement Ants is taken and placed in a controlled environment featuring these three substances. The results show that there is a slightly greater attraction to the unrefined sugar. The difference, however, is not great enough to prove that Pavement Ants have a statistically significant preference for unrefined sugar, refined sugar, or sugar substitute. Key words: Pavement ants, Tetramorium caespitum, unrefined sugar, refined sugar, sugar substitute, Hymenoptera: Formicidae The Creation of an Ecosystem: A Study of the Drainage Gutters Along 500 East, Provo, Utah, USA. Gary Tydryszewski, 460 North 500 East, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Despite mankind’s best efforts to eliminate wild and plant life in suburban environments, Mother Nature fights back and still manages to thrive. She also repays the trouble we have caused her by choosing to live in the most inconvenient way, such as filling our beautiful cement canals with bio-refuse which clogs our drainage and overflows our sidewalks, thereby once again inconsiderately impeding our path to daily learning of Biology en route to campus. Experiments will be conducted along the path of thoughtless destruction of suburban convenience to categorize the varying levels of ecology and biology, as well as a study to determine the cause and solution to this problem. Keywords: Drainage, Urbanization, Urban Planning, Provo, Utah Early birds or night owls?: The activity of various insects at different hours of the day Allysa Urbanek, Undergraduate, 105 A. Richards Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Arthropoda Insecta, commonly known as insects, are understood to be active creatures at all times of the day. In order to identify when insects are least active, and possibly sleeping, observers measured the activity of insects at various hours of the day. The observer counted the number of captured insects on insect tape at the end of each four-hour period in a grassy flatland area of southern California. It was assumed by the observer that insects of many kinds would have been less active at night, especially from the hours between 12 A.M. and 4 A.M. The results of this natural experiment refute the hypothesis and suggest otherwise. The results did not show any trend amongst specific hours of the day. Keywords: insect activity, behavior of insects, sleep The relationship of English Ivy (Hedera helix) to density of trees in the Kaiser Wood forest in Washington County, OR, USA. Ani Van Buskirk, 1340 N Freedom Blvd Apt 339, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Studies have shown that the overall growth of plant life in a forest is directly related to an effective environment in which all plants are able to grow and survive without the interference of other species. However, no studies have quantified the relationship between the amount invasive species such as that of English Ivy (Hedera helix) in two distinct areas where there are two different landscaping. For this reason, I conducted an experiment to determine the extent of the relationship between the amount of English Ivy to native trees in one area of the Kaiser Wood forest in Portland, Oregon to the amount of English Ivy to native trees in another area of the Kaiser Wood forest. The purpose of this observational experiment was to test the causes of English Ivy in certain regions of the forest. Multiple observations were taken from individual trees found on the border of the forest closest to the urban area (houses) in Washington County, Oregon. Another set of observations was made on the border closest to the opposite outer edge of the Kaiser Wood forest, which bordered farmland. The appearance of English Ivy on the trunks of the trees was observed and the quality and quantity of trees in that area were noted. Keywords: Hedera helix, English ivy, Portland, Oregon, invasive species, exotic, native species Elevation Impact on Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa) in Lee Canyon near Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Jacob Waite, 93 Rogers Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Will the impact of elevation affect the growth of a species? In the Mojave Desert there is a cactus that is called the Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa) that is hypothesized to be taller in lower elevations compared to a higher elevation. By measuring in a couple of different spots and at different elevations we can gather information on the hypothesis and see if it is correct. It turned out that the hypothesis was not correct in that the lower the elevation it did not get taller but on average the lower section compared to the higher section was taller than the higher elevation levels. The experiment showed that not all of the factors can be contributed to the elevation by itself. Key words: elevation, experiment, Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa), growth Adaption of Trifolia to temperature and seasonal changes in River Parkway: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Kirsten N. Wallace, 156 W 2060 N #219 Provo, UT 84604, email: [email protected] Abstract: All plant life is affected by seasonal changes from changes in the increase or decrease of temperature, or the lack of sunlight. The Trifolia which grows in environments with abundant shade and moisture will be observed as the seasons change from September 30, 2008- October 30, 2008. On a weekly basis there will be temperature readings and pictures taken as documentation in order to observe the affects of the changing seasons. The hypothesis for this experiment is that the Trifolia that has the most coverage from foliage will adapt to the changing seasons more effectively then the other two locations. Key Words: Trifolia, moisture, sunlight, temperature, picture The Effect of Seasons on the Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum): Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Heidi C. Walton, 448 E 600 N Apt. 33, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract: As summer officially ends and the seasons change, leaves on trees begin to change colors and slowly start to detach and fall away. Trees go through cycles and change throughout each year of their lives. Do all trees of the same class go through these seasonal cycles at the same time? Do the same things happen to each tree of the same class? Further research was conducted to answer these and other similar questions. Experiments were conducted throughout the city of Provo using three different trees of the same class. These three trees were researched and observed to answer the above questions. Hypotheses were made about whether or not the same tree goes through the same changes at the same specific time. Observations were made every third day for two months. Results showed that not every tree of the same class loses their leaves and changes exactly at the same time. Results also showed that the unusual warm weather of this particular winter had an effect on the trees and their leaves. Also, it was determined that some leaves do not turn the beautiful shades of yellow, orange or perhaps red. Sometimes leaves skip this step and turn from green to brown before detaching from the trees. Ability of common garden slugs (Family: Limacidae) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. to sense table salt (NaCl). Mark N. Weaver, 160 F. Smith Hall, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected] Abstract Land slugs are commonly thought of as pests, and are generally disliked by gardeners. In order to effectively control the damage done by common slugs we must understand their eating habits. I constructed three slug traps, each with a different amount of salt in solution. The preference shown by the slugs would help to understand whether or not the slugs could smell the salt in solution. In two weeks, my traps caught a total of four slugs and two snails, the majority of which were in the trap with the highest salt content. My results seemed to imply that slugs either prefer food with a higher salt content than fermenting apple juice naturally has, or cannot smell salt in solution. More experimentation would need to be done to learn whether or not my results actually represent normal behavior for most slugs, and what exactly it means if they do. Key words: pests, olfactory, solution, gastropods. Fall leaf coloration rate comparison between wild gambel oak and cultivated gambel oak Brooke Weber, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 760 E. 820 N. Apt# 202 Provo Utah 84606, Email: [email protected] Abstract This experience was a comparison study between a tree that was completely wild grown in Rock Canyon, Provo and one that was grown on Brigham Young University campus. An identical species of oak tree was located in both locations, and then the rate of leaf coloration or senescence was recorded through a series of weekly photographs. The species used in this study, the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), is to represent the general behavior of other Utah deciduous trees with color-changing leaves in comparison of wild versus cultivated trees. The main objective of this study was to see the human effect on a temperate tree’s autumn colors. Both the rate of the leaf coloration as well as the intensity or brightness in its progression was followed. Factors such as the health of the tree and chlorophyll levels will be used in hypothesis. Results prove that the wild gambel oak started leaf senescence earlier and ended later. The BYU campus gambel oak moved through the color scale more rapidly with duller colors. Keywords: leaf senescence, gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), chlorophyll, autumn coloration Effect of weather conditions on the mobility and activity level of fruit flies(Drosophila melanogaster) near Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah. Jeffrey H. Weed, Undergraduate Brigham Young University, 1130 E 450 N Apt 3, Provo, UT 84606. [email protected] Abstract The Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is very common among the insects studied by biologists. It has provided many different experiments throughout the years that have provided much information on insects. This study focuses primarily on the effects of weather on the movement and activity level of Drosophila melanogaster in Provo, Utah at the base of Rock Canyon. Bananas were placed out in the open in order to attract the fruit flies so that they could be counted. This was done for one week in the month of October while the temperatures were higher and then repeated later in the month of November while the temperature were lower. It was found that there were nearly seven times the amount of Drosophila melanogaster found present around the bananas in the month of October than there were in November. During an unexpected increase in the weather in late November the flies returned from there period of idleness. This helped in truly seeing that it was most likely due to the weather that these insects had become more docile. It was conclusive that cold weather does effect the mobility and activity level of Drosophila melanogaster. Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, fruit flies, mobility, activity level, docile, weather. Food Color Preference in Sparrows (Junco hyemalis) at Rock Canyon Park. Natalie J. Williams, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected] Abstract Birds have a specific image in mind when they are searching for food. Birds have preferences in food size, type, and other characteristics. After learning about birds preferences I wanted to see if birds had a preference in the color of their food. I went to Rock Canyon to observe the Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). I wanted to see if these birds have a color preference between red, green, and blue seeds. I set up piles of these three seed colors in various locations to the park and collected data for three weeks. Although the data wasn’t significant, the results showed the birds ate the green seeds first, then the red seeds, and then the blue seeds. This implies the birds do have a color preference when they look for food. Keywords: color preference, junco hyemalis Height of B. glandulosa (bog birch) in Relation to Elevation on Y Mountain: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Shannon M. Williams, 120 Robison Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract There are plenty of factors that can have an effect on plants, including elevation, temperature change and general location. Although studies have determined how all of these factors have an impact on certain plants, it is yet to be resolved how plants typically found on Y Mountain, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. are impacted by these same factors and how the results relate to the research that has already been done. Observations will take place to show how the height and the condition of each B. glandulosa (more commonly known as the bog birch) studied is changed by the factors mentioned. Results will be determined by recording the height of each plant, determining the temperature of the surrounding soil of each plant and monitoring the conditions and precise location and elevation of each area of study. Keywords: B. glandulosa, elevation, plant height, plant growth, abundance, temperature. Winter survival of flowering weeds: An observation of flowering weeds and their ability to survive though cold temperatures in Provo Canyon, Utah. Breanne R. Wilson, 547 N 300 E, Provo, UT 84606 (email: [email protected]) Abstract I am interested in studying different flowering weeds and observing their ability to survive through the cold temperatures in Provo Canyon Utah. I’m interested in discovering which types of flowering weeds will survive and which ones won’t. Also, if they do survive, what makes them able to do so? My hypothesis is that most won’t survive cold temperatures for very long. And that none of them will be able to survive the snowfall. My hypothesis was correct but it wasn’t very specific on the types of weeds. I found four types of weeds each of the asteraceae family, two of which died right away. One was still partially alive, the sagebrush, and another that has not died yet, the Yarrow weed. These two are perennial weeds, which allowed them to withstand the cold weather better than the other annual weeds. Keywords: weeds, plants, survival, winter, cold, temperature, weather The Influence of Elevation and Temperature on the Color Changing Schemes of Maple Trees’ and when they will Fall Julie L. Wilson, 982 N 900 E #38 Provo, UT 84604 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract For this experiment, I was intrigued in finding out whether the location and temperature of a tree effected the changes in its leaves. I was particularly interested in how the tree’s leaves changed color, what colors they changed to, and when the leaves fell off from its branches. It was hypothesized that the trees which were located at a higher altitude in the canyon would experience a quicker change in color, a more intense color, as well as having their leaves fall off first. It was important to draw a connection between the influence of elevation and temperature on the color changing schemes of maple trees’ and when they fell because of the abundance of trees in the world and to see how they effected nature and everyday life. During the cold fall weather, the green chlorophyll disappeared from the leaves and the yellow and orange began to show through. Data was collected by observations in the Provo Canyon. The data indicated that colder temperatures and higher elevation caused the change of color to occur faster and be more intense then those at lower elevations. Keywords: Leaves, Elevation, Temperature, Changing leaves colors, Sapindacea, Maple Tree, Fall, Provo Canyon PHI Proportions and Fibonacci Sequencing in The Hoary Cress (Lepidium Draba) Daniel R. Winegar, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: [email protected]. Phone: 801 557 6396. Nature Experience, Fall 2008, Biology 100, Section [#]. Document: Winegar DR NE 2008.doc. Abstract PHI based proportions (1/1.6180) and the Fibonacci sequence have been found in many plant species in nature. Specimens of the Hoary Cress (Lepidium Draba) in the rosette stage are examined to determine if these systems are present in the shape and quantity of leaves present in the weed. Proportions of the leaf widths and lengths are measured and compared to determine the accuracy of PHI based proportions on the plant. Numbers of leaves are recorded to determine if the quantity of leaves follows the Fibonacci sequence. The average measurements recorded are within a reasonable deviation of PHI proportions and the number of leaves follows the Fibonacci sequence, therefore it is concluded that the Hoary Cress is proportional according to the two systems. Keywords: Hoary Cress, Lepidium Draba, weeds, PHI, golden ratio, Fibonacci sequence. Effect of Temperature and the Speed and Angle an Approaching Object has on the Defense Awareness of the Migratory Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) in Rock Canyon, Provo, UT Benjamin. L Woahn, 329 North 1220 West, Provo, Utah 84601. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of temperature and the speed, as well as the angle an approaching object has on the defense awareness of the Migratory Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes). The migratory grasshopper was selected because it was the most abundant up Rock Canyon, where the studies were done. Any decrease in temperature past 14.4° C proved to dramatically decrease the grasshopper's awareness. Approaching a grasshopper from the posterior as well as the quicker an object approached also increased the grasshopper's defense responses to relocate to safer ground. Keywords: Melanoplus sanguinipes, Migratory Grasshoppers, sensory reception, movement detections, movement detectors, response properties, defense reactions, sensory organs Possible Leaf Fall Effect of Insect Holes in Leaves Kara Wotherspoon, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 1724 North 450 West Apt. #107 Provo Utah 84604, Email: [email protected] Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to see if the holes eaten out of maple (Acer) tree leaves by insects caused the leaf fall in autumn. My hypothesis was that the insects did effect the leaf fall and longevity of the leaves, not the season. I used two pizza boxes placed under two trees and recorded data, the number of leaves with certain number of holes, over several weeks from the leaves that fell into those boxes. The data suggest that insect bitten holes are prominent in leaves that fell. Through biological research I concluded that there is no definite way to know that the fallen leaves are from the bug holes and not from the effects of air concentrations, latitude positioning, or other plants. Further research and information is needed to give a clear conclusion about the reason for leaf fall from the maple (Acer) tree. Keywords: Acer, leaf, insect, holes, observed, abscission. How elevation and humans affect the diversity of plants in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Brennan M. Wright, 2204 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Mountains are full of diversity, but how much diversity? Different factors that play a role in plants survival like temperature and precipitation change as you ascend a mountain and I was curious as to whether these changes had an impact on the plant diversity when compared to different elevations. A previous study concluded that plants “[become] more overdispersed with increasing elevation” (Bryant, 2008). This statement, however, is very general and may not necessarily apply to every area. The area I had in interest was Provo Canyon. In order to measure diversity of an area I used the method established by Henry S. Horn. I used a “Horn plot” at elevations of 2305 meters, 1855 meters, and 1560 meters and plotted the plant species diversity of each elevation against area. As I increased in elevation there were more plant species, yet the species were less dense individually; at the lower elevations there were less species, yet these species were much denser in individual divisions. Since this data comes from a Horn plot, it can help measure the impact we as humans could have on different areas. Since the ‘Diversity of Species with a change in altitude’ curves for each elevation are similar it is concluded that there is not much difference in the amount of area necessary to protect a certain percentage of plant species at different elevations (see figure 2). However, at higher elevations more plant species are at risk and if possible it is always better to be safe and obey “The Rule of the Tinkerer” and preserve and protect every species that we can. Keywords: Plants, diversity, elevation, Provo Canyon, preservation, Horn plot, Rule of the Tinkerer The Effects of Colors on the Feeding of Birds in Y Mountain: Provo, UT, U.S.A Stephanie K. Wright, 2121 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Birds are becoming fascinating to an increasing number of people across America. Thus, bird watching has erupted as a popular hobby, and drawing birds to the backyard with bird feeders and houses has become a common pastime. Birds are becoming increasingly threatened by lack of food sources in their natural habitats, forcing competition and stress. These hinder survival and reproduction. Experiments were performed in Y Mountain with four different colored stimuli to identify the color most attractive to birds, and thus the most effective way of gaining the birds to the backyard to eat and survive. During a two week period, daily weights of food consumed for each color were measured and the average taken. The data revealed that the hypothesis was correct: green was in fact the most attractive color to birds. Further analysis highlighted how similar the results were to each other. Key words: survival, colored stimuli, attractive Water temperature and tide effect on seaweed (Macrocystis Pyrifera) survival in Torrance, California, U.S.A. Devon Zimmerman, 229 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected] Abstract Seaweed, specifically Macrocystis pyrifera, is commonly found along the beaches of Southern California, but it has never been discerned whether certain conditions cause greater amounts of kelp to be washed up onshore, such as temperature, wind speed, salinity, and wave velocity or height. While many factors may affect this process, two of the conditions were tested to see their affect on kelp survival. The experiments were performed in a small area on Torrance Beach where the data was recorded. The stipes of seaweed were identified and counted for the period of one week during which the water temperature was also measured and the wave height documented. The data indicates that days with higher water temperature and taller waves protract the highest amount of Macrocystis pyrifera. Keywords: Macrocystis pyrifera, water temperature, wave height, survival, stipes Meat Selection in Foraging of Yellow Jackets (Vespidae: Vespula) in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A Alvin Ludovico Zuniga, 770 N. University Apt. 14, Provo, UT. 84601 Email: [email protected] Abstract The foraging of Yellow Jackets (Vespula spp) differs between the available food sources and the needs of the colony. Experimentation was be conducted on one Yellow Jacket colony found in Rock Canyon with three different types of raw meats in order to show the preference between the three different types of meat. The three meats are similar to the common protein source foraged by Yellow Jackets being caterpillars. The three meats consist of first, ground beef, second, chicken, and third, salmon. Density of foraging hornets will be measured on the individual meats by ten minute intervals over a one hour period. I suspect that the favored meat will be closer to the protein and nutritive qualities found in caterpillars. The experiment was to be conducted in three different days with different temperatures of the climate measured for each test day starting at different times. The First day’s temperature was 68 degrees Fahrenheit, the second day measured at 55 degrees Fahrenheit and the third day at 49 degrees Fahrenheit. The testing site was in the shade for all three test days. Salmon and Chicken were the most commonly sought after in the experiment in the first two days of the experiment. The beef was hardly examined and only patrolled early in the testing period for the first two days but abandoned after the Salmon and Chicken were foraged. The third day was the coldest having no foraging occur for any of the selected meats. Further examination will be needed to ascertain the ecologic effect the meats have on the colony. Key Words: Vespula, Foraging, Nutritive Qualities, Food Specialization, Caterpillars.