Download How Altitude And Latitude Affect Configuration Of

How altitude and latitude affect configuration of biomes in Southern Arizona and
Central Oregon.
Bryan Abbott, Undergrad, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602.
Email: [email protected]
The purpose of this experiment is to show how altitude and latitude affects biomes.
In this experiment I will be showing the difference in the altitude of two biomes that are
found in Southern Arizona (about 32 degrees North) and in Central Oregon (about 44
degrees North). I will be using the plant native plants Pinus halepensis and Pinus
ponderosa. Both of these plants are found in different Biomes. The Biomes that they are
found in are the desert and the coniferous forest. The ratio of deference in altitude to
latitude will allow us to predict where those biomes should be found at different latitudes.
Key Words: Biome, Pine tree, Elevation, Altitude, Pinus halepensis, Pinus ponderosa,
Coniferous forest, Desert
Distribution and Variation of Species of Trees in Provo, Utah.
Brianna M. Abilez, 783 N. 200 E. Apt. C, Provo, Utah 84606. Email:
[email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. nature experience Abilez fall 2008.doc
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe and record the different species of trees of
my surroundings. This consisted of around my apartment building, campus, and mostly,
Provo Canyon. The study involved describing different trees, the changes they went
through, their characteristics and their specified scientific name through research. I will
focus on a few species to show a more focused subject, as well as comparing them to
ones in another location, or ones of the same family. The different trees were observed
and described by their varying characteristics and features. The variations are seen in the
results and the changes over time with these trees are recorded and gone into detail in the
discussion.
Key Words: Trees, Characteristic changes, foliage, species, distribution
Leaf Size and Effect of Exposure to Sound
C. Kristopher Alder, 1115 Merrill Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. Email:
[email protected].
Abstract
The goal of this study twaso determine what effect, if any, regular exposure to sound
has on the growth of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Several samples of grass were
selected in the Provo area and exposed to an audio recording many times over the course
of two weeks. Their growth was measured and recorded every few days. Comparisons
were made between plants exposed to sound, and those left unexposed (Parsons, 1968).
Keywords: grass, sound, cynodon, leaf size, growth.
Habitats of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) through Stream Alteration in Parley’s
Canyon: Park City, Utah, USA
Allison Anderson, 1340 North Freedom Blvd. Apt. 335, Provo, Utah, 84064 Email:
allison7741@comcast.
Abstract
Like humans, beavers (Castor canadensis) have the capacity to drastically modify
their surrounding landscape. When available, beavers create habitats by burrowing into
nearby lakes and river banks. However when such resources do not exist, the beaver may
transform an ecosystem into a suitable environment by changing stream morphology
through building dams and lodges. At my family cabin located at the summit of Parley’s
Canyon there are two separate beaver ponds, one located at a higher elevation than the
other. Observations conducted at the individual ponds may reveal the processes beavers
use to transform the local terrain into a functional habitat. Site surroundings, stream depth
and gradient, air and water temperature, along with local vegetation and various
populations, determine the presence of beaver lodges.
Keywords: Castor canadensis, beaver, habitats, transform, dams, streams, Parley’s
Canyon, ponds, processes
Fall Foliage—What and Why?
Katherine Anderson
[email protected]
Abstract
I have always had an interest in leaves during the fall. For my Nature Experience
I decided to study the leaves that were changing color in the mountains. I saw many
beautiful colors and varying types of leaves. This lead me to do research on why leaves
change color, which leaves seem to change first, and what colors certain leaves become.
keywords: trees, leaves, winter
The Secrets of Spider’s Cobweb in Provo, Utah, USA
Seung Woo Baek, 329 East 1250 North, Orem, Utah 84057. Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
It would seem that the spiders are catching their prey, so easily, by weaving cobwebs.
This is because the prey, such as crickets and dragonflies, would be entangled with the
web by themselves. However, I discovered some advantages and impedimental factors on
the usage of the web by observing the spiders’ behavior. Surprisingly, the spiders had to
do some exhausting work daily to maintain the viscosity of thread. I found that they had
to remove all the dewdrops every morning and remodel their webs frequently to
maximize the number of preys they catch. Additionally, they had a skill to attract more
insects by building the web that could reflect the specific intensity level of ultraviolet
light toward the insects. This experiment was conducted in several parks in Provo where I
could find the spiders. I took several interesting photographs to show the detail of their
daily movements. The cobweb has a mystique although it looks plain to me.
Keywords: Spider, Cobweb, Viscosity of thread, Prey, Dewdrops, Ultraviolet light.
The eating habits of birds and how it is affected by the environment in the Provo
Canyon
Megan Bailey, 692 W. 1850 N., Provo, Utah, 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe the eating habits and diet of birds native to
Utah and evaluate how it was affected by the surrounding environment. Many birds’ diets
consist of living prey, and it is common for birds to eat insects, worms, fish, etc.
However it must be noted that birds consume many different varieties of food. This study
was meant to present observations on these different varieties and which are most
desirable among birds. Throughout this study five different food types were observed.
These food types being, birdseed, bread crumbs, peanut butter, jam, and fresh fruit. They
were put in separate dishes and then placed at the mouth of Provo Rock Canyon. The
amounts of food were weighed before they were placed in the canyon and every four
hours afterward. The dishes of food were placed in the canyon on three different days.
After three days of observation, all the data was collected. It was then analyzed with the
objective to discover which was most desirable among the birds in the Provo Canyon.
After three days I observed that the birdseed, and the bread crumbs were vastly more
favored among the birds in Provo Rock Canyon. They consistently had the most eaten.
Bringing me to the conclusion that granivorous birds are most present in the Provo
Canyon, and that birdseed would generally be a good way to attract birds.
Key Words: Aves, diet, insectivorous, granivorous
The Attraction of Light to Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera)
Courtney Baker, 701 N 500 W #212, Provo, Utah 84601. [email protected]
Abstract
I discovered the reason that moths are attracted to light and whether they gain any
benefits from exposure to such light. I investigated whether moths are attracted to all
types of light and if they are preferable to some lights over others. I tested their
preference and sensitivity to a “regular” incandescent 60 watt light bulb and a 60 watt
ultraviolet “black light.” The ultraviolet “black light” attracted an average of 11 moths
compared to the average of 6 moths that the incandescent bulb attracted, proving that the
ultraviolet lights. I researched where moths go during the day since they are almost
always seen at night.
Key words: light attraction, incandescent light bulb, ultraviolet light bulb, moth
Indigenous versus Invasive Plant Species in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Karissa Baker, 49 Fox Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:[email protected]
Abstract
The invasion and establishment of alien plant species can have numerous adverse
affects on a community, the most common of which is the eradication of native species
through completion for resources. Alien species often follow human migratory patterns.
For example, the colonization of the Americas brought many European plant species into
the New World. Later, the emigration of the Mormon pioneers to Utah brought several
new crops, trees and weedy species to Utah, many of which have become firmly
established in the region’s environment. In this study, I designated a random 1 meter
study area in each of two different locations and marked it off with a string boundary. I
then examined and identified each of the plant species in the study area. The two study
areas were Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah, and the bank of the Provo River in Canyon Glen
Park, in Provo Canyon. In the Rock Canyon study area I found five native species, one
non-native species, and two unidentified plants. In the Provo River study area, I found
one native species, three non-native species, and three unidentified plants. The nonnative species found in these sites possessed many traits proven to increase invasive
success in plants. Some of these traits included favorable growth patterns and methods of
seed dispersal.
Keywords: Rock Canyon Park; Provo River; invasive species; native species
The result of wildfire on the solubility of soils near Draper, Utah
Brett Bardsley, PO Box 7253, Univ. Station, Provo, UT 84602 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed that, depending on the duration and intensity of a brush
fire, specific elements are sent to the atmosphere and the physical properties of soil are
changed. Nevertheless, there has been little research conducted on how such variables
affect the water solubility of soil found in the Wasatch Front. After seeing the rapid
regeneration of plant life after a 200-acre wildfire burned through the Wasatch National
Forest east of Draper, Utah on August 29, 2008, I was interested in learning how the
solubility of the soil could have helped with the regeneration and why there was so little
runoff during the heavy rains that occurred just weeks after the fire. For this purpose, I
conducted an experiment to test how the fire affected the solubility of the mountain’s
soil. Multiple soil samples were taken from both burned and unburned locations on the
mountain. The samples were then measured to find differences in weight and water
solubility. The resulting data was then used to find trends in solubility. The analysis of
the data showed that the soil taken from the burned locations of the mountain were lighter
and more water soluble.
Keywords: brush fire, Wasatch Front, solubility, soil, water, Draper, Utah, runoff, burn
The Changing Leaves of the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelli) trees in Rock Canyon,
Provo, Utah, as a Result of Temperature.
Kathryn Eleanor Barker, 52 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Deciduous trees have leaves that change in the fall and eventually shed for the winter.
In this study, the Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelli) of Rock Canyon Park in Provo, Utah
was studied. There are many factors which contribute to how fast a deciduous tree's
leaves change, but the one focused on in this study was how temperature affected the rate
of change on the Gambel Oak. As the temperature of Rock Canyon gradually got cooler,
the amount of leaves changed over a week was observed over the course of four weeks. A
scatter plot was created and a line of best fit was calculated to examine the correlation
between temperature and the rate of change. This tree was identified by taking pictures,
examining the leaves, and then searching through A Guide to the Trees of Utah and the
Intermountain West by Michael Kuhns.
Key Words: Gambel Oak, Quercus gambelli, Rock Canyon, deciduous, leaves, colors
The internal survival mechanism of the earthworms Aporrectodea longa
Lindsay M. Bean, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604.
[email protected]
Abstract
The choice of an earthworm’s domestic soil seems to be a purposeful one. A worm
will be able to reasonably live in most soiled environments, however, they lean (or
wiggle) towards those that give them the most strength. This will probably be because of
their natural inclination towards survival. The earthworms, under the phylum of
annelids, will first be identified as the earthworm Aporrectodea longa. Then the
moistness of the earth and the already existent activity of the earthworms will be taken
into account. Each will then be placed in this same earth they were founded in, but in an
isolated container. Although this must include tampering by the experimenter, this will
allow these said earthworms to then be observed over a period of 14 days, or two weeks.
Approximated time spent in each environment will be plotted. This experiment will be a
step towards answering the question of whether or not the earthworm will be able to
internally find the moister soil.
Keywords: Soil, Earthworms, Aporrectodea longa, moisture, survival
Attraction of insects to certain types and intensities of light and its application in
providing desirable outdoor experiences: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Dereksen R. Beck, 1340 N. Freedom Blvd. #208, Provo, Utah 84604 Email.
[email protected]
Abstract
Moths and many other flying insects are positively phototactic, and usually move
towards light. This could be useful perhaps for navigation, or a natural reaction to move
away from the ground if disturbed. Also, different organisms are attracted to different
light intensities. Moths are attracted to moonlight, but not sunlight (Staude 2007). Seeing
as numerous flying insects are attracted to light, the purpose of this experiment is to learn
which types of insects are attracted to which types and intensities of light. Studies, taking
place in Provo canyon at night, will include the positioning and careful observation of
different types of light and different intensities, such as halogen, incandescent and
fluorescent. Using the results and the observation of the efficacy of different wattages of
light used to illuminate an outdoor setting, a conclusion can be made regarding the type
of light used and the necessary intensity. The final goal is to elect the proper ratio of bulb
wattage to insects attracted in order to create a desirable, efficient outdoor environment.
Keywords: insects, moths, attraction to light, positive phototaxis, fluorescent lighting
Cocos nucifera and how it’s influenced by different geographical regions
Paola Becker, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose for my nature experience was to see the physical differences in palm
trees, more specifically cocos nucifera, that grew in El Salvador. I wanted to see if there
were major differences in the size and color of cocos nucifera that grew within the city of
San Miguel and those that grew in the beach just south of the city called Cuco. My
hypothesis before starting was that the palm trees in the city would be smaller and darker
than the ones found in the beach due to the lack of sunlight and available nutrients in the
soil. Daily observations were made for 10 days in both locations and the results ended up
being very close to my predictions.
Keywords: Palm Trees, Cocos Nucifera, El Salvador, San Miguel, Cuco,
The Effect of Altitude on the Weight and Density of Insects Within a Small Altitude
Range
Brandon Beeks, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Pleasant Grove, Utah
84062.
Email: [email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. beeksbNE2008.docx
Abstract
Rapoport’s rule states that the abundance and diversity of plants and animals are
generally smaller at lower latitudes, than at higher latitudes. In 1992 Stevens found
evidence to expand this rule to say that changes in altitude also affect the abundance and
diversity of plants and animals. The purpose of this study is to see if this hypothesis
holds true for insects as well. The total amount (based on weight) and range in diversity
of insects (based on number of insects) at different altitudes levels within Utah Valley is
observed. Three bug traps for non-flying insects were set at three separate altitudes. The
contents collected from the traps show that there is a increase in insect weight with and
increase altitude. They also show that there is a decrease in the number of insects with the
increase in altitude. The results provide evidence that Rapoport's rule does not apply to
insect weight at smaller ranges of altitude change. It does however apply to insect
diversity at smaller ranges of altitude change.
Keywords: Rapoport's Rule, Insect Diversity, Altitude, Bio-Diversity, and Non-Flying
Insects
The Effect of Water Content and Elevation and The Role It Plays on The Diversity
of Plant Life In SouthFork Canyon, Utah, USA
Chad Bennett, 3145 N Canyon Rd. Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Water is essential for life. It is the compound of two of the most important elements
in this world; every living thing uses it and every living creature would die without it.
But studies have shown that water does a lot more than just sustain life; it plays major
roles in Bio-diversity, allowing some organisms to flourish while others waste away. In
fact, water can contribute to diversity by “the cycling of mineral nutrients [which] is one
of the most important processes occurring in the forest ecosystems” (Rentch, Hicks,
2002). This was tested by examining the diversity of plants within the belt transect
format; three elevations were selected at random and within those three elevations two,
four square meter plots were tested for their diversity of plant life. Each elevation had a
site located directly at the bank of the river, and then a second test plot ten meters from
the river. Although there were measurable differences between the plots the variance was
less than expected. The plot at an elevation of 6301 ft. by the stream had the greatest
diversity with the identification of nine different kinds of plants, Senecio pauciflorus
(Rayless Alpine Groundsel) being the most common of the nine. But the area with the
second greatest amount of variation was 5720ft. by the stream where there were six
different species found there.
Key words: Elevation, bio-diversity, Senecio pauiflorus
Patterns and Factors that Influence Leaf Pigmentation Change in Acer campestre,
Pyrus calleryana, and Ulmus americana
Sam Bernhisel, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The goal of my nature experience was to determine if there was a general trend in
leaves off the same tree in the way they lost their green pigmentation and also to
determine the effect, if any, that the amount of direct sunlight a tree received had on this
process. Observations were carried out on three trees, all of different species, around the
BYU campus. Data was collected twice a week throughout the month of November 2008
on three species of trees: an american elm Ulmus americana, a Hedge maple Acer
campestre, and a Bradford Pear tree Pyrus calleryana. Information including a rough
estimate on what percentage of the tree’s leaves had changed color, general patterns in
which leaves turned from green to purple, yellow, and other colors was collected. The
process of a tree losing its green pigmentation, commonly called autumn colors, is caused
by a decrease in chlorophyll production by the leaf in response to cold temperatures
allowing other pigments such as carotene, xanthophyll, and anthocyanin to become
visible. Some of the conclusions of my observation were that the outer most extremities
of the the leaf were the first to lose chlorophyll and change from being green as well as
that the amount of direct sunlight received by a tree did have a noteworthy effect in
determining the rate at which leaves lose pigmentation.
Keywords- pigmentation; sunlight; pattern; chlorophyll, carotene
Aspen tree Reproduction
myleka Bevans-White, [email protected]
Abstract
I am studing how Aspen Trees Sexually and Asexually reproduce and how effective each
method is.
The trees I decided to study were the; Populus tremuloides or Quaking American Aspen,
and the populus tremula or Aspen or European Aspen.
I decided to go with the most common trees to Provo Canyon, to examine what makes
their disruption of seeds more efficient in Utah's climate. I am also
examing their Asexual Reproduction due to the fact that Aspens
tend to colon themselves through expansive root systems containing thousands of sprouts
or "suckers" all really the same tree.
These large bodies of trees then are usually all one sex and unable to sexually reproduce
for lack of another gender. I am studing
how this benifts and hurts the Aspen trees survival and growth.
Key Words: Aspen, Repoduction, Root system, Asexual, Sexual, Seeds
The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllus assimilis)
Chirping in Rock Canyon: Provo, UT U.S.A.
Janine R. Bird, 555 North 500 East Apt. 24, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The frequency of cricket (Gryllus assimilis) chirping varies immensely from one
climate to another. Research has shown that crickets are more likely to chirp depending
on variables within their surroundings. To gain a better understanding as to which factors
affect a cricket’s vocal activity with greater magnitude than others, I decided to observe
cricket liveliness in Rock Canyon. There, I recorded and analyzed native cricket
chirping on a daily basis for a total of three weeks. Weather variations were especially
taken into account, namely, temperature and precipitation. Using table charts and graphs,
the collected data reveals that cricket chirping increases linearly with higher
temperatures.
Key words: Crickets, temperature, precipitation, stridulation, average
Use of Visual Cues in Helping Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to Navigate to and from
Food Sources
Pete A. Bird, 375 West 1720 North Apt. 114, Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the methods used by ants (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) to navigate to and from food sources. More specifically, I evaluated how
ants store visual cues from their surroundings to remember where food sources are
located. Experiments were conducted that measured an ants ability to relocate a source
of food solely based on recurring visual elements. In this experiment a solid white floor
and a solid black wall were used. The evaluations showed how ants do, indeed, commit a
visual image of their surroundings when they locate a source of food. They are then able
to recall this information as they attempt to locate the food source. A second experiment
was then conducted to test the ants' ability to navigate from the food source back to their
home based on the same visual cues. Data gathered from the experiment affirmed the
hypotheses that ants are able to commit to memory these images and recall them in order
to both locate previously discovered food sources and return home.
Keywords: Formicidae, ants, visual, navigate, food, image.
Effectiveness of Five Pan-trap Colors Determined by Number of Insects Each Color
Collects
Lynette Blunck, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the traditional pan-trap
colors (yellow, blue, and white) to the effectiveness of pink and green pan-traps in
attracting insects. The hypothesis that the descending order of pan-trap effectiveness by
color would be yellow; blue; white; pink; and green, was tested. Sets of the five specified
pan-trap colors were set out in three different locations in Rock Canyon Park. After these
sets of pan-traps collected insects, the results of the number of insects each trap color
collected was analyzed and will be discussed. The hypothesis regarding pan-trap color
effectiveness in collecting insects was partially seen in the results.
Keywords: insect sampling, pan-trapping, color.
Behavioral Changes of Earthworms (phylum annelid) as a result of changes in their
environment.
Jonathan R. Boren, 1340 N Freedom Blvd. #418, Provo, Utah, 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand the behavioral changes in worms as their
environment is effected by large amounts of precipitation. Its common knowledge that
after heavy rainfall earthworms can be found on the pavement or sidewalks. This study
was conducted to try to understand the reason for the worms leaving their burrows and
moving to the surface of the soil and sometimes to the pavement. Heavy rainfall was
simulated and the results were recorded. The data was inconclusive and did not support
the hypothesis that the reason for the movement from the burrow to the surface is because
of a lack of oxygen beneath the surface and sometimes on the surface of the soil.
Keywords: Phylum annelid, worm grunter, rooping iron, habitat
Eating Preferences of Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrynchos) When Presented with a
Choice of Breadcrumbs, Feeder Fish, or Cracked Corn.
Kelsey Brems, Biology 100, 761 E. 820 N. #226 , Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Anas platyrynchos, more commonly known as the mallard duck, is found across the
world in or near sources of water. In their natural habitat, the mallard duck generally
feeds on plant life and sources of protein when living as wildlife unless given opportunity
to feed from humans. This experiment is to test which type of food mallard ducks (Anas
platyrynchos) prefer when given a choice while living in their natural habitat. I wanted to
experiment and find out what type of food mallard ducks would prefer when given the
option of three different types of food that would be readily available to them, which in
turn removes the hunting and foraging aspect of their feeding, leaving simply the duck's
choice. The test sample, eight ducks at Fanno Creek located in Tigard, Oregon, was given
an option between feeding fish, breadcrumbs, or cracked corn all available to them in the
same area. The data that I will find will determine what type of food these mallard ducks
prefer in their diet. Based on the averages collected from the experiments conducted, the
breadcrumbs were preferred the most among the mallard ducks as the primary source of
their diet.
Keywords: Anas platyrynchos, mallard ducks, grain, breadcrumbs, cracked corn, protein,
feeding fish.
Comparing Mountain Plant Life on Northern and Southern Facing Slopes in Rock
Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Mitchell M. Brower, 133 Snow Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to see the difference of plant life between northern and
southern facing slopes. The difference between the two is the amount of sun exposure
each one gets during the day. The north and south facing slopes of Rock Canyon
provided a perfect place to carry out my experiment. North facing slopes have higher soil
water content than south facing because north facing are blocked from the sun most of
the day. I observed the two slopes to visually see the difference in plant life and decided
to measure the water content in the soil on both sides to prove that the south facing slope
is drier. I found that the north facing slope did have higher soil water content. The plant
life on the north facing slope was more diverse and abundant than the south facing. My
studies agreed with the studies previously done.
Keywords: North facing slope, south facing slope, sun exposure, soil water content,
plant life, scrub oak (Quercus gambelii), diverse, abundant.
Variations in Spider Web Designs in Relation to Height from the Ground near
Ogden River, Ogden, Utah, U.S.A.
Kimberly Brown 669 E. 800 N. #S109 Provo, UT 84606. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Many spiders (of the order Araneae) build webs of various sizes to catch their prey.
The variation of web design is likely to be dependent on the species of spider and the
vegetation that the webs are constructed around, but the web designs also vary in relation
to the height they are from the ground. Observations and data were collected in Ogden
Canyon, near Ogden River, of the different spider webs found in areas near and far from
the river’s edge. A correlation was found between the height and the pattern of the spider
web, but the correlation is most likely due to the variations in vegetation available to be
used for web-building at different heights. Record was taken of the height each web was
from the ground as well as detailed notes and sketches of the web. A graph is included to
display the findings of web patterns compared to the height the web hangs from the
ground.
Keywords
Spider web, web pattern, web design, web structure, vegetation, Araneae, Ogden,
Utah
The Onset of Hibernation in the Mountains near Provo, Utah
Shana E. Brown 832 E 820 N Provo, UT 84606
email: [email protected]
Abstract:
This study was to show how the onset of winter triggers hibernation in animals. As
animals enter their state of hibernation, they gradually disappear from their active
lifestyle above ground. A study was conducted in Provo Canyon, watching how gradually
it is that these organisms went into hibernation. Once a week for three consecutive weeks,
predetermined organisms were counted and recorded. Data was collected specifically on
ants, gnats, mites, and mice. The temperature and weather were also recorded those days
that data was collected. The data collected showed that as the temperature drops, as the
habitat changes, organisms gradually became less prevalent in the area as they settled
down to hibernate for the winter. I saw at least one of these organisms the first time I
collected data, and the last time I counted I did not see any organisms from any of these
species. It can be concluded from this study that organisms gradually go into hibernation
as the temperature and weather becomes colder and less helpful for food sources to
produce.
Key Words: mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), mite (Trombicula alfreddugesi), ant
(Camponotus pennsylvanicus), gnat (Bradysia coprophila), hibernation, torpor, diapause,
temperature, change of seasons
The effects of natural sunlight and air exposure on a Dracaena Marginata, as
opposed to shade and protection from other plants.(Plant: Liliaceae)
Esther Cabrera, Student of Brigham Young University . Provo , Utah 84604 .
[email protected]
Abstract
I purchased a Dracaena Marginata plant recently and placed it inside of my dorm room.
Instead of testing the difference between the plant while being outside versus inside, I
decided to take the plant outside. I observed the plant in the pot and also out of the pot in
actual soil among the other plants. This experiment was conducted outside of Taylor Hall
in Helaman Halls. There is an area where other plants and bushes are planted. I recorded
the results of the Dracaena inside the protection of the pot while watering it one cup
everyday. Than a week later I removed the plant from the pot and planted it amongst the
landscaping and observed it for a week. The results were uniform. The plant had not
changed much from the soil to the pot. I researched about the Dracaena and discovered
that the plant can be equally grown in a populated area or simply in a pot of its own.
Keywords: observation, replanting, consistency
Prey Interception in Webs of Orb-weaving Spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea) in Provo,
Utah, U.S.A.
Neal Call, 1441 Cherry Circle, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The interception of prey within an orb spider’s (Araneae: Araneoidea) web is
strongly determined by the mesh width, or space between threads on the web, but the
probability of prey contacting the web is not clear in the current literature. I hypothesized
that the chance of an insect contacting a web would increase the closer it is to the center
of the web, but did not know by how much the chance would increase. I conducted
observations at three locations near the Provo River in Provo Canyon, Utah. In this
observational study, careful measurement of orb web architecture cross-referenced with
wing-span size of prey allowed statistical calculation of the probability of different sizes
of prey contacting web filaments at different points on an orb-web, assuming that they fly
through the space a web occupies. I plotted wingspan/profile size against the percent
chance of contacting orb-webs. Results showed that the chance of prey contacting the
web is higher near the center of the web than near the outside edges, and that webs with
smaller mesh width are more likely to catch insects of various sizes.
Keywords: Araneae: Araneoidea; orb-weaving spiders; prey interception; wingspan;
mesh width
Nature Experience: Correlation between tree bark thickness and tree height
Ashley N. Campbell Biology 101 215 E Richards Hall Provo UT, 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between the thickness of tree bark
for different tree species and average height that the specific species grows. Three trees
were identified for this observation Acer grandidentatum, Quercus macrucarpa, and Pinus
resinosa. The thickness of each tree’s bark was measured and compared to the average
height of the corresponding tree. I hypothesized that the thicker the bark of a tree the
taller that tree would be. However, according to my findings, based off the data from the
above three trees, it was found that there is a negative correlation between tree bark
thickness and tree height. In simpler terms, the thicker the bark of the tree the shorter the
tree will be.
Keywords: canyon maple, red pine, burr oak, correlation
Influence of Temperature on the Aquatic Life in Utah Lake: Provo, Utah
Marissa Campbell, 300 N 185 E Apt. 15 Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Plankton are the base of every freshwater food web, and give rise to the amount and
diversity of life found in freshwater habitats. Thermal conditions can significantly
influence the composition and properties of plankton communities. The plankton
communities can be affected to such a degree that there could be alterations in the food
web that shift the balance and types of plankton which then affect the composition of
other organisms in the habitat. The metabolism and production of new plankton are
affected by sunlight, and temperature. Samples were extracted from Utah Lake for
analysis. Multiple samples were taken, each at a different temperature, that were then
examined with a microscope. A small amount of the sample was then systematically
searched for number of aquatic life forms. This data was recorded and then plotted to find
the relation between temperature and amount of life. The trend in the graph shows that
there is a direct relationship between decreasing temperature and the amount of life. This
result tells us that the aquatic life in Utah Lake is similar to the life in lakes that were
found in other studies. The condition of Utah Lake has not yet severely altered the
plankton’s response to temperature.
Key words: Temperature; plankton; aquatic life; Utah Lake; Freshwater habitat
Influence of weather, specifically sunlight, rain clouds and perhaps snow, on
different species of spiders living in the same environment together found at Rock
Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Isaac Carr, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84606. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The behavior of spiders is influenced and affected by many things ranging from
temperature, food and water to what species of spider. However, perhaps more important
is what other prey (animals for the spiders to eat) are nearby, for after all, all are
predatory. Spiders live in most parts of the world except cold regions (Bastyra, Watts,
Henwood, 2004). But experiments and more research must be conducted to determine,
what is the affect of weather, on different species of spiders. Whether or not they will
become more agile or it will cause them to become weaker because of the rain or sun. Or
rather will the more sunlight or rain have no affect on the spiders at all, positive or
negative? Data and statistics will be gathered to show which species of spiders were
affected and which were not.
Flower Attraction of Bees in the State of Utah.
Hillary Chamberlain, 1340 N. Freedom Blvd. #342 Provo, UT 84604
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
The attraction to flowers by bees is due to floral signals such as color and scent, but
research and study has to be done to show that this attraction is present and not due to
other causes or coincidence. A study of bees on a random sample of flowers will be done
to watch their interaction with the flowers. The same set of flowers will be watched and
the bees will be counted on each different type of flower in the garden. The time that the
bee spends on the flower will also be watched. This will be done multiple times to get an
accurate conclusion. This will help to find if bees are attracted to a certain type of
flower, color, smell, or a combination of both.
Key Words: flowers, color, scent, bees, attraction.
Anas Platyrhynchos (mallard duck) sights and similarities in different areas of the
US that relate back to either dance or psychology
Michelle Christensen, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
While walking around campus at the beginning of the semester, I saw a duck pond
that had many ducks both swimming in the water and also walking around the pond in
groups. I noticed that the ducks sometimes formed straight lines with one another. I
decided I would see if the ducks had dance-like technique by using space, time and
energy when they would swim or walk with one another.
I also wanted to be able to see how similar ducks and people are in the sense of
having inborn traits within them, such as the ducks following a specific leader.
I also wanted to see if the weather affected the outcome of their technique to wander
together in groups, or lines. I wanted to observe in both rain and shine as well as
different parts of the country. I seemed to believe that the weather wouldn’t have that
much of an effect on how clustered or straight their groups would move on land and in
the water.
Key words
Mallard ducks, dance, movement, space, grouping, line, weather
Behavior and Travel Patterns of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Northern
Utah: Bothwell, Utah, U.S.A.
Keagan M. Christensen, 2170 North 154 West Apt. 415, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The behaviors and travel patterns of mule deer are affected by weather conditions.
They say that in Utah the rut or breeding period starts in Mid-November (Wallmo, 1978)
but nobody can really answer a few important questions such as: At what temperature is
the rut activated? What time of the year does the rut really start going strong? When do
the larger bucks start joining herds of does and fawns? I have started monitoring deer in
an area with a very strong population of deer. This ranch is in northern Utah near
Bothwell, it is 2200 acres and the current population density of deer on the ranch is about
44 per square mile. Estimates put the overall population base at about 150 animals. As
the rut is going to be occurring within about the next two-three weeks I will be
monitoring behavior of the deer pre-rut during the rut and after the rut. Travel patterns,
mating habits, herd size and when the larger bucks join the herds will be monitored very
closely.
Keywords: Rut, Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, Travel
Size’s (both height and trunk width) effect on leaf color change and leaf dropping of
narrow-leaf poplar (Salix angustifolia) trees in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Ryan C. Christensen, 896 North 910 East, Orem, Utah, 84097 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The changing of leaf color in the fall provides great opportunities to enjoy the beauty
of the surrounding canyons. The changing of a leaf’s color and when the leaf falls off the
tree are part of leaf senescence, or dying off. Several studies have researched temperature
and CO2’s affect on the time of leaf senescence. Currently, no studies have been
presented on size’s (both height and trunk width) effect on leaf senescence. The
observation study focused on three narrow-leaf poplar (Salix angustifolia) trees located in
Provo Canyon near Provo, Utah. The three trees ranged from 13.5” x 32’ (width (inches)
x height (feet)) to 27” x 60’. Pictures were compared on three different dates using
Adobe Illustrator computer software. The results showed no difference in the time of leaf
changing color and falling off of the tree. Therefore, size plays no critical role in leaf
senescence among the narrow-leaf poplar.
Keywords: Senescence
Average size of White Bass (Morone Chrysops) taken from Utah Lake.
Sean R. Chung, Brigham Young University, 674 E 300 N Provo, UT 84606. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
There is a diverse scale of living organisms in the Utah Lake. There is also a large
population of people who enjoy fishing. There are many laws created in the state of Utah
in order to regulate size and number of fishes taken from its waters. However, the white
bass or morone chrysops has no legal size requirements. There is also no limit to the
amount of white bass taken in a single day. The question of whether or not the white
bass taken from Utah Lake follow the average of those taken across the country is being
addressed. 66 white bass were drawn from the lake and were measured. The average
size was 21.7 cm with 28 cm being the maximum size and minimum being 19.5 cm.
Keywords: white bass, size, Utah Lake,
Abundance of Sorbus scopulina and Sambucus melanocarpa berries and fruits and their
attractiveness to birds
MeChel M. Clark, 374N Main St, Orem, Utah 84057 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
In Provo Canyon, Utah County, and Millcreek Canyon, Salt Lake Canyon, Western
mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina) and Black/purple Elderberry (Sambucus melanocarpa)
shrubs can easily be identified. However, the Western mountain-ash shrubs and the redorange fruits are more abundant. It was thought that Western mountain-ash was less
disturbed by the bird population, therefore its fruits and the shrubs in general were more
plentiful. Four days were spent in the two locations sited above observing which shrubs
the local birds preferred to rest on and consume the fruits. While it was found that the
purplish-black berries of the elderberry shrubs (63%) were consumed more by the birds
than the red-orange fruits of the mountain-ash (37%) the difference is not significant and
there is insufficient evidence to state that the birds are the cause of the abundance of
mountain-ash fruits.
Keywords: Sorbus, mountain-ash, Sambucus, elderberry, shrubs, fruit-eating birds, seeds
Differences in plant growth of the Yellow Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus
viscidiflorus) based on its growing environment in Davis County, Utah, USA.
Kristyn Clark, 222 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604, E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract
The area in which the Yellow Rabbitbrush grows will have an effect on its size,
shape, how far closely it is located to other plants of its species and the amount of leaves
and flowers that are on each plant. A plant that is in the more arid climate of the
mountains will need to be more durable and able to grow with limited water. This could
cause the plant to be smaller in size but also more durable. In contrast the same species of
plant found in an area like a pond or lake would likely be larger in size and have a fuller
shape. The location has an effect on the plant’s growth and spacing as well as factors
such as the number of leaves and flowers and the position of these items on the plant.
Keywords spacing,
Diversity Among Tree Leaves Based on Elevation and Rain Fall in the Alpine Loop
Tara J. Cookson, 3221 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find and understand the affect that elevation and rain
fall have on leaf diversity among the trees in the Alpine Loop, Utah, U.S.. The Alpine
Loop was chosen because of its great diversity among plants and also the constant change
in elevation. Two different areas of the Alpine Loop were chosen, a lower-elevated area
and a higher elevated-area. Maple and Oak trees were most common in the lowerelevated area while aspen trees were most common in the higher-elevated areas. Both
elevations produced trees with drip tip leaves. In the valleys of the mountains (lowestelevated area), the pine tree is most common. These trees do not have drip-tips and
survive better in dryer soil or soil that drains water quickly. Elevation of each area was
recorded and photographs were taken of each tree type found in those areas. Through my
observations, the amount of rainfall and the elevation combined affect the leaf type
among trees in the Alpine Loop.
Keywords: Alpine Loop, higher-elevated area, lower-elevated area, lowest-elevated area,
oak, maple, aspen, pine, rainfall, drip tip.
Research to Determine if Insects Have Parallel Hunger Cravings to Humans. Provo,
UTAH, U.S.A
Larissa Cox, 2102 N. 170 W. Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
This experiment was organized to observe if insects of all sorts had parallel hunger
cravings to those of humans. I wanted to determine if insects also craved breakfast at the
same time we craved breakfast, or lunch at the same time we craved lunch, etc. I used
food samples of three separate food categories (breakfast, cereal; lunch, peanut-butter and
jelly sandwich; dinner; pasta) and placed them near the bank of a river. Then I checked
on them at eight in the morning, at noon, and again at six at night, and recorded how
many insects were on each food sample at the given time. After this observation was
made, no correlation was found between the insects hunger cravings to that of our
own.
Keywords: hunger, prey, insects (ground dwelling and predatory)
The effect of temperature and weather changes on Rock Canyon bird population.
David Crall, 143 W. 2060 N. Apt 209, Provo, UT 84604, [email protected]
Abstract
I observed the bird population of Provo's Rock Canyon between the times of 10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. every other saturday starting September 20 and ending November 15 to
discover whether or not temperature and weather changes in the area affected the activity
level and number of birds. I purchased a hopper bird feeder and filled it with black oil
sunflower seeds as I was told by the storekeeper that feed is known to be highly attractive
to birds around the Provo area. I counted the number of birds that came within 10 feet of
the feeder that I hung on a tree on the outskirts of the park. My observations support my
hypothesis that there is a higher frequency of birds on warm days with clear skies.
Keywords: bird population, Rock Canyon, frequency
The Effects of Moisture and Mulch on the Foraging Activity of Ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, USA
Devin M. Curry, 1565 N. University Ave. Apt. 125, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Many studies have been done to try to determine what affects the foraging activity of
ants (Formicidae). Finding what deters foraging activity would make it possible to reduce
crop damage and other destruction caused by Formicidae. While many studies have
shown little effect in deterring foraging activity, more study needs to be performed in
relation to how mulch, and the moisture of mulch affects foraging activity. In this study,
both dry and moistened mulch were placed under sources of sugar. The number of ants at
each food source was counted. Results showed that while the initial number of
Formicidae was fewer on the mulch food sources, the final number on each food source
was similar.
Key Words: Formicidae, ants, foraging, mulch, moisture
Fresh Water Organisms’ Susceptibility to Temperature Variation in Utah County,
U.S.A.
Amber R. D’Agostini, 1135 West 1100 North, Orem, Utah 84057 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to see the susceptibility of fresh water organisms to
temperature change in their environments. A sample of fresh water, which contained
planktonic diatoms, was taken from the inlet of the Jordan River in Saratoga Springs, UT,
then taken back to a lab were it was split into three separate samples. One sample was
heated, one cooled and the third remained the same as a standard. The activity level of the
diatoms was recorded at every five degree increment change from the original sample.
The findings confirmed that planktonic diatoms are effected by changes in their
environment’s temperature level but not until the water gets considerably hot. It was also
observed that the activity level of the diatoms does not decrease gradually as its
environment changes but instead ceases all activity quickly at a certain degree.
Keywords: Temperature Variation, Planktonic Diatoms, Fresh Water, Climate Change,
Dissolved Oxygen
Water Temperature and Its Affect on Duck Migration
Alicia Davis, 1565 N University Ave Apt. 119, Provo, UT 84604, email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The Purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between duck migration
and water temperature. I studied the relationship of water temperature and duck
migration by weekly observing and recording the number of ducks at Utah Lake and the
average water temperature. In order to determine the Lake’s average temperature, using
a thermometer, I observed where the ducks mostly congregated and took two water
temperature samples in that area of the Lake. From these two temperatures, I calculated
the average temperature. I calculated migration by counting the number of ducks in the
lake and comparing the changes over a 5-week period. I measured water temperature and
counted duck density once a week for five weeks. Based on my results there is little or
no relationship between the water temperature of Utah Lake and the migration of the
local ducks.
Key Words: duck migration, temperature, habitat.
Water Purity in Relationship to the Altitude and amount of algae in American Fork
Canyon: American Fork, Utah, U.S.A.
Brian W. Davis, 900 East, Heritage Halls, Snow Hall, Apt. 131 Provo, Utah 84606
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Purity in water varies as it travels downstream in a river. Experiments were
done in American Fork canyon testing the river at four various altitudes and one pond test
for its water purity in the forms of its electrical conductivity (EC) and the amount of
algae per rock; Algae being part of the algal group, being a polyphyletic with many
different scientific classifications. (P. Gualtieri 2005) The water was tested at various
altitudes by using an (EC) tester and by using an altimider to know of the altitude of the
river and pond being tested. I also did visual estimates of the amount of algae per rock in
each area. This experiment was able to show how great an influence the altitude or
distance from the source of a river has on water purity. The results showing an increase
of salts and ions in the water as it went downstream with a 358 (EC) rating at an altitude
of 1,850 meters above sea level, and a 506 (EC) rating at 1,600 meters. The pond test did
not follow the river results and was calculated with a 350 (EC) rating at an altitude of
1,820 meters. The amount of algae per rock increased as it went downstream with an
average of 18% of each rock being covered by algae at 1,850, and an average of 38% of
each rock being covered at 1,600 meters. The pond once again did not follow river results
and stuck out with an average of 79% of each rock being covered by algae. The algae
results might be slightly inconsistent due to different variables such as amount of sun
light, flow of stream, and position of the rock.
Keywords: Electrical conductivity, water purity, algae, American Fork Canyon.
Morning Feeding Habits and Behaviors of Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) in
Utah County
Ciera E. Davis, 420 East 600 North, Provo, Utah. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The feeding, foraging and eating habits of Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) is
documented in areas around the United States, primarily in areas where they breed.
Documentation of the diet of western populations of this gull is available but it is not
specific to their eating habits in Utah County. Observations of early morning feeding
habits and behaviors will be examined in adult Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in
Utah County. Observations began in October 2008 and concluded on November 29,
2008. Observation sites included (1) two fields around Brigham Young University
Campus, the outdoor track field and the outdoor baseball field, (2) three farm fields in
west Provo (3) various parking lots around fast food restaurants, Brigham Young
University and shopping malls in Provo and Orem and (4) the Utah county dump in
Lindon. Observation times began between 7:15 and 8:00 am and continued until 9:30 am.
In addition to speculating on the type of food the gulls obtained at different sites,
observations of their behavior are documented.
Key words: aggressive behavior; communal behavior; large group; small group
Nutritional Preferences in the Main Food Supply of the Italian Honeybee in Lindon,
Utah
Landon B. Davis, 130 Wymount Terrace Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
It is common knowledge that Honeybees are attracted to a variety of colorful
aromatic flowers that produce pollen and nectar; but further research is required to
determine why this is so. Bees are often seen swarming around the food tables at outdoor
activities in search of close substitutes for the life-sustaining staples necessary to their
diets. This incident is especially common around summertime picnics and outdoor
barbeques. Thus, experiments were conducted to determine what key ingredient
primarily attracts bees to foreign food sources over the typical pollen or nectar found in
flowers. Observations were made over the space of two weeks which provided the
necessary data to conclude that Honeybees are primarily attracted to the sugar content in
foods, rather than to other key nutritional staples such as salt, flour, oatmeal, and baking
soda.
Keywords: Honeybee, Apis mellifera, Foraging, Nurtition, Pollen, Nectar,
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Alternative food Sources.
The Effect Leaf Size has on the Speed of Changing Leaf Colors in Rock Canyon
Park: Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Whitney Day, 186 Fugal Hall, Provo, Utah 84062 E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
For this study, I focused on whether the size of the leaves had an effect on the speed
of their color change in the fall. To find out whether the size was a factor in how fast the
leaves changed, I observed the following three trees, which each have a varying leaf size
from extra large to incredibly small, respectively: English Walnut, Quercus gamelii Nutt
(Gambel Oak), and Amelanchier alnifolia (Western Juneberry). For six weeks I went to
Rock Canyon Park and observed these three trees to watch how fast their leaf colors
changed. After going through and putting the data that I collected, I came to the
conclusion that the size of the leaf does not have an effect on how fast it changes colors
in the fall.
Keywords: size of leaves, color change, speed, time
The Migration of Birds through the State of Utah
Paige Dewey, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84604, Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper was to observe and analyze different species of birds and
their behaviors. Through observations it was discovered that not many birds were active
during the cold weather. After this observation the purpose was changed to looking into
the migrations of different species throughout the state. This paper will explore various
aspects of migration such as why birds migrate, when they migrate, and specific
migration patterns within the state of Utah. Migration will be explored through analysis
and discussion of all of its contributing parts.
Keywords: migration, cold weather, flight patterns
Mosquito’s attraction and need for blood; Utah Lake, Provo, Utah U.S.A.
S. Paul Dickson, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University
Email: [email protected] 564 West 600 North Apt. 8, Provo, Utah 84601
Abstract
Test were conducted in a small cove off of Utah Lake, the test area is highly populated
with mosquitoes. I set out to determine which mosquitoes bite because I noticed that
only certain mosquitoes were biting me. After preliminary tests, it was discovered that
only female mosquitoes suck the blood of humans. All mosquitoes use plant nectar and
sugar water to survive but the female collect blood for nourishment during pregnancy.
This led me to wonder if the female mosquitoes were solely attracted to the blood of
humans or if the blood of animals would also provide the needed sustenance. After field
tests and research it is concluded that mosquitoes suck both humans and animal blood.
Further test showed the conditions the mosquitoes are most active in which is damp,
warm climates. Research was also done on how mosquitoes transmit diseases.
Key words: Mosquitoes, biting, blood, uses
Thermal and Seasonal Influences on Population and Diversity of Bugs in Provo
Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Michelle T. Drennan, 2115 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to track the population of insects and bugs in
relationship to the decreasing temperature and amount of sunlight over the course of three
months. Previous studies have shown that bugs that do not migrate during the winter
season have adapted their own ways of facing the cold—usually by hibernating or nesting
in protective areas. This causes the general population to be lower during the winter.
Experiments were conducted in Provo Canyon with local bugs found under specific as
well as random rocks. The current temperature, amount of bugs found, as well as
recognizable species, were recorded with each data-collecting visit. The hypothesis
matched the resulting data which showed that as temperatures decreased, the number and
diversity of bugs decreased as well.
Key words: temperature, freeze avoidance, adaptation
Adaptation of Feeding Patterns in Rocky Mountain Mule Deer
Eliza L. Durrant, 2204 Chipman Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the adaptations of feeding patterns of
Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) (see figure 2) throughout
the changing of seasons. Mule deer are known to be adaptive animals with an impressive
ability to survive the long, cold, and harsh Utah winters. A herd of deer were observed
three nights a week for 8 weeks as the seasons changed from summer, to fall, and into the
beginning of the cold winter. The data collected showed the ability of the Mule Deer to
adapt their feeding patterns to available sources and prepare themselves for the coming
months of scarce food. Observations and data collection were in conjunction with
previous studies of Mule Deer which also determine the adaptive nature of these
organisms.
Keywords: Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus); adaptation;
resource selection
Favored Diets of Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Roswell, New
Mexico
Ryan Egbert, 375 W 1720 N Apt 312, Provo, Utah, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Going down to Roswell, New Mexico, does not have a very appealing sound to it,
except if you are an avid believer in aliens. After hearing about going down there for
Thanksgiving, and hearing stories of the climate there and all the wild animals there,
gears started turning in my head. Roswell, New Mexico, has a population of 45,582. But
when you look at the surroundings you can tell there is much more living there.
Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) populate this area as well, and looking
around at the vast desert surroundings all around, it is hard to see how these creatures
survive. The only real food is some different desert shrubs, Tar bush (Flourensia
cernua), and Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), and some occasional grasses. Data
indicates that Creosote bush is the preferred diet among the Pronghorn Antelopes
population in Roswell.
Keywords: Antilocapra americana, Flourensia cernua, Larrea tridentata, diet, Roswell
Analysis of bird seed consumed in various locations around the Provo, Utah area
Brendon Elwood, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
For as long as I can remember, my grandma always had bird feeders all over her
backyard. Whenever I would go visit her or spend the night at her house, she would
always take me out back to watch the birds at the feeders. Needless to say, after many
years of visits to my grandmother’s house, I became fairly acquainted with, and
somewhat interested in bird feeders. Having never lived in Provo, UT before, I decided
that it would be interesting to do an experiment to discover what species of birds were
common to this area. I wondered if it would be possible to discover what kinds of species
of birds were in the local area based on what kinds of bird seed would be most often
eaten out of birdfeeders. I realized that there is no way that any evidence gathered from
such an experiment could be one hundred percent conclusive, but I might be able to get a
good start in hypothesizing what species of birds inhabited the local area based on
observations of bird seed.
Keywords: Bird Seed, Bird Watching, Bird Feeders
Abiotic factors influencing leaf color change and fall in Narrow Leaf Cottonwood
Trees (Populus angustifolia) in Kiwanas Park, Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Frances R. Flanigan, 58 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
It is well documented that deciduous trees lose their leaves before winter. However,
the effect that sunlight and temperature have on leaf color change on Narrow Leaf
Cottonwood Trees (Populus angustifolia) is uncertain. In order to observe this leaf
change many trips over a period of a month and a half were conducted to Kiwanas park.
On each day of observance, three different Narrow leaf cottonwood trees were observed.
For each trip, the average temperature, the high temperature, the low temperature, the
time of sunrise, and the time of sunset was recorded. The experiment indeed
demonstrates that the temperature and the amount of sunlight indeed have an effect on the
rate of change of a Populus angustifolio.
Key Words: Populus angustifolia, Precipitation, Sunlight, Temperature, Daylight
Significance in diversity of leaf patterns in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Jennifer S. Foote, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. 133, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The patterns of leaves differ in each tree, but research can reveal why these
differences occur, what the advantages are for each diverse pattern and what the
prominent leaf pattern is in Provo Canyon. Observations will be held six times in Provo
Canyon through the months of September to November to note three different patterns of
leaves, which trees are thriving, and which are dying first throughout the fall based on
their different leaf patterns. Leaf patterns from various areas will be studied while the
distance from the river and temperature are noted each time. Distance from the river,
color, and fullness of the leaves will be plotted against the leaf patterns. The size, in
inches, of the width and the length of each leaf will be recorded. Pictures will be taken at
each visit to compare from September to November. The temperature and time of day
will also be recorded.
Key Words: leaves, patterns, diversity, temperature.
Influence of Color and Smell on Choice of Food for Cyprinus Carpio (Common
Carp) in Utah State Reservoirs.
Spencer M. Gale, 2202 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Cyprinus carpio, common carp, were caught using lures of different colors and scents
at two locations in Utah, Yuba Lake and Deer Creek Reservoir, repeating the same
procedure at each location. The purpose of this experiment was to establish whether color
or scent play a significant role in the choice of food of Cyprinus carpio. In the first phase
of the experiment three poles, each with a different color lure, were placed in the water
rotating positions regularly. Each Fish caught was weighed and recorded with the color of
lure it was caught on; fish that were hooked, fought, then got away were recorded as well.
This experiment suggested that red might be slightly favorable to white and blue because
it was the most successful at both locations however only by one fish. Based on the small
sample size and only slight difference in the number of fish caught on each color, color
was ruled to be a statistically insignificant factor. Therefore, it must be determined that
color does not play an important role in the feeding habits of the Cyprinus carpio. In the
second phase only one color was used, red (the most successful in the first phase),
however, each lure was given a different scent, a commercial fish attractor (Berkley
PowerBait Attractant), vinegar, and none (control, no scent added). The poles were kept
in the water for two hours, rotating pole positions and adding more scent at regular
intervals. The commercial scent caught 83% more than the control while the control
caught 100% more than the vinegar (fish that got away included, one Walleye fish not
included). Despite the small sample size, the statistical difference suggests that scent
plays a significant role in the eating habits of the Cyprinus carpio.
Key Words: Cyprinus carpio, common carp, feeding habits, food, diet, color, smell, scent,
olfactory
Determining where different types of birds habituate: Trees, shrubs or ground; in
Orem, Utah and Gilbert, Arizona (Aves).
Laura M. Garcia. 1565 N. University Ave. appt. #15 Provo, UT 84604.
Abstract:
Birds around the world are each specifically designed to live in a particular area.
Many, however, adapt to their allotted environment, later to grow up in a completely
different and distinct place. Some adjust to diverse surroundings because of food, mating
and weather conditions. In this study, different types of birds were observed to see where
most of them were spending most of their time. A hypothesis was made that most of the
birds would spend their time in the trees. According to the observations and results, the
place where each bird spent its time depended on the species. Different birds were
observed in one of the Provo River trails, in Provo, Utah. Another group of birds was
observed at Provo Canyon Park, in Provo, Utah. A fourth group of birds was observed in
the Mesa Arizona Temple grounds in Mesa, Arizona. While watching the birds, a journal
was kept to record the date, place, temperature, colors, behaviors and other biological
factors. Binoculars were also used to be able to see the exact movements and behavior of
the birds.
Keywords: adaptation, hypothesis, biological factors
Which Type of Tree Will Lose its Foliage the Soonest
Nicole M. Goodman, 2122 N 120 W Apt 297, Provo, Utah, 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Each tree has its own leaves or needles. Each tree loses them at a different rate.
Observations were made to document which tree lost its foliage first. A Washington
Hawthorne (Crataegus phaenopyrum), an Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra), and a Paper Birch
(Betula payprifera) were each observed throughout the months from September 30th to
November 25th. There foliage count will be documented by photographs to see which of
the trees lost their foliage first, or rather which lost more of their foliage than the others.
Key Words: foliage loss, observation, documentation
The economic or work distribution of ground squirrels in Mueller Park Canyon,
during time of preparation for winter: Bountiful, Utah, 84010
Dallas J. Green, BYU Biology student, 1130 East 450 North Apt #87, Provo, Utah,
84606. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Winter is a harsh time for vegetation to produce the nutrients needed for survival of
omnivores in the state of Utah. So, as winter approaches us quickly, an observation will
be done to observe how ground squirrels of Northern Utah, specifically in Mueller Park
Canyon, distribute the work and preparation for winter’s difficulties. This task won’t be
easily done due to the common ground squirrel of Utah, the Uintah Ground Squirrel
(Spermophilus Armatus), begins to become less and less active in the open around late
summer. I observed the squirrel population of a specific area three days a week, every
other week for five weeks. I observed from approximately the same spot and at the same
time. Through controlling these variables I was able to better learn the tasks at hand for
that time of day and year. Through this research, I was able to better comprehend the
wonders of nature and how they exist in the tiniest of creatures of the world.
Keywords: Uintah Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Armatus, winter, vegetation, Northern
Utah
Feeding and Flight Rapes of Anas platyrhynchos at the Reserve in East Bay
Brady S. Greenhalgh, 209 N. 1200 W. Apt. 302, Orem, Utah 84057
Email:[email protected]
This report is a study of Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, residing at
the east bay reserve and the effect of different types of food upon
the ducks behavior and overall attitude. The idea was to see if
processed people food caused ducks to be more irritable or if it had
no effect. Food suitable for mallards was obtained and set for the
ducks close to their gathering areas. Also, food processed for humans
was set out at a different location. The two groups of ducks were
observed and their reactions noted. The study shows that ducks react
the same to both types of food but an altogether new reaction was
studied and that was the flight rape that male mallards inflicted
upon other females of their group although Mallards are generally
regarded as monogamous.
Keywords: Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, Necrophilia, Fighting, Feeding, Rape
Influence of Temperature and Season Change on Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) at
Kiwanis Park, Provo Canyon, and Utah Lake in Provo, Utah.
Ahlin R. Griffith, 151 West 2170 North Apt. 266, Provo, UT 84604, Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
It is well known that birds fly south for winter. Assumptions were made based on this
fact. The expectations were that the observed population of birds (sparrows) in the chosen
locations would decrease as the temperature/climate decreased. Also, it was thought that
the number would decrease more abruptly, as opposed to gradually decreasing. At these
locations- Kiwanis Park, Provo Canyon, and Utah Lake- it was observed each week for
eight weeks if there was any change in population over the course of that time and if it
had a correlation with the temperature. All that was needed, essentially, was a
thermometer, a watch (to tell time), paper, and a pen. There was definite correlation
between the amount of birds in the areas and the average temperature. Also, there seemed
to be more birds at the park than at the mouth of the canyon or at the lake throughout the
whole eight weeks. This might be due to warmer temperatures and/or other different
outlying factors. Overall, when the temperature decreased, the number of birds at the
different locations did as well.
Keywords: sparrow population; passer domesticus; decreasing temperature; contrasting
locations
Predominant Leaf Arrangements in Provo and Surrounding Area
Abby L. Gullerud, 469 N 300 E #4, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The three most common forms of leaf arrangement or phyllotaxis in the Provo area are, in
order of prominence: the whorled pattern, alternate orientation, and opposite orientation.
This study explores which of these is the most favored by vegetation in Provo and
surrounding areas and uses research, evidence, and speculation to figure out why.
Collected data suggests that the whorled pattern tends to be the most favored by plants in
this area, and research and evidence suggest that the whorled pattern is favored because it
allows for greater exposure of leaves to sunlight. Also, the kind of phyllotaxy preferred
by a plant is influenced greatly by the plant's individual genetics and development.
Key words: Phyllotaxis, leaf arrangement predominance, plants, Provo area
How Caddisflies different architectural styles of their “saddle cases” may be
beneficial over another type of design.
Zachary Jon Haag, 167 W 2060 N Appt. 198, Provo Utah 84604. Undergraduate,
Brigham Young University
Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to determine if one type of design is beneficial over
another. The Caddisfly builds saddle cases, or houses that they live. Caddisflies belong
to the Trichoptera order and are closely related to butterflies and moths (Caddisflies).
The hypothesis that the structures the Trichoptera build differ in benefits was tested and
researched. Analysis of benefits will be discussed.
Key Words: Trichoptera, Caddisfly, Saddle Cases
Female feeding habits in relation to population growth of the Ochlerotatus Increpitus
along areas of the Provo River and Utah Lake in highly human-dense areas versus
lower human-dense areas: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Brad Hancock, 375 West 1720 North apt 212, Provo, Utah 84604 email:
[email protected]
A common weekend getaway or a casual barbecue with friends and family is a time
to enjoy the outdoors, breathe in the fresh air and enjoy the sights and sounds of nature.
In even these most enjoyable moments, the persistent buzzing of mosquitoes and
ineffective attempts to battle their bite can chase out this thrill of the outdoors. The dense
population and availability of a blood meal can directly influence the growing colony of
mosquitoes since female mosquitoes use such blood meal to provide proper nutrients to
their eggs. Humans take drastic measures to eliminate and ward off the pesky creatures
but often fall victim of itchy red bumps all over their bodies and in cases more severe
become infected with deadly diseases that claim the lives of millions. In this report the
relation blood meal availability and population density among mosquitoes is evaluated to
better understand their behaviors and interactions with humans. Also shown are records
collected of various locations in which mosquito behavior and population density was
tested and observed concluding that mosquitoes thrive in a higher density of host blood
meals.
Key words: Mosquito, Ochlerotatus Increpitus, population, blood meal, reproduction,
habitat.
Tree Preferences for Birds on BYU Campus: Provo, Utah, USA
Michael R. Hancock, 1505 N. Canyon Rd Apt 122, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The following is a study of the relation between bird populations and their
relationship to trees on the Brigham Young University campus. The study is to look for
trends in the location of birds in specific trees in the study area. The study area is largely
composed of the natural areas on the southern end of the Brigham Young campus as well
as some portions of the north-eastern side of campus. This experiment was taken over
several weeks and focused only on birds present in the months of September and
October. The birds and trees were identified and relationships drawn from this
experiment. The main hypothesis of this experiment is that preferences will exist. The
data, while only representing minimal observed species, did show a trend over time of
preferences for specific trees. Discussion of the experiment will follow below.
Key Words: Utah birds, Utah trees, habitat preference, Brigham Young University
wildlife.
Insects favored foods and the how air temperature change affects number of insects
found, in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah U.S.A.
Cameron G. Hartmann, 105 North Daniels Drive, Batavia, Illinois, 60510
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test which foods are favored among insects, and how
the weather affects the number of insects found in Rock Canyon. All insects are counted
and gathered, the size of the insect will have no place in the results of this experiment—
each individual counts as one. Data was collected between October 2, 2008 and
November 29th, 2008 a total of three times. A decrease in the number of insects found is
likely to be directly correlated to the air temperature decreasing. A differing number of
insects caught within each trap will show the popularity of each of the differing foods.
The data indicates that out of raw chicken, corn, peanut butter, lettuce, and bananas
peanut butter was the favored food. The data also shows that as the air temperature
decreases, so does the number of insects found.
Keywords: Insect, foods, temperature, fall, favored, amount, Rock Canyon.
Effect of varying times of day on density and species of waterfowl
Name and Address:
Morgan Hawkes; [email protected]
Abstract:
This experiment was conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not density
or species of waterfowl changes at different times of the day. Birds were observed at
dawn and dusk in a single, unchanging location. The experiment took place at Lake
Poway in San Diego, California. The results show, indeed, the number and quantities of
birds varied at the different times of day.
Key Words: waterfowl, density, species, birds
Do ants prefer the taste of salts over sugar?
Sarah Hiatt, 2108 N 120 W #291, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected].
Abstract:
Ants are very complex insects and can be researched in many different aspects of
their lives. Ants have fascinated me for some time. When I was younger I would sit and
watch ant hills and observe the ants coming to and leaving their homes. So, for my
nature experience, I decided to observe ants and determine whether they preferred salts
over sugars. I found through my research about this topic that sugar is an energy source
for ants and salt is essential for survival to an ant's diet (Witmer, 1996). I also found that
ants, which live near the ocean or another source of salt, take in less salt than sugar
because of salt's abundance in their environment (Livescience, 2008). In my experiment
I had three separate sites for my observations-grass, woods, and rocky areas. I put out
three tablespoons of both salt and sugar on paper plates for the ants to eat. I then came
back periodically and checked on the plates. I took note of how many ants were eating
the salt and sugar at each site. I found that the most salt was eaten in the grass sites.
Therefore, most ants in the Hurricane Valley of Utah ate the salt over the sugar. This is
an extremely interesting experiment and was also very educational. My research proved
to be consistent with my hypothesis, salt is preferred over sugar in an environment at
least sixty miles away from the ocean for ants.
Keywords: Ants, salt, sugar, proximity to a salt source
The Influence of the Elements on the Positions of Various Vegetations in Rock
Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
David T. Hilton, 2413 Young Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected].
Abstract
Vegetation is very resilient. Although there is ample evidence of violent storms
tossing plants about, overall, the position of plants is very stable, regardless to the
elements. Climate, whether as a sweeping global change or a simple seasonal change, is
the main instigator for change in vegetation. The extremity and speed of the changes in
climate correlate to the extremity and speed of the adaptations that plants undergo in
order to survive the new climate. Without sweeping climactic changes, plants undergo
very little real positional change as a result of the elements, even after violent rain and
wind. Plants will often fluctuate around the same position, on either a daily or seasonal
time-table.
Keywords: elements, vegetation, change, adapt, climate
The Decomposition Rate of Quercus Leaves in the Vivian Park Stream
Kayla Hilton, 1908 N. 40 W. #60, Provo, UT 84604, [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to observe the decomposition rates of Quercus leaves in a
local Utah stream located in Vivian Park. Quercus leaves were selected because they are
readily abundant in the surrounding Provo area and in Vivian Park; therefore, these
leaves naturally fall into the surrounding streams. Two bunches of leaves were gathered
from the same tree, at the same time, to ensure they were the same type and about the
same density. The leaves were placed in the Vivian Park River and the decomposition
rates were then measured for each bunch, for one month. The data shows an increasing
decomposition rate for each bunch for the first three weeks. Then, in the fourth week,
there is an actual increase in both bundles weight.
Keywords: Leaves, Quercus, Oak, Decomposition, Utah, Vivian Park
Environmental and climate influence on moss growth in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
William H. Hittle 1505 N. Canyon Rd. apt#103, Provo, UT 84604
[email protected]
Abstract
I identified several areas of moss growth around the BYU campus and observed them for
short-term growth and the effects of location and sunlight, precipitation, and natural
debris (such as leaves). The presence of water seemed to have the greatest influence on
the moss, with debris having less effect, and temperature and light having little
observable influence. (This was not a controlled experiment, and I didn’t separate the
different mosses into controlled groups to evaluate the extent of these influences, but my
conclusions agree with previous findings. Further studies should be done to be more
precise.)
KEY WORDS: moss growth, temperature, precipitation
Weather change affecting diversity in birds (Aves) in Provo parks; Provo, Utah,
U.S.A.
Natalie Horne, 2105 North 40 West Apt. 329, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see how the diversity of birds (Aves) is affected by
change in weather and air temperature and thereby determine which birds do and do not
migrate during the fall season. There are many similar experiments done by other
scientists across the world that all involve different bird species in different environments
and I wanted to do a study on the birds that can be found specifically in the Provo area.
By observing birds on site, a conclusion could be made as to which birds migrate due to
weather change and which birds do not simply by noting the presence or absence of the
particular bird. Observations were made in a wooded area near Provo River with local
birds to determine the different species present. The observations were done at eight a.m.
each time and lasted approximately forty-five minutes each time. The air temperature was
recorded on site and any significant weather factors, including rain, snow, or frost. I was
expecting a significant decline in the diversity of the birds as the weather got colder,
however, data showed that there was no significant decline in the diversity of species.
Which flavor is preferred most by ants (Formicidae) by the Provo River: Provo,
Utah, U.S.A.
Kellyn M. Howell, 1130 West 450 North Apt. 112, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Ants, or formicidae, are naturally drawn to sweet things when looking for things
to eat. Everyone has seen a movie where the family is having a delightful picnic lunch
and out of nowhere, a horde of ants appear and start eating the warm Belgian chocolate
brownies that the actress spent hours in the kitchen preparing in order to impress her
boyfriend. But is this just a phenomenon made up for the movies? Or does this happen in
real life to? Is there a scientific reasoning behind it? Is there a certain kind of sweet that
they are more drawn to? I went to the Provo River to study the ants in that area. The
purpose of this study was to find out what ants eat in nature, if they prefer people food,
and which foods are they more drawn to.
Keywords: Formicidae, drawn to, sweets, Provo River
The Effect Color has on Life
Melissa D. Hoyt, 1849 N 200 W Apt. 104, Provo, Utah 84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
My study of how color affects the earth was done by two concepts: natural observation
and a controlled experiment. My observations consisted of keeping records and analyzing
which color habitats animals and insects dwelt in the most. I found that darker areas tends
to be more abundant in life than lighter area. However, this is not always the case because
creatures use colors differently to survive. I also performed a controlled experiment in
which I had four different colored containers all lined up in the same area outside. I let
them sit for several afternoons gathering the data daily; the results came out very similar
to the observation results. Thus, the darker container resulted in more life while the
lighter ones resulted in little to none. My main findings are that life tends to be attracted
to darker, richer, colors while lighter areas tend to attract less.
Keywords: controlled experiment; observations; color
Color Influence in Foraging Choice of Ants (Formicoidea) in Provo Canyon Glen
Park: Provo, Utah
Alexandra Huish, 1218 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Ants (Formicoidea) seem to like to eat anything they can get, but more research is
needed to see if they are drawn to a certain color for their food source. Local ants in
Provo Canyon Glen Park in Provo Utah were experimented on to see if they have a
preference to food on certain colors. Napkins of different color were placed on the
ground. Each napkin had a slice of bread broken into small pieces on it to experiment if
ants go to a certain napkin color. The tested hypothesis was that the ants would forage
off of the red napkin. The results were that the ants preferred the color yellow, proving
the hypothesis incorrect.
Keywords: Color preference, observation
Responses to foreign objects by different species of fish located off of the shores of
Ko Olina Hawaii
Landon Hyde, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
I looked at the responses of the local fishes of Ko Olina Hawaii to several different
foreign objects. These objects covered four areas: shiny, white, black, and clear. The
objects themselves were tinfoil, a white hand towel, a black and towel, and a clear Ziploc
bag. My hypothesis was simply that more fish would react to the tin foil then the other
three objects and that the white towel would be looked at the second highest amount of
times. Based on my observations my hypothesis was correct many of the larger fish,
including the red bullethead parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus), teardrop butterflyfish
(Chaetodon unimaculatus), and the blue bullethead parrotfish (which are the same
species as the red only males), were all attracted to the tinfoil. Some of the smaller fish,
namely the Hawaiian Sergeant (Abudefduf abdominalis), were attracted to the white hand
towel.
Keywords: response, observations, attracted, fish behavior, foreign objects
Physiological Characteristics of Amphitornus coloradus, stripped grasshoppers
found at base of Y Mountain, Provo Utah, that enable long distance and high
vertical jumps.
Paige Irwin, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Amphitornus coloradus, or striped grasshoppers that can be found all over the earth. This
experiment discusses a population of striped grasshoppers found at the base of Y
Mountain. Vertical height and long distance were observed along with the physiology of
their high legs. It is concluded that mass/volume and muscle power is relative. Muscle
power is a much greater part of the mass in a smaller size. This allows grasshoppers to
make high and long jumps. It is also found that as striped grasshoppers develop, their
jumping abilities develop as well. With each moult, the jumping ability, including height
and distance, increases.
Key words: striped grasshopper, jump, Amphitornus coloradus, vertical height.
The Cycle of a Deciduous Tree During Fall
Amie N. C. Isom, 218 E Richards Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
As the seasons change, plants go through cycles to prepare themselves for the
differences in weather conditions. What do trees do to prepare themselves for the cold
winter months? And is there anything they are doing now during fall to prepare
themselves for spring to come again? The purpose of this nature experiences it to
determine why trees do what they do. Observations will be made and research will be
done to try and determine why trees change colors, why they loose their leaves, and if
they do anything to prepare for spring as they loose their leaves.
Key Words: Deciduous trees, midrib, Bradford Pear tree, leaves
The Affect of Size on the Rate that Leaves Change Color and Fall Off in Rock
Canyon Park: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Vanessa James. Undergraduate. Brigham Young University. Provo, Utah 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
Autumn can be a breathtaking high point for deciduous trees as all of the leaves
change from green to vibrant colors. A wide variety of differently sized and shaped trees
display their best color just before their leaves fall. Observations were made at Rock
Canyon Park with local trees of three varying species, all with noticeably different leaf
shape and size: the white oak (Quercus alba), the box elder (Acer negundo), and the
white willow (Salix alba). The purpose of this study was to see if the size of the leaf had
an effect on how quickly the leaf changed from green to fall colors, in the same
environment and under the same conditions. Each week the high and low temperature
was recorded as well as the percentage of leaves than had fallen to the ground. The
hypothesis was that the leaves of the greatest size and largest shape, on the box elder tree,
would change and fall the fastest, followed by the leaves of the Gambel’s oak, and lastly
those of the white willow. I reject this hypothesis and the results will be discussed and
analyzed.
Keywords: white oak, box elder, white willow, leaves, photosynthesis, color, change
The Reaction of Yellow Jackets to Sugars and Meats
John M. Jensen, 754N 700E Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Everyone has been to a barbeque and become somewhat uncomfortable at the
presence of our yellow flying friends known as the yellow jacket. Some people are
annoyed while others are frightened by their mere presence. If you have ever had this
experience at a barbeque you would notice that all the bees, wasps, and yellow jackets
seem to be attracted to the same things. They all seem to migrate towards the same kinds
of foods. This research is designed to discover what foods yellow jackets are more
attracted to between drinks with high sugar content or meat. My original hypothesis was
that the yellow jackets would be drawn more to the meats than to the sugars. I was able to
watch and study the habits of these insects as they were confronted with the option of
drinks with high sugar content versus meat and see what they preferred.
Keywords: yellow jacket, vespula, meats, sugar, attraction
Attraction of Insects to Human-Manufactured Odors in Nun's Park of Provo
Canyon, Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Rebecca A. Jensen, 2104 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Throughout all of nature odor is a mechanism used many diverse ways. Smell is
an attractant for numerous species, and the human species is no exception with one of its
uses of attractant odors taking the form of cologne and perfume. But what are humans
really attracting with all these odors? Experiments were conducted in the natural area of
Nun's Park in Provo Canyon of Provo, Utah with local insect species to show whether or
not insects are attracted to perfumes manufactured by humans. Insect species were
caught with pit-traps and recorded in an effort to achieve the main objectives of showing
if there are correlations between different species and their preference to certain manmade odors, and to see if a certain odor would be ultimately preferred over the others.
The odors used were vanilla, freesia, and there was also a control group with no odor.
The results of my data showed a higher number of insects were attracted to freesia than
vanilla or no odor, but the data is insufficient to accurately confirm these findings, and
the results are not statistically significant.
Keywords: insect attraction, olfactory preference, floral scent, manufactured odors, pittraps
The Difference in Diversity of Insects on the Banks of the Provo River Upstream
and Downstream: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Joanna Johnson, 701 North 500 West Apt. 107, Provo, Utah 84601 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
There are many different insects that make their home along the banks of the Provo
River. But the question remains, does it make a difference if the water has a fast current
or a slow current? The purpose of this experience was to see if there are different
diversity of insects that live in the banks of the Provo River and if it differs upstream,
where the water is not moving, from downstream, where the water is moving faster. I
went to the banks of the Provo River in Utah and observed the different species of
insects. Two locations were chosen to do my studies. One was located on the river
where there is a dam and the water is not moving very much at all. The other is located
on the other side of the dam where the water is running over the edge of rocks in a faster
motion. There are many different insects that were seen making their homes on the banks
of the Provo River. Some of which include Dolichopeza, Perlestia, and Salticidae. The
two locations didn’t show much difference in the types species of insects that lived there.
I did however; find from my research how much the weather affects the different
species. The small change of temperature affected whether or not the insects were seen.
It was very interesting to observe these changes.
Keywords: diversity, Dolichopeza, perlestia, salticidae, species, temperature, insects,
Provo River.
A Study of Maple Trees proximity along the Provo River
Jordan R. Johnson, Brigham Young University, 1338 N 1220 W Provo, Ut 84604.
([email protected])
Abstract
In this study, I examined the forming pattern, proximity, and size of the Canyon
Maple tree (Acer grandidentatum) population along the Provo River throughout various
points of the Provo Canyon. While studying at three different points along the canyon, I
measured the distance each tree formed from the edge of the river. After results of the
study were produced, it was clear that there was an association between the width and
strength of the river and the distance and size of the Acer grandidentatum tree.
Key Words: Maple trees, Acer grandidentatum, Provo River, Canyon Glenn, Sundance,
Deer Creek.
Dietary Affects on the Lifespan of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Provo,
Utah
Brinai Johnston, 1849 North Freedom Boulevard, Apartment #344, Provo, Utah 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The diet of grasshoppers is herbivorous and wide in variety, though the diet of a
specific species of grasshopper most often depends on the natural host plants available in
the inhabited region. For this nature experience, grasshoppers were captured and
separated and then fed different types of food. The experiments were conducted with
local grasshoppers from Y Mountain to determine which choice of food they would
prefer and whether or not this preference would lead to greater chances of survival.
Keywords: Grasshoppers, Diet, Host Plant, Survival
Chickens and their behaviors.
Kayleen J. Jones, 1565 N. University Ave. Apt. 56, Provo, UT, 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
When we think of chickens, we often think of the many different ways that we can
cook them and then eat them. Have you ever really wondered more about chickens? I
used to not think or care about them, and when my father announced that he would be
getting chicks, I was not exactly thrilled. I instantly thought of them as annoying and
noisy. But after thinking about them a little bit more and watching them, I began to be
intrigued. They are rather interesting to observe and they have just as interesting
behaviors and personalities. Different breeds of chickens are similar in some of their
behaviors and fun to see the differences. I observed chickens in Mink Creek, Idaho and
found their perching habits rather intriguing. They seemed to always like to be up higher
when perching versus being at a lower elevation. A fun change occurred in my
observations when four new chickens were added into the eighteen that were already
there and familiarized with each other and their surroundings. I enjoyed observing the
new group of chickens and how they interacted in relation to the chickens already living
there. I observed the chickens at different times of day and found some interesting things.
Keywords: Chickens; behaviors; perching; interactions of different groups.
The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrients on Water Distribution in White Tulips.
Matt Judkins, 469 N. 100 E. #8, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
White tulips, like all flowers, absorb water and nutrients through the bottom of
their stems. The experiments that will be described in the following paragraphs outline a
curious attempt to find out how different nutrients in a liquid might affect the way
nutrients and water are distributed from the flower's stem all the way up to the tips of its
petals.
Types of sugars that ants are most attracted to.
Kelsey Killian, 2122 North 120 West Apt # 279 Provo, Ut. 84604,
[email protected]
Abstract:
Often, when food is dropped on the ground, ants will assemble to that item of food.
Why is this, and how to they know how to get to it so quickly? Which type of sugar do
ants accumulate to most? Using different samples, ants will begin to gather to these
samples. After measuring/counting the amount of ants on each sample, and retesting the
experiment a number of times, I will be able to tell which sample ants are most attracted
to. For example, if on a picnic, where ants are known to gather around dropped foods,
which sugar should you bake with to prevent as many ants from congregating as possible.
This experiment will include materials such as sugars, waters, and will be conducted in
an outdoor environment.
Key Words: Ants; Types of Sugar: Cane, Sweet ‘N Low; Aspartame; Outdoor
environment.
The Effect of Different Surfaces on the Movement of Earthworms (Lumbricus
terrestrialis) near Snow Canyon, Utah, U.S.A.
Tanya C. Kinghorn, 1940 N. 138 W. Apt. 160, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
“[email protected]”
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestrialis) have adapted so that their bodies are well suited
to burrow through the soil. Dirt is a habitat that they are very fit for, and their niche
relates to the soil. Since they are so well adapted to soil, the purpose of this study was to
determine whether earthworms move the more efficiently through the soil than other
surfaces. I recorded the distance at which five worms traveled on the soil, grass, and
rock. I hypothesized that the worms would move the greatest distance on the soil as
opposed to rock or grass. The results did not support my hypothesis, however. The
earthworms, on average, moved the farthest on rock, then grass, then soil. The
experiment was conducted by the wilderness reserves near Snow Canyon by St. George,
Utah.
Keywords: Lumbricus terrestrialis, earthworms, movement of worms, surfaces.
Analysis of the Communication of Ants and Computer Systems at Provo Canyon:
Provo, UT, U.S.A.
Joseph A. Kjar, 118 Shipp Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The methods of communication between ants is similar in some ways to the
communication of machines over a network. Experiments will be conducted to examine
the various forms of communication between ants, including their ability to relay
information despite disruptions. These observations will then be compared to the
communication between computers on a network. Differences and similarities will be
analyzed, along with the methods employed to cope with data loss.
The Slowing of Photosynthesis and Eventually Decay of Leaves Due to Shortened
Day Length
Karianne Knowles, 151 W 2170 N #267, Provo, Utah 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
In this study, I wanted to see the affect of altitude on the rate of photosynthesis and
leaf decay. I felt the higher the altitude, the earlier in the season the leaves would fall. I
selected five different trees in three different locations in the Provo, Utah area. I
recorded the color of leaves, amount fallen, time, and temperature for each of these
locations. Through this study, it was impossible for me to draw a clear connection
between altitude and the rate the leaves fell at. I was able to discover that as daylight
hours decreased due to seasonal change, the process of photosynthesis was slowed. Since
there was less food for the plant, chlorophyll drained to the base of the tree, causing the
decay of and detachment of the leaf.
Keywords: color change, leaves, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, deciduous trees
Western Scrub Jays and Mental Time Travel
Christopher J Kuchin, Information Systems Major, Brigham Young University, Provo,
Utah 84604
Email: [email protected]. Version: Fall 2008. Nature Experience Kuchin Fall
2008.docx
Keywords: Mental Time Travel, Western Scrub Jay
Abstract
Mental time travel is an ability that has long been thought to be the principal domain of
Humans. A recent study has revealed that this is likely no longer the case. (Clayton 1).
This recent development was initiated when a researched noticed that scrub jays would
when caching food if observed would then come back later and move the location of the
scraps to be sure it was stolen (Clayton 1). Initial reports and studies were based on
direct observation of western scrub jays in their natural habitat around the campus of the
University of Cambridge (Clayton 1).
Color variations and the fall/death rates of Ulmus americana, Fraxinus
pennsylvanica, Acer glabrum, and Cornus sericea in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah,
U.S.A.
Heidi Kuchin, 1565 N. University Ave. #103, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
In the fall, all of the lush green trees begin to transform into bright yellow and red
expanses. The cause of this change is the levels of chlorophyll and anthocyanins found
within the leaves. The color of the leaf affects the time that it remains on the tree.
However, it is not just simply the color, but what creates the color. The weather
conditions, mainly the light and temperature, are huge factors in the length of time that
leaves remain attached to the tree. Further research and experimentation were used to test
this idea. Four trees, namely the Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer
glabrum, and Cornus sericea were the main focus for the observation. Over a period of a
month, the leaf colors, falling/death rate, temperature, and light were observed. Although
the weather was a little strange and inconsistent, the over-all trend was that the light and
temperature really do play a large part in the senescing process of leaves in the fall.
Key Words: Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer glabrum, Cornus sericea,
anthocyanins, chlorophyll, and senescence
A Comparison of Algae Growing on Rocks in the Provo River Versus the Brigham
Young University Botanical Pond in Provo, Utah U.S.A.
Raven KuyKendall, 650 North 100 West Apt. 1, Provo, Utah 84601,
[email protected]
Abstract
Algae can grow just about anywhere as long as there is plenty of sunlight and
oxygen. For this research project I wondered if rock algae grew better in flowing or
standing water. I collected rocks samples from the Provo River in Utah, a flowing source
of water and the Brigham Young University Botanical Pond and artificial standing body
of water inhabited by many ducks. I hypothesized that the pond would be a better
environment for algae growth because of the standing nature of the pond – it wasn’t
displacing all the algae with a flow. I also believed that the feces from the ducks that
frequent the pond would provide many nitrates another component of good growth. I
collected six rocks from each location and measured the total algal growth relevant to
each location. I was surprised to find much more algae on the rocks from the Provo
River. In fact there was no alga on the rocks I collected from the Duck Pond. After
further research I discovered two possible reasons for this eutrophication or the flowing
nature of the river. While I outline and discuss both possibilities I make no definitive
declaration on which if either it is.
Keywords: algae, eutrophication, freshwater microbiology
Effects of Temperature Changes on Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Activity in
Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Jordan K. K. Laimana, 674 East 300 North, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Mosquito (Culicidae) activity is affected by the temperature changes, but in order to
determine which populations are more susceptible to these factors, experiments were
conducted at Utah Lake. These experiments involved the local population of Mosquitoes
at Utah Lake. Mosquito traps were be set out it several areas specific time of day once a
month. Air temperatures were measured while were set traps and the mosquitoes caught
in the trap were counted and identified. A graphical representation of the data was made
with respect to the temperature and the number of mosquitoes caught. See Figure 2.
The results of the experiment was a total of 167 mosquitoes trapped and collected. Of
the mosquitoes collected the most prominent species was Culex erythrothorax, it made
about 80% of all mosquitoes connected. The temperature was found to have a direct
effect on Mosquito population. Mosquito activity disappeared and the only factor that had
a significant change was the temperature. Although not all factors were controlled or
eliminated, they were minimized to a sufficient degree. To understand how much
temperature is related to mosquito activity requires further experimentation.
Keywords: Mosquitoes, Activity, Temperature, Utah, Lake, Sugar and Yeast Traps.
Thermal Influence of Evergreen Trees in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Karalee Langton, 1912 Gates Hall Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
There seems to be no effects from low temperatures on evergreen trees, through
research why this happens will hopefully be discovered. Observations took place at the
Provo Canyon, where two large groups of trees were observed, the two types were
evergreen trees and non-evergreen trees. These two types of trees are obviously different
but, what causes the evergreen trees two stay green all year round? Items from nine
different trees were collected, including either types or groups, these items were then
examined carefully and the two different groups were compared to each other, in order to
find the differences that allow pines to be green all year long. It was found that there is
significant difference between the two types of trees and these differences are most likely
that cause of a larger photosynthesis range in the evergreen trees.
Keywords: pine or evergreen trees, photosynthesis, bark, soil, and leaves
Visual Affect of Colors in the Process of Predation: Aposematism and Adaptation
with Birds: Meridian, Idaho, U.S.A.
Kassandra Larson, 229 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Birds are common predators affected by the aposematic traits of their prey; a trait that
sends warnings of toxins or poisons which most predators desire to avoid. This
experiment tests the intuitive versus learned behavior that birds have toward brightly
colored “prey”. Experiments were conducted in the fields of Meridian, Idaho where
brightly colored birdseed of various colors is placed in an area where birds have naturally
been observed feeding. The seeds were measured carefully each day, after three hours of
field study, to observe the birds feeding patterns based on the coloration of the seeds in
order to try to explain the degree to which local birds are affected by warning signals and
to account for the aposematic warnings of which these species of birds will recognize and
react. It was mostly observed that while some predetermined hesitation towards
conspicuously colored feed occurred, the birds were quick to recognize false toxicity
warnings, and showed great signs of learned predation behaviors in adapting to eating all
the birdseeds regardless of color.
Keywords: birds, aposematism, learned behaviors vs. innate behaviors, eating habits
Leaf Decomposition in a natural stream compared to on land: Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Melanie D. Linton, 223 Tingey Hall, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
As fall comes around, leaves start to dry up and fall off of the tree, and as they sit where
they land, they are there long enough that they begin to decompose. The location of
where these leaves fall depends on the location of the tree. There are various things that
affect decomposition. I thought that placing the leaf packs in water from a stream in a
controlled environment would provide me with optimal decomposition circumstances,
but found upon doing the experiment, that leaf packs left alone on the ground outside
were subject to a higher rate of decomposition over the given amount of time. The effect
of water in leaf packs varies depending on the type of leaf and how long the leaves are in
the water. This difference also depends on the components present in the water.
Distilled water might have a different effect on the leaves than stream water because
there are additional biotic factors present, such as fungi and bacteria. These differences
could also change what the rate of decomposition is.
Keywords: Leaf Decomposition, Leaf litter, Stream, bacteria, fungi, quercus macrocarpa,
plantanus acerifolia
The affects of ambient temperature on cricket stridulation in Utah.
M. W. Liu, Brigham Young University, 3108 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Communication between organisms is ubiquitous. Perhaps the most prevalent form
of communication in between the crickets and grasshoppers are their familiar chirping
and trilling. Both the cricket and the grasshopper belong to the Order Orthoptera.
Crickets have been to known to stridulate at a constant rate and under certain conditions.
This research was to assess the validity. I recorded the current time and temperature, the
number of audible crickets, the number of chirps observed in sixty seconds, the quality of
the recording in respect to hearing the chirping, and the acknowledgement of any
presence of external noises that could have a substantial affect on the quality of the
recording at the Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah, USA and Little Cottonwood Canyon,
Brighton, Utah, USA during the fall season. I recorded the acoustic behavior of crickets
using a digital audio recording. Only location 1 in Provo and location 2 in Little
Cottonwood Canyon had stridulations. Thus, I compared the two locations with one
another. A model was compared to both locations combined to see if either location or
the combined results yielded data that was like the model. The data in location 2 in Little
Cottonwood Canyon yielded the data that was most ideal. However, when both locations
were combined, the trend was similar to the model. There was less deviation from the
model at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures. Thus, according to the
results, crickets more like the ideal constant rate in warmer temperatures than cooler
temperatures. Because stridulations only occurred at the warmer locations of 1 and 2, the
data suggests that crickets do not chirp at a certain low temperature. I noted an apparent
violation of basic assumption of comparing all stridulations as crickets. The species
Melanoplus differentialis was found near location 2 suggesting that the Melanoplus
differentialis could have cause some of the recorded stridulations. However, it is better if
all the audio recordings were for a specific species.
Keywords: Orthoptera, crickets, grasshoppers, Melanoplus differentialis, temperature,
acoustic behavior, stridulation, audio recording, Provo River, Little Cottonwood Canyon
Artificial Light and its Effects on Aquatic Invertebrate
Longley Krysta, 1565 University Ave Apt. 159, Provo Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine whether aquatic
invertebrates are attracted to light, and how light attraction relates to aquatic invertebrates
foraging and behavioral patterns. The experiment was performed by first constructing
two insect traps, one with a light source, and one without a light source as a control. The
hypotheses was that insects would be most attracted to the white light, and the least
amount of invertebrates would be attracted to the control, or no light. According to the
results, the hypothesis is supported. More insects, namely Chironomus plumosus, (non
biting midges) and Baetis flavistriga were captured in the insect trap that had a light
source.
Key words: artificial light, aquatic invertebrate, foraging, behavioral patterns, river.
Turkey vulture behavior at different times of the day and in various weather
conditions in San Juan Capistrano, CA, U.S.A.
Megan Looney, 2002 Taylor Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if turkey vultures had different behavior
patterns at different times of the day and in different weather conditions. Specifically, the
birds were observed in the morning from the hours of 7-9am and in the evening from 46pm. Two hypotheses were that there would be greater numbers of the birds together in
the evening hours and there would also be more activity in the evening, for example,
more circling and flying around as opposed to roosting in nearby trees. As the results will
discuss, it was found that on most occasions the hypotheses were correct. On the majority
of the days more turkey vultures were seen in the evenings and of those birds seen in the
evenings a greater percentage of them were flying.
Key words: behavior patterns, California, roosting
Rocky soil influence on the growth height of the Curly-Cup Gumweed (Grindelia
squarrosa) on Y mountain: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Andrew M. Lords, 546 N 400 E Apt. 2, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
In this study the curly-cup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) was measured on Y
Mountain in Provo, Utah with an hypothesis that the average height of this plant would
decrease the furthur up the mountain it grew. When a specimen was found the height and
elevation was recorded. The data collected reflects a wide range of measurements taken
at many different elevations on the mountain. The growth and spontaneity of occurrence
of the curly-cup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) is affected greatly by the soil they grow
in. It was assumed that the higher on the mountain, the rockier the soil will be. This
study was conducted to show that the higher the elevation on the mountain, the shorter
the average height of the curly-cup gumweed will be, due to the increased rockiness of
the soil. It was discovered, however, that increased elevation on the mountain doesn't
decrease the average height, but it does decrease the total number of specimens growing
there. The higher-up the mountain the fewer number of curly-cup gumweeds were
growing there, although their height was seemingly unaffected. It was discovered that
the rockiness in the soil didn't affect the growth height of the plants, but the extent to
which new seeds were planted and new plants started to grow.
Keywords: elevation, rocky soil, curly-cup gumweed, mountain, plant height, growth
Presence of organisms on five decomposing basic food types. Exchange Park 900 N.
700 W. Provo, UT 84601
Nadine J. Lugo, 1964N 40W #84, Provo , Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
I purposely placed different food to see what kinds of organic matter would attract
certain types of scavenger insects. Since moisture influences the presence of insects, I
placed the food on the banks of the stream crossing Exchange Park in order to increase
the chances of insect presence. The foods that were used for this experiment were
potatoes, cheese, bread, ground beef, tomatoes, and bananas. I observed and recorded if
there were any insects present such as flies, ants, beetles or any other insect prior to
placing the food on the ground, but there were no insects present. When I returned after
three days to record any changes I found unexpected results. Some foods were untouched
and for the most part unchanged except for an increase in fluids in the bananas and
tomatoes and a change in their consistency. Even with these changes and with the
excretion of fluids that would typically attract scavenging insects there were none to be
found. The cheese, bread, and ground beef were completely gone and this was most
likely a result of other animals scavenging for food. The bread might have been taken by
ducks since there were some present on the stream on the day the food was placed there
and on the day I returned.
Keywords
Population Sampling, Scavengers, Insects, Decomposition, Organic Waste
The Food Preferences of Several Insects in the Woods: The Woodlands, Texas,
U.S.A.
Brian H. Mann, 163 F. Smith Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The reasons that insects choose certain foods to eat is complex. It may be based
on nutrition or it could be based on taste. While I would like to use my experiment to
solve this question, the main purpose of my experiment was to determine which types of
food insects prefer and to see the differences, if any, in the types of food that various
insects choose. In my research I discovered that insects can taste foods, so this means
that their decisions could be based on taste. If they were unable to taste, than they would
probably only eat for nutritional reasons. In order to discover their food preferences, I set
up different mats of fly paper and each mat had a different food on it. There were five
different foods being tested along with a control with no food on it. The mats were left
out for 24 hours and then the insects on each mat were identified and counted. My results
showed that each type of mat was the best at catching at least one type of insect, but
turkey caught the most insects overall. In total ten different species of insects were
caught by the fly paper. Each different type of trap caught six different species of insects,
except for the potato and apple which only caught four and five respectively. Based on
my results I believe that each species of insect has different preferences in food, but I
cannot solve the question of why insects choose these foods. Because the same species
of insect was caught on more than one of the different types of food mats, I believe that
either one food type does not provide enough nutrition alone or even insects in the same
species have different preferences in food.
Keywords: insects, taste, nutrition, preferences
Nocturnal and Diurnal Activity in Different Species of the Formicidae Family
Lynn Markham, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 788 North 700 East # 12,
Provo, Utah 84606. Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if the time of the day or temperature has any
affect on the level of activity of various ant species in the Formicidae family. Two
hypotheses discussing whether ants can be nocturnal in nature as well as diurnal or only
diurnal were tested. The amount of ants traveling in four different time periods
throughout the day were tested. These amounts of ants were tested at three different
nature locations in Provo and were compared to the amounts of ants at the other locations
and times. Ants were counted to see how the time and temperature affected the activity of
ants in these six different locations and three different times.
Keywords: nocturnal, ant behavior, diurnal, various species, Formicidae
Influence of Temperature on the Insect Population in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah,
U.S.A.
David S. Marsh, Provo 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Research has shown that there is a correlation of temperature and the population of
insects. Further experiments will allow entomologists to progress their knowledge
concerning the decrease in population of insects as the temperature decreases. To
conduct this experiment, observations and insect counts were taken over a certain period
of time and compared to the dropping of the temperature as winter approaches. The
research supported the fact that there is a strong correlation and was able to further
pinpoint the general temperature in which the density of insects quickly decreases. My
observations also demonstrated that certain insects have a greater cold-temperature
resistance than others, which will be further discussed.
Keywords: Temperature, Resistance, Density
Cottonwood Tree (Populus angustifolia) Dependency on Streams and Water Flow in
Big Cottonwood Canyon: Murray, Utah U.S.A.
Brock Mason, 27 Broadbent Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Cottonwood trees are found throughout eastern, central, and southwestern parts of the
United States. Growing up to 30 meters in height, and living for almost 100 years, the
Cottonwood is one of the most established hardwood trees in North America. These trees
appear only to establish themselves near streams, rivers, and other sources of adequate
water flow. Data was collected from Cottonwood Canyon in Murray, Utah through
observation of tree abundance, distance from the stream, elevation from the water, size in
relation to neighboring trees, and branch moisture content. Also, extensive research was
conducted to view the roots of the Cottonwoods and their location relative to the stream.
The Cottonwood exists intimately close to the stream (most of the trees located were
within 10 feet of the bank) and have higher moisture content than the surrounding trees.
Cottonwoods certainly have a high level of dependency upon water flow, but why?
Research has shown that the water flows provide adequate nutrients, water for growth,
inhibits the growth of derogatory vegetation, and aids in reproductive processes. But
pines may grow abundantly away from streams, why not Cottonwoods? The relative
height, diameter, and fruition of this tree suggest that the tree has been genetically
predisposed to water dependence. Overtime the Cottonwood has evolved to rely upon
water flow for its survival, and hence one sees the abundance of the tree near water.
Keywords: Cottonwood; Populus angustifolia; Water; Size; Diameter; Height; Survival;
Reproduction; Evolution; Incentives.
Effect of water temperature on the amount of color in different types of algae in
Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Helena Mavromatis, 199 Gates Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
This study investigates the effect of water temperature on the color of freshwater
algae. Experiments were conducted in Utah Lake for three weeks at three different sites
around the lake. The algae that were identified included the bacillariophyta, chlorophyta,
cyanobacteria, and rhodophtya. Results were inconclusive however as there was no direct
effect on the water temperature and the color of algae. Through research it has been
determined that the algae already contain certain pigmentations that give its color. More
research should be done on the subject to get a more detailed analysis on how certain
algae receive different pigmentations.
Key words: water temperature, algae, color, bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria,
rhodophtya
Spider Webs are Built in Various Locations
Jennifer R. McArthur, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. #110, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
As web-spinning spiders, Araneidae, are discussed in this paper it will be shown that
there is a reason for the location of the webs. There are several variables that affect where
a web is built and some of those factors will be considered as well. Experiments will be
done up in Rock Canyon studying the web location and the webs found in these specific
locations, with photographic documentation. Various spider webs will be identified with
the type of Arachnid spinning the web with the location that it is on. It will be noted
where the webs are found and the different elements that can affect where and why it is
built in a certain location. The findings will be discussed and analyzed to show that there
are several elements such as light, prey abundance, time of year, and weather that affect
the location of the webs.
Keywords: Araneidae, spider webs, location, Arachnid, Utah
The variance in the rate of leaf coloration of Quercus alba in the Utah Valley
Adam F. McBride, BIO 100 Brigham Young University, 735 N. 400 E. #21 Provo, Utah,
84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The changes in the coloration of fall leaves may be attributed to one or many of a
myriad of natural or evolutionary factors. The individual rates of this change within a
species may vary. Regular observations of a designated species could shed some light on
the differences of the actual rates of change. Multiple specimen of Quercus alba in
differing locations within the same area display this change over the observation period
of 6 weeks during the months of October and November. Although differences occur,
they seem to follow similar rates of change in their coloration. The percentage of fallen
leaves is also taken into consideration. The differences may be due to the actual
placement of the trees in their immediate environment, their age, or a number of other
causes.
Keywords: Leaves, color, coloration, Quercus alba, oak, rate of change
Color Preference of Bees (Arthropoda: Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Payson,
UT, U.S.A.
Elissa M. McCullough, 865 North 160 West Apt. 70, Provo UT 84604
email: [email protected]
Abstract
Visual cues are vital aspect to animal’s survival and success in the animal world.
“Animals use vision to perform such diverse behaviors as finding food, interacting
socially with other animals, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators. These behaviors are
complex and the visual system must process color, motion, and pattern cues efficiently so
that animals can respond to relevant stimuli” (Paulk, 2008). Members of the Apoidea
family (bees) rely on the nectar and pollen that flowers produce as a source of food and
nutrients. These insects are attracted to certain flowers more than other. This attraction is
due to the visual cues or coloration of the flowers. Experiments will take place in Payson,
Utah; testing the relationship between the color of the flower and the interaction with
bees that it receives.
Leaf Color Change of Fremont Cottonwoods (Populus fremontii) Provo Canyon at
Changing Altitudes and Varying Amounts of Rainfall From Provo to Heber City,
Utah, U.S.A.
Darnelle McNees, 619 North 700 East Apt 6, Provo, Utah 84606
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of altitude and temperature on the
amount of color change and leaf fall of the Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) tree
in autumn. Samples and data were collected on three different dates, with 4 weeks in
between each date, to see the rate at which the leaves change colors. The percentage of
green leaves and the percentage of leaves that have began to change color and leaves that
have changed color were documented on each of these 3 dates. Weather and water
information were also documented to see if they had a significant affect. This information
was collected around mountainous areas of Provo, UT and Heber, UT. The data indicates
that, in fact the weather conditions did have a significant affect on the amount and rate of
color change.
Keywords: Populus fremontii, Fremont Cottonwood, autumn, leaves, rainfall, altitude,
temperature.
No More Algae in Scuba Experiences
Jordan Miles, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. I do not wish to give out
my private address. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Scuba divers are often concerned about the visibility of their dive cite. Algae are the most
common living organism that can naturally cloud water. By finding out what types of
algae grow in different Utah diving locations it will be easier to identify the times of year
that these diving locations are clear for divers. Three samples of water were taken at three
different diving locations over a week long period. The three samples were tested for
signs of algae growth. Then an attempt at incubating algae was attempted, in order to see
what kinds of algae were growing in the specific areas. No results were found for living
life forms, due to suspected human error.
Keywords: algae; scuba diving; nature experience
The Seasonal Change of Foliage
A. MeKell Miles, 665 West 1260 North, Pleasant Grove, Utah 84062
Email: [email protected] Version: Fall 2008. Nature experience fall 2008.doc
Abstract:
Leaves change colors during the fall because during the fall the days become colder
and shorter. Because of this, the leaves don’t get the nutrients and energy from the sun
that it needs to continue growing and for creating nutrients to provide for the tree. The
leaves also turn from a green to a yellow color because the chlorophyll breaks down and
the green pigment is no longer seen (Heuerman 2004). The leaves then fall and start
decomposing which makes it turn brown and they then seep into the soil and the nutrients
is absorbed through the roots to nourish the tree once again (Swensson 2008). I realized
how this was occurring and wanted to learn the steps the leaves take during this ongoing
process of dying and recreating themselves. I also wanted to find out if the leaves would
change faster in a higher altitude. So by researching and experimenting with leaves in
different altitudes I soon found out the process of the leaf.
Keywords: colder, nutrients, energy, sun, decomposing, chlorophyll, absorbed, roots,
altitudes.
Diversity of waterfowl species in the lacustrine fringe wetlands surrounding Utah
Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Justin M. Miller, 21 Broadbent Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Lacustrine fringe wetlands (also called wet lake margins) are the wetlands along the
edges of lakes or reservoirs. They are home to hydric soils, hydrophytic plants, bacteria,
and animals. When the water level is high, the fringe is flooded, but when the water level
is low, the fringe has no surface water. Experiments were conducted near Utah Lake
wetlands, observing a plot of lacustrine fringe for waterfowl activity. The plot was five
square meters and was located along the west shore of Utah Lake near Utah Lake State
Park. This area, along with the water immediately surrounding it, and the air above it
were observed on three different days. Each observational period, of 30 minutes each,
took place at the same time (4:00 PM) with the same weather conditions (approximately
55°F). Six species of birds were identified during the three observational periods. The
number of birds present, and where they were seen was recorded and displayed in tables
(see Figures 3-5). I hypothesized that mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) would be the most
abundant waterfowl observed, and that hypothesis was proven. It was also analyzed why
mallards congregate in flocks in the shallow waters of lacustrine fringes.
Keywords: lacustrine fringe, wetlands, waterfowl
What elements combine to keep Jesus bugs afloat? Why water striders can walk on
water.
Andrew R. Moore, 746 North 1250 East, Provo, UT 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
I made an attempt to determine the reason why Gerris marginatus are able to stay
afloat whilst other insects cannot. I captured three specimens from the same environment
and tested them in a controlled environment on other liquids like vegetable oil, alcohol,
and liquid soap. Since I had three specimens and three liquids, I decided to test each one
on each liquid once to account for any variation in results. As hypothesized, all
specimens were able to stay afloat on each one of the test liquids meaning that the density
of water is not what keeps them afloat as the other liquids had different densities.
However, it was notable that it was much easier for the specimens to move about freely
on water than liquid soap or vegetable oil. Alcohol and water were similar because
alcohol has a density more similar to water than vegetable oil or liquid soap. After
further observation and research, I have come to the conclusion that what keeps these
insects afloat is their leg structure which is covered in tiny hairs which utilize the waters
tension to stay afloat. By this same theory, they can stay afloat on other denser liquids,
but it restricts their movement because the hairs stick in the liquid.
Key Words: Water Strider, Tension, Surface
Germination Rates of Domestic Seeds Compared to Weed Seeds
Larry J. Moore, 280 E 500 N #12B, Provo, UT 84606, email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to compare the germination rates of domestic seeds
with wild weed seeds. The hypothesis tested was that domestic seeds should exhibit a
higher germination rate due to the advantages of selective breeding. Three varieties of
domestic seeds and three varieties of weed seeds were collected and the germination rates
were tested. The results showed that on average, a slightly higher percentage of domestic
seeds germinated than weed seeds. Before testing, half of the seed base of all varieties
collected underwent an artificial winter simulation to test for possible discrepancies in the
results due to dormancy. Dormancy is also discussed.
Keywords: Small Red Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Soft White Wheat (Triticum
aestivum), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum L), Wild Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus), Kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Feeding Preferences of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Moreno Valley,
California, U.S.A.
David E. Morin, 10015 Rock Hill, Moreno Valley, California 92557.
Email: [email protected].
Abstract
Three kinds of energy bars, each with differing ratios of carbohydrates to protein, were
set out near ant colonies, and ant activity was observed over 1½ hours to determine which
bars the ants were most attracted to. Specimens were then collected and identified to
determine which species of ant were foraging. Possible reasons for their behavior were
proposed. A specific energy bar was then identified as ideal to avoid an infestation when
out on the trail.
Keywords: energy bar; backpacking; Tetramorium caespitum; Solenopsis invicta.
Survival and Natural Nutrients
Michael Chad Murdock, 972N 900E, Provo, UT, 84606
Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose for this study is to examine the natural resources located in the Provo area
that could provide the nutrients necessary for survival. Our society depends almost
entirely on commercial produce for food. After studying the local plant and animal life I
will spend 2 hours searching Rock Canyon for food such as berries, insects, wild animals
and other plants to determine the likelihood of surviving off of wild life.
Keywords: survival, outdoorsman, wild life, nutrients, abundance, edible plants, trees,
berries, insects
Effects of elevation on cone growth in Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens)
Shaun M. Murdock, 1505 N Canyon Road Apt. 98, Provo, Utah 84604;
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The intent of this observational study is to consider the effect of elevation differential
on the size of the female cone of the Colorado Blue Spruce. Elevation is nearly always a
factor when characterizing living organisms. It affects their range of habitat, growth
distributions, growth rate, reproduction and many other elements of life. I gathered
observations from available cones being sampled from 3 distinct elevations, spaced by
approximately 1000 feet each, up the mountain from Utah Valley. Multiple samples
from different trees at each elevation helped to allow for good sampling and diversity.
The results came from statistical analyses and inference in comparison to reported typical
special measurements. The results proved to not be significant, or in other words, I found
no statistical difference between measured cone length from one elevation to another.
Key Words: Picea pungens, Colorado Blue Spruce, elevation, cone size
Tree Endurance as the Weather Turns Cold
Annaka Nay, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain if trees have different temperature
tolerances which would result in them losing their leaves at different times. Studying
five different types of broadleaf trees in Provo Canyon near Bridal Veil Falls, I to
observed them to see if a certain species’ leaves endured longer than another.
Temperature and amount of sunlight were my primary variables, monitoring the general
leaf color and amount of leaves left. However, I observed other possible factors, such as
location and surroundings. Each of the trees lost their leaves at different times and in
different amounts, some quicker than others because of a difference in ability to maintain
life on a limited amount of sun and water for photosynthesis. The Fagus grandifolia, or
American Beech, lasted the longest.
Keywords: trees; Fagus grandifolia; leaves; temperature tolerance; autumn
Rate of Quaking Aspen foliage color change related to elevation and temperature
Katie Neff, 1219 Taylor Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relation of elevation and
temperature with the rate of color change of the Populus tremuloides (hereon referred to
as the Quaking Aspen) foliage. A hypothesis of the relation between elevation and
temperature with the rate of foliage color change was selected. On a daily basis, the
temperature and color change of the leaves on the Quaking Aspen were observed at two
different locations; Salt Lake City, Utah with an altitude of 4,500 feet, and the base of the
Uintah Mountains at an altitude of 6,500 feet. Analysis of data and observations seen
during the Quaking Aspen foliage change in the experiment will be discussed.
Keywords: elevation, temperature, relation, color change, foliage, Quaking Aspen
How plant growth is affected by different amounts of sun exposure (especially in the
winter) and moisture. Overall, effects dealing with photosynthesis.
Philip D. Nelson, 2104 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Plant growth is affected by the amount of sun light and moisture received. The
process of photosynthesis was explored. Different areas were tested to see which
received more sunlight and which received more moisture. Also, I explored how growth
rate changed from warmer temperatures compared to the beginning of winter when I
expect growth to slow significantly. Different plants were tested for growth and were
used for comparison. Overall, it was expected that during the warmer season there would
be more growth and that some plants would experience faster growth than others. I
experimented with how the amount of sunlight and moisture affected the plant growth of
two different areas. Both of these areas were on Mount Y. One received direct sunlight
and was exposed to rain and snow (snow on one day I checked). The other was covered
by the shade of a patch of trees. I found that in the beginning the area receiving direct
sun was starting to shrivel up and dry. This was in September and it had not rained for
awhile. The weed I explored was a Horseweed Conyza Canadensis in the Mint Family
and fell into the larger category of broadleaf weeds. This plant can grow up to ten feet
tall. The ones I watched were only about two feet and not fully mature. They grew .3
inches from September to October yet .39 inches from October to November when it was
colder and when there was rain and snow. Area two was covered by trees and the
underbrush did not receive many of the benefits of photosynthesis. There was moss and
grass in this area. This particular grass was Leymus cinereus and its common names are:
great basin wildrye, giant wildrye, and basin wildrye and is part of the grass family. It
was a green and mixed color. It can grow up to ten feet tall but is typically less than five
feet tall. The grass I viewed was only two and a half feet tall. It grew .29 inches from
September to October yet growth slowed to .1 growth from October to November. The
moss I viewed had the capability to be anywhere from .4-4 inches tall. It is small soft and
grows together in clumps and shady areas (Area 2 with the trees provided shade). Its
growth was .11 inches from September to October, and .09 inches from October to
November.
Key Words: Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Climate/Weather, Grass/weeds, Moss,
Photostastis, Photosynthesis, Plant growth.
The Correlations Between Soil Acidities of Gambel Oak Trees, Maple Trees, and
Reed Grass in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Kristen Niederhauser, 1505 North Canyon Road Apt. 51, Provo, Utah 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Gambel Oak trees (Quercus gambelii) grow in great abundance on mountainsides and
hills in the Midwestern United States. Many of them grow in Rock Canyon. When I
visited Rock Canyon to observe them, I found that reed grass grows in abundance around
these Oaks. Maple trees are also dispersed throughout the Oak trees. Canary grass grows
in patches everywhere there is an Oak, but nowhere around the Maple trees. This led me
to ask, does reed grass depend on Oak trees to survive? Further research led me to believe
that there may be a correlation in the soil around these three species. I hypothesized that
the soil around Oak trees is more acidic than that of Maple trees; if this is correct, then
reed grass, whose soil is generally more acidic than most trees, grows around the Oaks
due to their acidic soil. I measured the acidity of soil samples gathered from all three
species and compared the pH between each of them.
Key words: soil acidity, gambel oak, maple tree.
Contrasting Observations of the Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta) in the Provo River
Tyler Orton, 1358 S. Alpine Loop, Provo Utah 84606. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the difference in results obtained when fish
density in rivers is calculated using three different methods: electro fishing and chest
waiters and river walk observation. This paper specifically focuses on the fish density of
Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in the Provo River but will also look into population density.
This paper also looks at the certain aspects of both environment and traits which
influence will impact the population density of fish, namely Brown Trout. The results of
this paper compare and highlight the differences in collecting data by observation versus
interaction and manipulation of the environment. The papers discussion highlights both
pros and cons of each approach, when dealing with nature or in doing a nature
experiment.
Key Words: Population Density, Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta, River, Fish, Freshwater
The Effects of Hill Direction on the Amount of Growth of Vegetation in Provo
Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Anson Owens, 253 North 150 East, Orem, Utah 84057 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The direction of the hill that a plant is on can affect the amount that the plant will grow. I
decided on three different hills facing to the North, and three different hills facing to the
south in Provo Canyon. In each of these areas I collected leaves from three different
plants that I found in each of the areas. One of which was a ground shrub and the other
two were trees. One tree was the Canyon Maple, Acer granditatum the other was the
trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides. For each of these area's I took several leaves and
measured them for length and found an average length. Results of the north facing hills
was compared to that of the south facing hills. The South facing hills had larger leaves,
but in the shrub and the trembling aspen it was not by enough to be called significant.
The Canyon Maple on the other hand was so much larger that it could be called
significant. The probability of the outcome that I got from my samples was less then .02,
which is where I drew the line of significance in this study.
There are other factors that I tried to reduce to let the samples changes be as much a
change due to hill facing direction as possible. For instance, all samples will be taken at
least 100 feet from Provo River. This is to allow for both sides to have roughly the same
water supply and remove that as a factor in the growth of these plants. Thus allowing the
sunlight to be a primary factor in the amount of growth of the plants
Also, each of the areas was chosen to try to be affected by human activity as little as
possible.
This is because of my assumption that human activity will disrupt the plant growth in
some form.
Which would disrupt the accuracy of the study as well.
Key words: hill direction, Acer granditatum, Populous tremuloides, plant growth, light
environment
Influence of weather on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) on the banks of a Provo
stream in Provo, UT
Katie Packer, 3207 Chipman Hall, Provo, UT, 84604 email: [email protected]
Abstract
Earthworms have the capability of living in many different ecosystems across the
United States. In the valley of Provo, UT, a location of average environmental factors
will be used to study the affects weather has on earthworms: a local natural stream in
Provo. Earthworms are generally night-dwelling invertebrates that are more commonly
seen in the coolness of spring and fall (Lee 1985). The observations taken this fall will
show that the species are more active in the stable temperatures of the autumn season and
that the factor of rain causes the earthworms to seek for protection above their soil
homes. For the next four weeks, as the two seasons of autumn and winter overlap, the
outside temperature, precipitation, and the number of worms seeking protection from
drowning on the soil’s surface will be observed.
Keywords: temperature, precipitation, survival tactics, season preference
Environmental factors which influence habitat for Water Striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae)
Provo River: Canyon View Park: Provo Utah, U.S.A.
Tyler J. Patterson, 380 North 1020 East Apt. 103, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
I estimate that the site preference of water striders (Gerridae) is influenced by water
conditions and sun position. This requires observations and analysis to prove that it is not
other environmental conditions that reflect the preference of water striders. Specific
measurements of water temperature, outside temperature and conditions and pH level are
noted. I also take in to account the other species cohabitating with the striders which
possibly disturb their personal preference for habitat. I also thought it necessary to
determine whether individual species have different preferences concerning where they
reside. This however, didn’t create a necessary part of the experience. The number of
water striders in the different locations was very limited on many occasions. Indications
that insect species prefer particular habitats emerge during many surveys to asses
distributions. Habitats are classified with respect to environmental variables. Other
factors may also influence these decisions; such as certain types of vegetation structure at
the time of spring colonization, preferences for lake habitats and preferences for
reproductive dispersal (Spence 1981).
Keywords: specific measurements, analysis, cohabitation.
To what extent does elevation affect branch density?
Michelle Payne, Provo Utah 84606, [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this nature experience is to determine the effect elevation has on the
frequency and density of branches on trees. This study focuses on a deciduous tree
known as the Betula lenta, or the yellow birch (Little, 1980). Through this study it will
be determined whether elevation increases or decreases the branch density of a tree. In
higher elevations key components to tree development are reduced, such as oxygen and
carbon dioxide, therefore elevation is expected to have a negative effect on tree
development and branch density. This study will use a statistical program, STATA, to
analyze the collected data. Data will be collected at four different elevation levels, after
the data is collected, several statistical analysis will be completed to determine the real
world effect elevation has on branch density on a tree.
KEY WORDS: Betula lenta, density, elevation, carbon dioxide
Observations of the Behavior and Interactions of the Mallards of Provo
Hannah Pedersen, 1969 n. canyon rd #111, Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The Mallards are one of the most familiar and easily recognizable specie of ducks. They
have mostly been found to settle in North America, Asia, Europe, and North Africa
(Fleskes et al. 2007). The Utah Valley is one of many sites within North America to have
several Mallard colonies. In order to explore the Mallards feeding patterns, three Mallard
settlements within the Provo area were used to collect data for the research. The aim of
the study was to use naturalistic observations to discover the feeding preferences of the
Mallard ducks—whether the ducks preferred to find sources of food in the water, on land,
or feed on food given to them by humans.
Keywords: Mallard, birds, ducks, Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Anseriformes, Anatidae,
Anas platyrhynchos.
The Relationship of Elevation on Tree Bark Thickness in Provo Canyon: Provo,
Utah, U.S.A.
S. Abby Perkins, 1060 East 450 North Apt. 341, Provo, Utah 84606
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
One of the purposes of tree bark is to protect the tree from temperature changes
(Ferguson 2008), but little research has been done to understand the exact relationship
between how different elevations and the temperature changes that go along with this
affect the thickness of bark. To test this relationship between bark thickness and
temperature, I took samples of ten Balsam Poplar; Black Cottonwood trees- five at a
higher elevation and five at a lower. Because higher elevations have lower temperatures,
this tested my hypothesis. I conducted an experiment in Provo Canyon to observe if the
bark of trees at higher elevations is thicker to insulate the tree more because of the
temperature differences at different elevations. The average tree bark thickness at 6,400
feet is 4.8mm while the average at 4,700 feet is 4.2mm. The difference is the group of
trees at 6,400 feet was an average of 0.6mm thicker than the group at the base of the
canyon (4,700 feet).
Key Words: elevation, Balsam Poplar, increment borer, tree bark.
Plant Pollination on BYU Campus in Provo, UT, U.S.A.
DaNae Peterson, 2105 North 40 West Apt. 328, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Plant pollination (with a particular emphasis on flowers) occurs every day. There are
two primary sources that enable plants to pollinate: wind and insects. The purpose of this
field study was to determine what type of plants use which technique to pollinate and
more importantly why does a plant use a certain technique. Three locations were chosen
(two of which are throughout the BYU-Provo campus and a natural location in Rock
Canyon, Provo) where plants were located and observations were recorded. More
qualitative (with some quantitative) data was measured to note how many insects were
surrounding each type of plant. From this, the numbers and observations were analyzed
to come to a conclusion supported with research to decide which type of plants use which
technique of pollination and an explanation of why.
Keywords: plants; flowers; pollination; wind; insects
Variation of senescence amongst trees due to climatic changes
Mindy Petitta, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84604. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if the change in climate and weather had an
impact on the developmental levels, or senescence, of trees in Provo during the fall
season. After some preliminary research it was found that temperature impacts the
senescence of trees greatly, and I wanted to find out if the weather also impacted in the
changing of the leaves colors. In testing this hypothesis, three different species of trees
were chosen to be observed each day for a couple of weeks. The American Elm (Ulmus
Americana), the Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra), and Schwedler Maple (Acer
plantanoides) were all chosen to monitor. By taking temperatures of each day, checking
for any color differentiation, monitoring intake, and noting changes in weather
observations can be made towards the senescence within the fall season as a whole, as
well as amongst the individual species of trees. Analysis of the variation in colors of
leaves, change over time, variations amongst species, and climate will be discussed in
relation to the senescence of tress will also be discussed.
Keywords: Senescence, climate, color differentiation, species
Effects of Behavioral Changes in Male Odocoileus hemionus due to the Mating
Season
Lea M. Pherribo, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84606, E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract
This study was conducted to observe behavior changes in Odocoileus hemionus,
commonly known as the Mule deer, during rutting season. Rutting season is the time of
mating for Odocoileus hemionus which lasts from September to November, but in cold
climates often peaks in mid to late November (Mckean 2008). Small groupings of Mule
deer were observed in natural habitat at the base of Spanish Fork Canyon in Spanish Fork
Utah. Through weekly observations spanning the month of November, the male
Odocoileus hemionus, known as bucks, were recorded acting out of their normal daily
habits. These behavior changes are due to the rutting season. The hypothesis tested was
that buck Odocoileus hemionus are more likely to be seen in places that are vulnerable to
human hunters and natural predators due to their desire to mate. The outcome of this
study is that male Odocoileus hemionus exhibit many behavior changes that could
increase vulnerability to predators, specifically hunters.
Keywords: rutting season, bucks, sexual segregation
How Sunlight Effects the Amount of Plankton Present in Ocean Water
Alissa Pitt, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
Email: [email protected] Version: Fall 2008. nature experience nelson fall 2008
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a very important process by which phytoplankton present in the
ocean receive nutrients necessary for survival. Sunlight is therefore essential for
phytoplankton to not only thrive, but simply exist. Without this fundamental part of their
environment, plants are not able to convert the carbon dioxide around them to the glucose
and oxygen they need and thereby receive necessary nutrients. In this experiment I
collected two water samples from the Pacific Ocean just off the coast of Southern
California: one in direct sunlight, and one receiving no direct sunlight. I observed both
samples under a microscope and recorded my observations. I found that not only does
sunlight play a significant role in the abundance of phytoplankton present in a given area,
but on a more intricate level, it determines the types of phytoplankton present in the given
area and the nutrients they are able to obtain through the process of photosynthesis. I
found that some phytoplankton do not need as much direct sunlight as other species of
plankton, and therefore different species are found in different places. The phytoplankton
that are able to survive on minimal nutrients due to their size or needs are able to survive
on less direct sunlight and are usually found in these environments of less sunlight, but
larger and more intricate plankton are found mostly in areas with abundant resources of
light and nutrients.
Keywords: Phytoplankton, Light, Photosynthesis, Nutrients, Abundance
Leaf Pigmentation in the Fall Influenced by Abiotic Factors
Estefania Pliego. 3273 Apache Lane Provo, Utah 84602. Email: [email protected].
Fall 2008. Nature Experience
Abstract
Factors like sun exposure and temperature were found to be closely correlated to the
change of color in leaves during the fall. Pictures and samples of leaves that showed signs
of seasonal change were collected from the area surrounding Bridal Veil Falls and the
Provo River. Among the species observed, I was able to identify the Bigtooth Maple or
Acer grandidentatum (Andersen) and the Alternate-leaved Dogwood or Cornus
Alternifolia (Symonds). Leaves from my backyard were also taken into consideration to
further substantiate the evidence found through research. Some of the species identified
in this location were the Thundercloud Ornamental Red Leaf Plum Tree or Prunus
cerasifera (Gilman) and the Japanese Maple or Acer Palmatum (Evans). An evident
change in pigmentation was observed primarily in areas higher up in elevation and farther
away from the river.
Keywords: Pigment, Discoloration, Chlorophyll, Temperature, Carotenoids,
Anthocyanins
On the Relationship between Elevation and Plant Species Richness
Kyle V. Pratt, 3205 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between elevation
and plant species richness. The two dominant hypotheses concerning this study are
introduced. Data on plant species richness was collected on Y Mountain, and the data
were statistically analyzed. I find a seeming counterexample to the generally accepted
hypothesis, but propose that this is due to sampling issues.
Keywords: Y Mountain, plant species richness, elevation, elevational gradient
Aquatic Biodiversity of an Irrigation Canal
Stacie Purcell, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this nature experience was to identify the aquatic biodiversity inhabiting a
local irrigation canal. In order to classify the invertebrate species, the author had to take
samples from the mud on the bottom of the partially drained irrigation canal in South
Jordan, Utah. A total of five different aquatic invertebrates were sampled and recorded.
Research was performed in order to identify the genus and unique characteristics of each
individual. A larval Spread-winged Damselfly (Lestes), Bladder Snail (Bivalves), Pond
Snail (Lymnaea), Leech (Helobdella), and a Crayfish (Order Decapoda) were identified
by the author. The author’s purpose for performing the nature experience was to better
understand the biodiversity found in a man-made canal. After performing this nature
experience, the author concluded that there can be a surprisingly vast amount of
biodiversity even within habitats that do not naturally occur.
Key Words: Lestes, Bivalves, Lymnaea, Helobdella, Order Decapoda
Temperatures Influence on the Circulation of Insects in Provo, Utah, USA.
Rachel K. Quinn, 3108 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
Life and death of an insect depends heavily on temperature
changes, especially when at extreme levels. Does this mean that winter
will take away from the circulation of various insects? Experiments
will be performed in a natural habitat to determine if insect
circulation is affected by the change in winter temperatures from
October to November. Tomcat pest glue boards will be placed in a
natural area to collect various bugs in oder to reflect any changes in
quantity or diversity of insects. For two weeks at the beginning of
each month the boards will be left out to collect data. Studies have
revealed that when winter hits the activities of insects greatly
reduced. It is as if their hibernating to be revived once again when
warmth can allow them to function properly (Cook1881). The tissue in
these insects only provide enough activity to live. This experiment
will focus on the changes in insect activity comparing bugs with and
without wings. Comparisons tables and graphs have been developed to
prove this theory that the activities of insects with wings during the
winter season decreases.
Key words: Circulation of insects, Temperature change, Winter
Amount of earthworms (Lumbricus terestris) found in different geographical
locations depending on moisture and elevation.
Robbie K. Rane, 448 East 600 North Apt. 18, Provo, Utah 84606,
[email protected]
Abstract
Earthworms are of great importance to an ecosystems overall health and productivity
because they mix, aerate and help in the mineralization of soil. Previous research has
been done regarding how certain factors affect an earthworm population. Moisture and
elevation are two very important abiotic factors which have a deciding effect on the
ecosystem. Research was done in three different geographical locations testing how
elevation and moisture effect an earthworm population. In this experiment results
showed little connection between these two factors and the Lumbricus terestris
population. Further future research is needed to understand exactly how moisture,
elevation and other factors influence earthworms
Keywords: Lumbricus terestris, earthworm, elevation, moisture, soil, abiotic factor,
Fattest worms for fishing: influence of varied diets on mass and liveliness of
European Night crawlers (Lumbricus terrestris) in a controlled habitat.
Peter J Ransom, 2546 W Country Club Dr, Fargo, ND 58103
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The diet of Lumbricus Terrestris (European Night Crawler) is known to include a
vast array of decomposing organic matter, including anything from leaves and grass to
fruits, vegetables, cardboard and eggshells. As the Lumbricus terrestris is widely raised
and used for fishing bait, it is of interest to know the effect that different foods have on
the mass (growth rate) and liveliness of the L. terrestris. I collected populations for three
experimental groups from the same location. I divided up the collected specimens into
three populations and recorded the weight of the population and number of specimens in
each population. I placed each of the three populations in identical controlled habitats. I
supplied a different diet to each of the three populations, including: organic material
found around the natural habitat of L. terrestris, organic kitchen waste, and commercial
worm food. I controlled and monitored the diets of each population over a 45-day period,
after which I weighed and counted the populations again. After 45 days, the first
population given the diet of natural organic material became totally extinct, leaving no
trace that a population even existed there. The second population that was given the diet
of organic kitchen waste increased in number and its mass substantially increased. The
third population that was given the diet of commercial worm food decreased in number,
but increased slightly in population mass. This study shows that varying the diet of
Lumbricus Terrestris may have a significant effect on the amount of mass gained over a
set period of time and the liveliness of L. terrestris populations. Further experiments must
be done in order to determine the significance and effect that diets have on mass and
growth.
Keywords: Lumbricus terrestris, Annelida, controlled diet, growth rate, Night Crawler,
Hob Worm, diet vs. mass, fishing bait, raising and growing worms.
Average Distance Between Quaking Aspens (Populus Tremuloides) in the Uintah
National Forest, Utah
Andrew E. Rasband, 971West Pfeifferhorn Court, Alpine, Utah 84004
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
The Populus Tremuloides commonly know as the Quaking Aspen are clones from
other aspens nearby. The Quaking Aspen grows in clusters and creates the world’s largest
living organism. In this study I plan to find the average distance between the Populus
Tremuloides. This study will also be seeing if the diameter of the tree has an effect on the
distance between the trees. This study was done in the Uintah National Forest outside of
Heber City, Utah. In this study I found that average diameter of the Quaking Aspen and
the average distance between the trees.
Keywords: Populus Tremuloides, Quaking Aspen, Heber City, Distance, Diameter.
Prevalence of Weevil (Curculio Glandium) Population in Oak Trees: Holladay,
Utah, U.S.A.
Jessica Reese, 1340 North Freedom Boulevard Apt. 335, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Weevils (Curculio glandium) formulate their nests in the acorns of oak trees
(Schopmeyer 1974). Many different kinds of acorn-bearing oak trees are found
throughout the United States. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
prevalence of acorn-nesting weevils in the acorns of red oak trees (Quercus borealis) and
Oregon oak trees (Quercus garryana) in the suburb of Holladay, Utah. I collected acorns
from multiple locations throughout Holladay and examined for weevils through a float
test method; this float method is a fast, nondestructive, and reliable means of
differentiating between sound and insect-infested or damaged acorns (Gribko & Jones
1995). For each of these locations, I determined and recorded the population density; the
data indicated a correlation between species of oak tree and dense weevil infestation.
Keywords: weevil, Curculio glandium, acorn, oak tree, red oak, Quercus borealis,
Oregon oak, Quercus garryana, larvae
Movement of a mule deer and bighorn sheep’s leg (Southern California and
Boulder City, Nevada)
Courtney E. Robbins, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The way a mule deer and bighorn sheep’s leg move is related to their environments
and their anatomical muscle structures. There are similarities and differences in the
structure of their muscles as well as the physiology. I observed these animals in a natural
habitat. I observed mule deer in an area outside of Universal Studios in California and
bighorn sheep in Nevada by Lake Mead. These creatures were watched as they moved; I
paid close attention to their leg movement and how it could relate to the environment.
Key words: mule deer, bighorn sheep, anatomical muscle structures, structure,
physiology
Color recognition in Fire Ant (Solenopsis invictas) on the flatlands north of Delta,
Utah, U.S.A.
Tyler J. Robertson, 758 East 900 North Apt. 103, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, color plays an important role in the food chain.
Many animals, including birds and lizards recognize colors to decide what is safe to eat
and what is not. Ants are predominantly known to use scent trails and detection of
chemicals to navigate and find food, but more research is required to detect their ability
to discern colors and whether or not colors affect their choice of food to eat. For this
experiment, ant colonies were marked and identified. Then food of different colors was
placed on cards around the colony and the number of ants on each card was counted at
intervals of 30 minutes and 2 hours. Results show little regard for color in the long run,
although initial response was more favorable to the colorless food.
Key Words: Fire Ants, Solenopsis invictas, food, color recognition
The many aquatic insects that can be found in the Provo River
Michael K. Robinson, 183 S 850 W, Orem, Utah 84058. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
In the Provo River there are many places where one can find many aquatic insects. I
was instructed by one of the TA’s on how to go about gathering such insects. My plan
was to go and do such field work to try and gather as many different types of insects as
possible. My goal was to find and gather maybe five or so different kinds as I would
gather around fifty insects. In order for me to gather these bugs I would need an aquatic
net, waders, and the know how of what to do. As I would enter the river I would place the
net on the bottom of the river just downstream from a rock. I would then proceed to move
the rocks around with my foot and catch all that would be jarred loose from the
movement. You cannot really tell what is going on but after a few times kicking the rocks
around you lift the net up out of the water and find many surprises.
Keywords: Insects; gather; waders; surprises.
A Study of Factors Contributing to Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrynchos) Wintering in
Urban Settings
Jeff Rodeback, 2168 N. 40 W., Provo, UT, 84606. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
There are numerous examples of waterfowl wintering in urban settings in and around
Provo, Utah. This project involved observing, photographing, and tracking waterfowl at a
pond in a developed area of Provo near the Brigham Young University campus, then
analyzing the data collected in field observations to determine factors contributing to the
selection of an urban setting as a winter habitat for the Mallard duck (Anas platyrynchos).
Field observations and photographical analysis provided evidence that many waterfowl
seemed to frequent a specific setting, and did not travel often from one locale to another.
A number of factors seemed to contribute to the waterfowl’s decision to winter in an
urban setting; some of these factors include safety, security, and abundance of food, and
the presence of other members of a similar species nearby. Areas within a local urban
setting that exhibit these characteristics provide a safe haven for local waterfowl,
allowing them to spend the winter within a relatively small geographical area without
having to venture long distances to find inhabitable areas.
Keywords: Waterfowl, Mallard, Anas platyrynchos, wintering, urban
Preferred Habitations of the Rock Squirrel (Spermophilus Variegatus) at a
Mountainside in Layton, Utah, U.S.A.
Clinton H. Rollins, 665 North 500 East Apt. 4, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The rock squirrel or Spermophilus variegatus are large bushy-tailed ground
squirrels found throughout the southwestern United States and northern and central
Mexico (Johnson 1981). My parents and other neighbors nearby can attest to this in
perhaps a positive or a negative way as many rock squirrels live and roam near homes,
which are located on a mountainside, the east bench of Layton, Utah. Such squirrels,
however, aren't so common in every area of Utah. Experiments were conducted at and
nearby the mountainside in Layton using peanuts—a food generally eaten only by
squirrels in that particular area. Results indicate a greater population of squirrels in areas
that meet several conditions, especially sloped rocky places that have sufficient food.
Keywords: Rock Squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus, Habitat, Oak, Slope.
Influence of Season, Weather, Time of Day, and Location Difference on Bird (Class
Aves) Behavior in Provo, Utah: U.S.A.
Breanne N. Roper, 1121 Hinckley Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The behavior of Utah birds in two different locations is affected by change in season
(change in temperature and weather conditions) and can be monitored before winter
migration to the south. The experiment includes observation in two separate places, the
Provo River and the Provo Canyon. Behavior such as bird sightings, birdcalls, and bird
activity was closely annotated and later studied in the two locations. These studies were
conducted at dawn in both locations and bird activity before and after the sunrise was
observed and compared. This observation gives some idea as to what birds do in response
to dawn and the change in weather.
A comparison of wild fire effects, in terms of plant growth, of mountain grass and
shrubbery on the Wasatch Mountain range, near Kaysville Utah.
Jonathan Clark Rose, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if the growth of plants years after a natural fire
took place, were the same as before the fire. The hypothesis that growth would flourish
after the fire was tested. Three, five by five squares were observed on two opposing
mountains at the same altitude. The first mountain has never been touched by fire; the
second was scorched by a natural fire in 2003. The hypothesis that growth would
flourish years after a fire, due to the natural nutrients left behind, was observed to be
disproved.
Keywords: Kaysville, Utah, growth, pressure, altitude, plant biomass, chaparral,
Fruit consumption of wasps (Paravespula: Vulgaris) in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah,
U.S.A.
Brian L. Ross, 195 East 600 North Apt. 31, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
Wasps will utilize fleshy sweet fruit as nourishment for their colony and themselves
when given the opportunity, but which fruits do they prefer? What attracts them to certain
fruit, and what keeps them at that fruit? There may be a correlation between the most
chosen fruit, and the sucrose content. The wasps may have an innate ability to choose the
most nutrient dense food. The color or brightness may be determining factors, or the
texture and solidity of the flesh of the fruit. There have been recent studies conducted that
have determined that insects use their antennae to smell, so there is a possibility that the
smell of the fruit may contribute to their decision. Time of day could also change which
fruit they choose. I conducted an experiment in Rock Canyon in Provo Utah with resident
wasps to determine which fruits they are more inclined to eat. Seven different kinds of
fruit were placed around an area of high wasp concentration. The wasp’s activity was
observed right after the fruit was set out, it was left for one hour, and the wasp activity
was documented.
Keywords: Paravespula vulgaris, fruit, preference, sucrose, odor, color
Observations of the autumnal coloration patterns of Acer platanoides and Quercus
robur grown in direct sunlight compared to Tilia x euchlora, Ulmus parvifolia, and
Acer saccarinum grown in partial or complete shade.
Jennifer Rowe, Brigham Young University, 737 East 750 North Provo, Utah 84606,
U.S.A. (email: [email protected])
Abstract: Pigments in Norway Maples (Acer platanoides) and English Oak (Quercus
robur) leaves, when in direct sunlight, remain green longer during the autumn coloration
period than leaves from Crimean Linden (Tilia x euchlora), Siberian Elms (Ulmus
parvifolia), or Silver Maples (Acer saccharinum). When these leaves were gathered at the
end of September as well as the end of November, they showed differing levels of change
during senescence. In the specific experiment conducted, Norway Maple and English
Oak began to show their carotenoid colors later in the period than Crimeans, Elms, or
Silver Maples due to their location in open areas with no shade from surrounding trees or
buildings.
A Comparative Study of Flowing and Still Aquatic Systems
Matthew Rowley, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Don't drink the water! We're all familiar with that warning, and finding a clean water
source has been a major concern for humans throughout all history. Thanks to the germ
theory of disease we even understand why one should be careful about untreated water,
but long before we acquired that understanding traditional knowledge has guided us to
the best available water sources. Even for a layman it seems intuitive that moving water
would be cleaner and safer than still water. A controlled study could offer greater insight
into the validity and extent of this difference.
This study used direct microscopy to observe and compare microorganism density in
different aquatic systems. Samples of standing and flowing water were included to offer
a comparative look at the differences between them. Samples were collected, stained,
and observed under a light microscope. As expected, still water with high nutrient
availability showed the highest numbers of microbes, and flowing river water the least.
Unfortunately confidence intervals were very large, so parameters for a more successful
future study are also suggested.
Keywords: Microscopy, Aquatic System, Microbe, Bacteria, Protist.
Responses of American Coots to Various Genres and Styles of Music
Garrett Samuelian, 2119 May Hall, Provo Utah, 84604. [email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if foreign vocal sounds had an effect on species
that were both extremely vocal (American Coot) and not frequently vocal (Ruddy Duck).
This study also aimed to determine which sounds, if any, would affect the behavior
patterns and actions of the American Coot and the Ruddy Duck. The hypothesis that “big
band” music would have the greatest effect on the American Coot was tested and
confirmed, although altered. There was also confirmation that vocal species have a much
greater reaction than non-vocal species to external sounds/vocalizations. Data was
collected and will be discussed later in chart and table formats. Analysis of which sounds
and music styles triggered what responses will also be discussed.
Keywords: Oxyura jamaicensis, Fulica Americana, species response to external audible
stimuli
The Affect of Temperature on Grasshoppers’ Sexual Behavior
Michelli Cavalcante Sant’Ana
1565 N. University Avenue #163 84604 Provo UT [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of different weather conditions
on grasshoppers’ sexual behavior. The data gives evidence that at low temperatures,
there is a decrease in the ability of grasshoppers to sexually reproduce. Higher
temperatures increase their excitement stage, and the process of generating offspring.
Temperature above or below grasshoppers’ preferred temperature range alters their
sexual behavior because the difficulty grasshoppers have in controlling their body
temperatures.
Key words: Grasshopper, temperature, sexual reproduction, seasonality, climate.
Plants Favored by Different Environments on Opposite Faces of Rock Canyon
Justin C. Schoof, 112 Shipp Hall, Provo, UT, 84604 E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This is a general study to see what kind of plants are optimal for the different
environments offered by the north and south sides of Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah. The
north side, since it is in sunlight much more than the south side, offers an environment
quite different from the south side. Three of the predominate species of plants in each
area were observed, and only a few of the characteristics, namely height and population
number, were recorded since these were the characteristics that were most easily
observable as differing considerably. On the whole, it was found that the warmer
environment with varying temperature and sunlight levels on north face of the canyon
favored smaller, more numerous plants, while the cooler, relatively stable temperature
and sunlight levels of the south face favored much larger plants with a much smaller
population.
Keywords: favored species; differing environments; adaptations due to
sunlight/temperature variances.
Effects in Productivity of Fomicidae Based on Diet in Hobble Creek Canyon
Dustin Seely, 1130 E. 450 N. Apt 7, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Ants (Formicidae) have different eating habits depending on geographic location. The
purpose of this study was to determine the preference of food and productivity
differences between a sweet diet and a bland diet. The specie studied was the
Iridomyrmex Humilis. Two distinct ant hills of the same specie were observed to be
similar in population showing approximately 100 visible ants at any given time. Two
types of food, dead insects and honey graham crackers, were used as the ants’ diet during
this observation. Results yielded that the sweet food or graham cracker was the food of
choice throughout the experiment. Measurements showed that the anthill that was given
the graham cracker consumed more than the anthill that was given the dead insects. This
food in turn increased their productivity slightly by showing more ants working at any
given time of the day. Results show that the sweeter food returned a slight increase in
productivity of the ants.
Keywords: Formicidae, Iridomyrmex Humilis, productivity, ants,
The effects of UV Light and White light on nocturnal flying insects
Stephen Sharrah, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo Utah 84606. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The behaviors of nocturnal flying insects show how they are attracted to light sources at
night time. In order to show reasons why these insects are attracted to a particular light
source at night, more research is needed to be done. Experiments will be conducted in
Provo Canyon, the Provo River, and outside a neighborhood. These places have been
chosen in order to accommodate for any lurking variable in an environmental
surrounding, so choosing three different kinds of places to receive data is of the most
importance to coming to a real conclusion. A light source will be placed in a strategic
spot to try to attract insects to it and after X amount of time; insects will be caught with a
net. Number of insects will be plotted against the amount of time the light source was
acting upon the insects.
Keywords: Flying Insects, Behavior, UV light, Light, Attraction.
Wetland Conservation and Reconstruction: A Case Study of the Jordan River,
Utah.
C. Natasha Sirrine, 1061 W. River Pine Cir. Riverton, Utah 84065.
[email protected]
Abstract
Along the Jordan River in Utah communities have taken advantage of the scenery to
provide a trial running along the river’s side. With these communities come development
of land that may prove harmful to the environment. Between 12300 South and 16000
South, along the river in the cities of Riverton and South Jordan, there are various
sections of wetland that had been covered up by the development of the area. This study
compares one reconstruction site to an untouched portion of the wetland area in order to
provide data indicating whether the community’s efforts had been effective in restoring
what once was natural. Data was collected for a comparison of plant life, water purity,
and animal habitation.
Key words: preservation, wildlife.
The effect various solutions have on Kentucky bluegrass’ (Poa pratensis) tolerance
at geographical coordinates: 111.709645,40.301321,0 (Orem, UT USA)
Samantha L. Skabelund, 220 N. 600 W. Orem, Utah 84057, email:
[email protected]
Abstract
It is hard to not to notice all the different solutions we add to grass from its usual
diet of water. I conducted experiments on a large area of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa
pratensis) to see what unfamiliar solutions could be added to its usual diets and still
survive. I went out daily and poured 240 ml of different solutions onto 31 cm x 31 cm
squares to see their effect. I had a control square followed by experimental squares of
rubbing alcohol, mild olive oil, regular bleach, a dishwashing gel solution, hydrogen
peroxide and distilled white vinegar. After one week of pouring each solution over the
indicated square of grass the white vinegar, regular bleach, and rubbing alcohol had
completely lost its green color, indicating death. The dishwashing gel solution and the
olive oil had lost some of their color while the hydrogen peroxide had no effect. I
concluded my research by testing the different pH levels of the various solutions I used to
see what affect, if any, it had on the outcome.
Keywords: common home lawn grasses, grass health, pH level chart
Effect of elevation and temperature on Pinus resinosa and Quercus gambelii in
American Fork Canyon: American Fork, Utah, U.S.A.
Alyssa L. Smith, 3219 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Plant life is affected in large part by the elevation in which it is grown. My research
focused on why, and at what elevation and temperature the plants are at their peak
condition. Observations were made in American Fork Canyon. A scrub oak bush
(Quercus gambelii) and a Red Pine tree (Pinus resinosa) were identified and observed.
Using an altimeter, altitude was calculated. Pictures were taken at each of the three
altitudes. I found that the lower the elevation, the more productive the Quercus gambelii
was. Each of the altitudes was productive for the Pinus resinosa.
Keywords: elevation, Quercus gambelii, pinus resinosa, temperature
Effect of Water Temperature on the Biodiversity of Insects in Provo River
Jeffrey R. Smith, 744 East 750 North Apt. 9, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose behind this nature experience was to observe the correlation between the
decreasing water temperature of the Provo River and the biodiversity of insects. The fall
season is a time of transition in the living world and brings about changes in all types of
life as preparations for a cold winter are made. During this time of transition,
observations were made along the Provo River, approximately three miles up Provo
Canyon, recording the quantity of insects and identifying as many species as possible.
The data supports a decrease of insect life with a decrease in water temperature, but also
suggests other determining factors.
Keywords: water temperature, biodiversity, insects, Provo River, fall
Natural temperature effects of calling song patterns on the Field Cricket
(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Sorenson B. Jeffrey, 2220 Merrill Hall, Helaman Halls, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
Field Crickets are commonly found and heard in Utah during the warmer months of
the year, ranging from late spring to mid fall. The purpose of this study was to analyze
the direct affect thermal temperature has on the rate and patterns of the chirp song of
crickets. I hypothesized that with increase thermal temperature of the surroundings, the
chirp rate would therefore increase, and that with a decrease of temperature, the rate
would slow. At a certain low range, the Field Crickets would theoretically die off or
leave the biome withholding Y Mountain, Provo. Plotting a designated area of research
on the mountain, I measured and recorded the temperature, time and chirp rate of the
local crickets. After calculating and plotting the recordings, my hypothesis was
confirmed and backed with research, illustrating the direct relationship of thermal
temperate and its effects upon the song rate. The chirp rate was the greatest as the
temperature peaked during measurements, subsequently slowing as the temperature
descended from the crest. The abiotic factors including sunlight and temperature are
accounted for the chirp rate range. One particularly rainy rain congested the cricket
chirps altogether.
Key Words: field crickets, chirp rate, behavior, temperature, time, weather conditions, Y
Mountain
Influence of Development on Mule Deer Habitat and Behavior (Odocoileus
hemionus) on Brigham Young University Campus, Y Mountain, Provo Canyon:
Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Lauren A. Spurgin, 1117 David John Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The behavior and habitats of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) have often been
monitored; however, the appearance of deer in developed communities’ calls for
observance and research of newly developed activities and changing territory. Mule
deer are common in Utah and are found in many types of habitats ranging from high
mountains to urban areas; however deer sightings occur more often in urban green spaces
where deer population and road density are high. I observed deer in three environments
(Brigham Young University Campus, Y Mountain, and Provo Canyon). Using the
Brigham Young University campus as a control, I was able to compare deer sighted on Y
Mountain and Provo Canyon to this already developed community. At each location the
number of deer sighted in a 2 ½ hour window was recorded biweekly. The behavior of
each deer was noted and compared to deer found in the other previously mentioned
locations. These observations were conducted to show that a larger number of deer will
be seen in more populated areas due to increased urban development. I observed a total
of 15 deer, and received a mixed combination of observations. However, more mule deer
were found in the controlled urban environment, rather than the variable mountainous
locations. A narrower study might be suggested of observing specific groups of mule
deer’s for several seasons to monitor their ranges and provide a more in depth idea of the
effects of urbanization on a mule deer’s range.
Keywords: Odocoileus hemionus, behavior, habitats, developed communities,
urbanization
The behavior of geese at Barnes Park compared to that of geese in a natural
habitat- a pond, in Kaysville, Utah, U.S.A.
Karina Stabenow, 69 Harris Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to see if the amount of distance between geese and a
human being would have an effect on the behavior of the geese living in natural habitats
compared to civilized areas. Geese were observed at Barnes Park, a local park, as well as
a natural pond, both located in Kaysville, Utah. Reactions from the geese when exposed
to human interaction were recorded at various distances. The changes in their behavior
were recorded to conclude what effects human interaction have on geese when they are in
their natural habitat compared to an area of high human interruption. Any increase in
human disturbance of a natural habitat is likely to be directly correlated to species
adaptation. Analysis of the geese behavior related to the distance from human beings was
preformed and will be discussed.
Keywords: natural habitat, human interruption, behavior, species adaptation
Are Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Attracted to Certain Color of Flowers?
Amanda Stagno, 7672 Wyatt Earp Avenue, Eagle Mountain, Utah 84005 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The behavior of bees (Apis mellifera) is something that has been researched many
times. One question that comes to mind is, are bees attracted to a certain color of flower?
Experiments were taken to test the hypothesis of whether or not honey bees (Apis
mellifera) are attracted to a certain color of flower. I tested this hypothesis by using three
different colors of flowers. The colors were purple, pink and white. After doing
observing the honey bees it seemed that they were more attracted to the purple flowers.
They all went to different colors, but purple they were most attracted too. In order to
which it seemed they like the different colors proceeds as purple, pink and then white.
Keywords: honey bees, color, flowers, preference
The Changing State of Net Leaf Hackberry Leaves (Celtis reticulata) and Their
Relationship to Hackberry Galls (Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla) in Autumn in
Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah.
Jordan Stauss, 665 N. 500 E. #8, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The Celtis reticulata, or net leaf hackberry, possesses leaves which are covered to a
degree with hackberry psyllids or galls (Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla). Studies
have shown that these galls are parasitic and cause the tree to shed its leaver faster than
most other trees in the same area. I studied three of these trees situated in the ravine in
Rock Canyon of Provo, Utah over a period of five weeks to observe the changing effects
during autumn on the galls and the leaves. The study I underwent yields data showing
that through the autumn the leaves and the galls both eventually turn brown and fall from
the tree.
Keywords: Celtis reticulata, Homoptera: Psyllidae: Pachypsylla, leaves, shed, autumn
Strength versus Position of Leaf Stems in the Tree Canopy of Crabapple trees in
Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Spencer Taylor, 437 Belmont Place, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
October 24-30, 2008 I took many structural measurements of crabapple trees. I feel that
there is much that can be learned from plant structure and organization that can be
applied to architectural and engineering methods and techniques for the construction of
everything from buildings to artificial limbs. One such structure is the individual leaf
stems that support the essential organs that feed the plant. I measured the difference in
strength between leaf stems in relation to there location in a tree’s canopy. I thought that
trees would spend more energy strengthening the stems of leaves on the periphery of the
tree’s canopy because those leaves are more exposed to detrimental forces such as wind
or contact with debris. The findings in this experiment on a species of crabapple tree, the
scientific name for which may be Malus rockii, supported my hypothesis that leafs on the
periphery would support more weight, but it seems that the ratio of the leaf size to the
stem length corresponds in the opposite way from what I had supposed. The leafs on the
outer edges of the tree canopy which hold more weight on average also have a shorter
stem length on average. Further research could be done to test verify these findings and
also explore other possible explanations, such as how the flexibility of the longer
branches may play a role an individual leaf stems durability.
Key words: periphery, tree canopy, leaf stem, external forces, detrimental forces,
crabapple
The Diversity and Richness of Plant Species Along Rock Canyon
Amanda Teerlink, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this particular observational study was to see what the difference is
between plant diversity at different levels of altitude on a hill. A common hypothesis is
that the diversity and richness of the plant species decreases as the altitude decreases.
However, another hypothesis is that the dependence of plant diversity on altitude is more
in the shape of a bell curve. In other words, when the altitude is either very low or very
high, the plant diversity is lower. Plant species were observed and counted at different
levels at one of the hills forming Rock Canyon. Pictures were taken of the variety at
different levels. The hypothesis that plant diversity dependence on altitude is a bell curve
was found in the results.
Keywords: Plant diversity, richness, Rock canyon, altitude, variety
Rates of Leaf Coloration and Natural Defoliation in Deciduous Trees in Kiwanis
Park, Provo, UT 84604
Eric A. Thayne, 92 Rogers Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Most deciduous trees’ leaves change to a reddish color during Autumn and eventually
fall off their tree, but they all happen at different rates. The purpose of this study was to
compare different deciduous trees to find the rates at which they colorize and lose their
leaves. Experiments were conducted on three different types of deciduous trees in
Kiwanis Park, Provo, Utah, just east of the Brigham Young University campus. I
hypothesized that temperature and weather in the most prevalent factor contributing to
the rates of coloration and defoliation. At the conclusion of the experiment, studies led
me to conclusions as to why some trees colorize and defoliate faster than others.
Keywords: deciduous trees, coloration, leaf loss
Why Do Bird Sing in the Morning? The Song Patterns of the Western Meadowlark
(Sturnella neglecta).
Hilary G. Thomas, 2207 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. [email protected]
Abstract
The song patterns of Sturnella neglecta (Western Meadowlark) vary by air
temperatures and daylight hours. Observations were made in local and wild areas around
Provo, Utah in order to differentiate between the song pattern and frequency in each
variable. As the air temperate decreased or it proceeded to get later in the day, the
Meadowlark’s songs decreased substantially. Additionally, as the seasons changed and
the weather became colder and harsher, the Meadowlark’s song changed frequencies. As
the ground became colder, the Meadowlark migrated in search for stable food sources.
When frost or ground coverage was present, minimal singing was recognized. It also held
true that minimal or no singing was observed in dusk and night time hours. The Western
Meadowlark’s song was heard minimally as breeding season ended and the males mating
songs decreased. Overall, it was observed that bird song was heard most at sunrise and
early daylight hours with little ground cover and a warm temperature.
Key words: Sturnella neglecta, repertoire, grassland birds.
Do household products have the chemicals needed to become a viable fertilizer?
Kasey K. Thompson, 375 West 1720 North Apt. 114, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
Plants receive three necessary nutrients from fertilizers. These three macronutrients
are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Without these three macronutrients, plant
growth will be limited. Various household products contain these three macronutrients
and if used correctly, could possibly stand in as a viable fertilizer to help plant growth.
Experiments were conducted on ten seedlings found at Bicentennial Park. Five different
household products containing these valuable macronutrients were added individually
and in various combinations to the plot of soil surrounding the immediate area of the
seedlings. Most of the seedlings exhibited stunted or normal growth. However, the use of
one household product incurred a positive change in the health of the seedling.
Keywords: fertilizer, macronutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, household
product.
The elements that influence the color change of leaves on trees in the fall season.
Study to be done in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Peter L. Tidwell, 215 W. Laguna Vista Circle, Orem, Utah 84058 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
The colors of leaves on deciduous trees change each fall. The trees in the mountains
noticeably change much sooner than those located in the valley. Is it because of the lower
temperatures in the mountains that cause them to change from their normal green to an
array of yellows, reds, and oranges? Observation and research will be done in Rock
Canyon on a few different types of trees, such as Maple and Oak trees. Observations will
be contrasted with trees in the valley and in the city in order to accurately discover and
compare the factors that influence the color change in the trees in Rock Canyon.
Observations will be done each week in both places. The results of the experiments will
help determine the various factors that cause or contribute to the color changing seen
during each fall season. Other factors that play a part in the color changing process will
also be included in the results.
Keywords: Autumn leaves, chlorophyll, vacuole, deciduous, fall foliage,
photosynthesis.Comparison of the Attractiveness of Three Different Sweet
Substances to the Pavement Ant Species (Tetramorium caespitum)
Jon D. Troutman, Biology 100, Section 18, Fall 2008, BYU, [email protected]
Abstract
Pavement Ants (Tetramorium caespitum) are a common household pest throughout North
America. There are thousands of ant species that fill significant roles in the food chains of
their respective habitats, however, they can also prove to be bothersome pests in many
urban areas. Ants are known to be particularly attracted to sweet substances. By
discovering which foods are more or less attractive to these ants we can know how to best
avoid attracting them in unwanted areas. Thus, this study seeks to establish a relationship
between the sugar content of a substance with the level of attraction of Pavement Ants
toward that substance. Three substances are used for testing in this study: refined sugar,
natural unrefined sugar, and a sugar substitute. A sample of Pavement Ants is taken and
placed in a controlled environment featuring these three substances. The results show that
there is a slightly greater attraction to the unrefined sugar. The difference, however, is not
great enough to prove that Pavement Ants have a statistically significant preference for
unrefined sugar, refined sugar, or sugar substitute.
Key words: Pavement ants, Tetramorium caespitum, unrefined sugar, refined sugar,
sugar substitute, Hymenoptera: Formicidae
The Creation of an Ecosystem: A Study of the Drainage Gutters Along 500 East,
Provo, Utah, USA.
Gary Tydryszewski, 460 North 500 East, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Despite mankind’s best efforts to eliminate wild and plant life in suburban
environments, Mother Nature fights back and still manages to thrive. She also repays the
trouble we have caused her by choosing to live in the most inconvenient way, such as
filling our beautiful cement canals with bio-refuse which clogs our drainage and
overflows our sidewalks, thereby once again inconsiderately impeding our path to daily
learning of Biology en route to campus. Experiments will be conducted along the path of
thoughtless destruction of suburban convenience to categorize the varying levels of
ecology and biology, as well as a study to determine the cause and solution to this
problem.
Keywords: Drainage, Urbanization, Urban Planning, Provo, Utah
Early birds or night owls?: The activity of various insects at different hours of the
day
Allysa Urbanek, Undergraduate, 105 A. Richards Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Arthropoda Insecta, commonly known as insects, are understood to be active
creatures at all times of the day. In order to identify when insects are least active, and
possibly sleeping, observers measured the activity of insects at various hours of the day.
The observer counted the number of captured insects on insect tape at the end of each
four-hour period in a grassy flatland area of southern California. It was assumed by the
observer that insects of many kinds would have been less active at night, especially from
the hours between 12 A.M. and 4 A.M. The results of this natural experiment refute the
hypothesis and suggest otherwise. The results did not show any trend amongst specific
hours of the day.
Keywords: insect activity, behavior of insects, sleep
The relationship of English Ivy (Hedera helix) to density of trees in the Kaiser Wood
forest in Washington County, OR, USA.
Ani Van Buskirk, 1340 N Freedom Blvd Apt 339, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the overall growth of plant life in a forest is directly related
to an effective environment in which all plants are able to grow and survive without the
interference of other species. However, no studies have quantified the relationship
between the amount invasive species such as that of English Ivy (Hedera helix) in two
distinct areas where there are two different landscaping. For this reason, I conducted an
experiment to determine the extent of the relationship between the amount of English Ivy
to native trees in one area of the Kaiser Wood forest in Portland, Oregon to the amount of
English Ivy to native trees in another area of the Kaiser Wood forest. The purpose of this
observational experiment was to test the causes of English Ivy in certain regions of the
forest. Multiple observations were taken from individual trees found on the border of the
forest closest to the urban area (houses) in Washington County, Oregon. Another set of
observations was made on the border closest to the opposite outer edge of the Kaiser
Wood forest, which bordered farmland. The appearance of English Ivy on the trunks of
the trees was observed and the quality and quantity of trees in that area were noted.
Keywords: Hedera helix, English ivy, Portland, Oregon, invasive species, exotic, native
species
Elevation Impact on Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa) in Lee Canyon
near Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.
Jacob Waite, 93 Rogers Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Will the impact of elevation affect the growth of a species? In the Mojave Desert
there is a cactus that is called the Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa) that is
hypothesized to be taller in lower elevations compared to a higher elevation. By
measuring in a couple of different spots and at different elevations we can gather
information on the hypothesis and see if it is correct. It turned out that the hypothesis was
not correct in that the lower the elevation it did not get taller but on average the lower
section compared to the higher section was taller than the higher elevation levels. The
experiment showed that not all of the factors can be contributed to the elevation by itself.
Key words: elevation, experiment, Silver Cholla (Cylindropuntia Echinocarpa), growth
Adaption of Trifolia to temperature and seasonal changes in River Parkway:
Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Kirsten N. Wallace, 156 W 2060 N #219 Provo, UT 84604, email:
[email protected]
Abstract:
All plant life is affected by seasonal changes from changes in the increase or decrease
of temperature, or the lack of sunlight. The Trifolia which grows in environments with
abundant shade and moisture will be observed as the seasons change from September 30,
2008- October 30, 2008. On a weekly basis there will be temperature readings and
pictures taken as documentation in order to observe the affects of the changing seasons.
The hypothesis for this experiment is that the Trifolia that has the most coverage from
foliage will adapt to the changing seasons more effectively then the other two locations.
Key Words: Trifolia, moisture, sunlight, temperature, picture
The Effect of Seasons on the Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum): Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Heidi C. Walton, 448 E 600 N Apt. 33, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
As summer officially ends and the seasons change, leaves on trees begin to change
colors and slowly start to detach and fall away. Trees go through cycles and change
throughout each year of their lives. Do all trees of the same class go through these
seasonal cycles at the same time? Do the same things happen to each tree of the same
class? Further research was conducted to answer these and other similar questions.
Experiments were conducted throughout the city of Provo using three different trees of
the same class. These three trees were researched and observed to answer the above
questions. Hypotheses were made about whether or not the same tree goes through the
same changes at the same specific time. Observations were made every third day for two
months. Results showed that not every tree of the same class loses their leaves and
changes exactly at the same time. Results also showed that the unusual warm weather of
this particular winter had an effect on the trees and their leaves. Also, it was determined
that some leaves do not turn the beautiful shades of yellow, orange or perhaps red.
Sometimes leaves skip this step and turn from green to brown before detaching from the
trees.
Ability of common garden slugs (Family: Limacidae) in Provo, Utah, U.S.A. to sense
table salt (NaCl).
Mark N. Weaver, 160 F. Smith Hall, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Land slugs are commonly thought of as pests, and are generally disliked by
gardeners. In order to effectively control the damage done by common slugs we must
understand their eating habits. I constructed three slug traps, each with a different
amount of salt in solution. The preference shown by the slugs would help to understand
whether or not the slugs could smell the salt in solution. In two weeks, my traps caught a
total of four slugs and two snails, the majority of which were in the trap with the highest
salt content. My results seemed to imply that slugs either prefer food with a higher salt
content than fermenting apple juice naturally has, or cannot smell salt in solution. More
experimentation would need to be done to learn whether or not my results actually
represent normal behavior for most slugs, and what exactly it means if they do.
Key words: pests, olfactory, solution, gastropods.
Fall leaf coloration rate comparison between wild gambel oak and cultivated gambel
oak
Brooke Weber, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 760 E. 820 N. Apt# 202
Provo Utah 84606, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This experience was a comparison study between a tree that was completely wild
grown in Rock Canyon, Provo and one that was grown on Brigham Young University
campus. An identical species of oak tree was located in both locations, and then the rate
of leaf coloration or senescence was recorded through a series of weekly photographs.
The species used in this study, the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), is to represent the
general behavior of other Utah deciduous trees with color-changing leaves in comparison
of wild versus cultivated trees. The main objective of this study was to see the human
effect on a temperate tree’s autumn colors. Both the rate of the leaf coloration as well as
the intensity or brightness in its progression was followed. Factors such as the health of
the tree and chlorophyll levels will be used in hypothesis. Results prove that the wild
gambel oak started leaf senescence earlier and ended later. The BYU campus gambel
oak moved through the color scale more rapidly with duller colors.
Keywords: leaf senescence, gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), chlorophyll, autumn
coloration
Effect of weather conditions on the mobility and activity level of fruit
flies(Drosophila melanogaster) near Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah.
Jeffrey H. Weed, Undergraduate Brigham Young University, 1130 E 450 N Apt 3, Provo,
UT 84606. [email protected]
Abstract
The Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is very common among the insects studied
by biologists. It has provided many different experiments throughout the years that have
provided much information on insects. This study focuses primarily on the effects of
weather on the movement and activity level of Drosophila melanogaster in Provo, Utah
at the base of Rock Canyon. Bananas were placed out in the open in order to attract the
fruit flies so that they could be counted. This was done for one week in the month of
October while the temperatures were higher and then repeated later in the month of
November while the temperature were lower. It was found that there were nearly seven
times the amount of Drosophila melanogaster found present around the bananas in the
month of October than there were in November. During an unexpected increase in the
weather in late November the flies returned from there period of idleness. This helped in
truly seeing that it was most likely due to the weather that these insects had become more
docile. It was conclusive that cold weather does effect the mobility and activity level of
Drosophila melanogaster.
Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, fruit flies, mobility, activity level, docile,
weather.
Food Color Preference in Sparrows (Junco hyemalis) at Rock Canyon Park.
Natalie J. Williams, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Birds have a specific image in mind when they are searching for food. Birds have
preferences in food size, type, and other characteristics. After learning about birds
preferences I wanted to see if birds had a preference in the color of their food. I went to
Rock Canyon to observe the Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). I wanted to see if these
birds have a color preference between red, green, and blue seeds. I set up piles of these
three seed colors in various locations to the park and collected data for three weeks.
Although the data wasn’t significant, the results showed the birds ate the green seeds
first, then the red seeds, and then the blue seeds. This implies the birds do have a color
preference when they look for food.
Keywords: color preference, junco hyemalis
Height of B. glandulosa (bog birch) in Relation to Elevation on Y Mountain: Provo,
Utah, U.S.A.
Shannon M. Williams, 120 Robison Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
There are plenty of factors that can have an effect on plants, including elevation,
temperature change and general location. Although studies have determined how all of
these factors have an impact on certain plants, it is yet to be resolved how plants typically
found on Y Mountain, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. are impacted by these same factors and how
the results relate to the research that has already been done. Observations will take place
to show how the height and the condition of each B. glandulosa (more commonly known
as the bog birch) studied is changed by the factors mentioned. Results will be determined
by recording the height of each plant, determining the temperature of the surrounding soil
of each plant and monitoring the conditions and precise location and elevation of each
area of study.
Keywords: B. glandulosa, elevation, plant height, plant growth, abundance, temperature.
Winter survival of flowering weeds: An observation of flowering weeds and their
ability to survive though cold temperatures in Provo Canyon, Utah.
Breanne R. Wilson, 547 N 300 E, Provo, UT 84606 (email: [email protected])
Abstract
I am interested in studying different flowering weeds and observing their ability to
survive through the cold temperatures in Provo Canyon Utah. I’m interested in
discovering which types of flowering weeds will survive and which ones won’t. Also, if
they do survive, what makes them able to do so? My hypothesis is that most won’t
survive cold temperatures for very long. And that none of them will be able to survive
the snowfall. My hypothesis was correct but it wasn’t very specific on the types of
weeds. I found four types of weeds each of the asteraceae family, two of which died
right away. One was still partially alive, the sagebrush, and another that has not died yet,
the Yarrow weed. These two are perennial weeds, which allowed them to withstand the
cold weather better than the other annual weeds.
Keywords: weeds, plants, survival, winter, cold, temperature, weather
The Influence of Elevation and Temperature on the Color Changing Schemes of
Maple Trees’ and when they will Fall
Julie L. Wilson, 982 N 900 E #38 Provo, UT 84604 (e-mail: [email protected])
Abstract
For this experiment, I was intrigued in finding out whether the location and
temperature of a tree effected the changes in its leaves. I was particularly interested in
how the tree’s leaves changed color, what colors they changed to, and when the leaves
fell off from its branches. It was hypothesized that the trees which were located at a
higher altitude in the canyon would experience a quicker change in color, a more intense
color, as well as having their leaves fall off first. It was important to draw a connection
between the influence of elevation and temperature on the color changing schemes of
maple trees’ and when they fell because of the abundance of trees in the world and to see
how they effected nature and everyday life. During the cold fall weather, the green
chlorophyll disappeared from the leaves and the yellow and orange began to show
through. Data was collected by observations in the Provo Canyon. The data indicated that
colder temperatures and higher elevation caused the change of color to occur faster and
be more intense then those at lower elevations.
Keywords: Leaves, Elevation, Temperature, Changing leaves colors, Sapindacea, Maple
Tree, Fall, Provo Canyon
PHI Proportions and Fibonacci Sequencing in The Hoary Cress (Lepidium Draba)
Daniel R. Winegar, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604.
Email: [email protected]. Phone: 801 557 6396.
Nature Experience, Fall 2008, Biology 100, Section [#]. Document: Winegar DR NE
2008.doc.
Abstract
PHI based proportions (1/1.6180) and the Fibonacci sequence have been found in
many plant species in nature. Specimens of the Hoary Cress (Lepidium Draba) in the
rosette stage are examined to determine if these systems are present in the shape and
quantity of leaves present in the weed. Proportions of the leaf widths and lengths are
measured and compared to determine the accuracy of PHI based proportions on the
plant. Numbers of leaves are recorded to determine if the quantity of leaves follows the
Fibonacci sequence. The average measurements recorded are within a reasonable
deviation of PHI proportions and the number of leaves follows the Fibonacci sequence,
therefore it is concluded that the Hoary Cress is proportional according to the two
systems.
Keywords: Hoary Cress, Lepidium Draba, weeds, PHI, golden ratio, Fibonacci sequence.
Effect of Temperature and the Speed and Angle an Approaching Object has on the
Defense Awareness of the Migratory Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) in Rock
Canyon, Provo, UT
Benjamin. L Woahn, 329 North 1220 West, Provo, Utah 84601. Email:
[email protected].
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of temperature and the speed, as
well as the angle an approaching object has on the defense awareness of the Migratory
Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes). The migratory grasshopper was selected because
it was the most abundant up Rock Canyon, where the studies were done. Any decrease in
temperature past 14.4° C proved to dramatically decrease the grasshopper's awareness.
Approaching a grasshopper from the posterior as well as the quicker an object
approached also increased the grasshopper's defense responses to relocate to safer
ground.
Keywords: Melanoplus sanguinipes, Migratory Grasshoppers, sensory reception,
movement detections, movement detectors, response properties, defense reactions,
sensory organs
Possible Leaf Fall Effect of Insect Holes in Leaves
Kara Wotherspoon, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 1724 North 450
West
Apt. #107 Provo Utah 84604, Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
The main purpose of this study was to see if the holes eaten out of maple (Acer) tree
leaves by insects caused the leaf fall in autumn. My hypothesis was that the insects did
effect the leaf fall and longevity of the leaves, not the season. I used two pizza boxes
placed under two trees and recorded data, the number of leaves with certain number of
holes, over several weeks from the leaves that fell into those boxes. The data suggest that
insect bitten holes are prominent in leaves that fell. Through biological research I
concluded that there is no definite way to know that the fallen leaves are from the bug
holes and not from the effects of air concentrations, latitude positioning, or other plants.
Further research and information is needed to give a clear conclusion about the reason for
leaf fall from the maple (Acer) tree.
Keywords: Acer, leaf, insect, holes, observed, abscission.
How elevation and humans affect the diversity of plants in Provo Canyon: Provo,
Utah, U.S.A.
Brennan M. Wright, 2204 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Mountains are full of diversity, but how much diversity? Different factors that play a
role in plants survival like temperature and precipitation change as you ascend a
mountain and I was curious as to whether these changes had an impact on the plant
diversity when compared to different elevations. A previous study concluded that plants
“[become] more overdispersed with increasing elevation” (Bryant, 2008). This statement,
however, is very general and may not necessarily apply to every area. The area I had in
interest was Provo Canyon. In order to measure diversity of an area I used the method
established by Henry S. Horn. I used a “Horn plot” at elevations of 2305 meters, 1855
meters, and 1560 meters and plotted the plant species diversity of each elevation against
area. As I increased in elevation there were more plant species, yet the species were less
dense individually; at the lower elevations there were less species, yet these species were
much denser in individual divisions. Since this data comes from a Horn plot, it can help
measure the impact we as humans could have on different areas. Since the ‘Diversity of
Species with a change in altitude’ curves for each elevation are similar it is concluded
that there is not much difference in the amount of area necessary to protect a certain
percentage of plant species at different elevations (see figure 2). However, at higher
elevations more plant species are at risk and if possible it is always better to be safe and
obey “The Rule of the Tinkerer” and preserve and protect every species that we can.
Keywords: Plants, diversity, elevation, Provo Canyon, preservation, Horn plot, Rule of
the Tinkerer
The Effects of Colors on the Feeding of Birds in Y Mountain: Provo, UT, U.S.A
Stephanie K. Wright, 2121 David John Hall, Provo, UT 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Birds are becoming fascinating to an increasing number of people across America. Thus,
bird watching has erupted as a popular hobby, and drawing birds to the backyard with
bird feeders and houses has become a common pastime. Birds are becoming increasingly
threatened by lack of food sources in their natural habitats, forcing competition and
stress. These hinder survival and reproduction. Experiments were performed in Y
Mountain with four different colored stimuli to identify the color most attractive to birds,
and thus the most effective way of gaining the birds to the backyard to eat and survive.
During a two week period, daily weights of food consumed for each color were measured
and the average taken. The data revealed that the hypothesis was correct: green was in
fact the most attractive color to birds. Further analysis highlighted how similar the
results were to each other.
Key words: survival, colored stimuli, attractive
Water temperature and tide effect on seaweed (Macrocystis Pyrifera) survival in
Torrance, California, U.S.A.
Devon Zimmerman, 229 Tingey Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Seaweed, specifically Macrocystis pyrifera, is commonly found along the beaches of
Southern California, but it has never been discerned whether certain conditions cause
greater amounts of kelp to be washed up onshore, such as temperature, wind speed,
salinity, and wave velocity or height. While many factors may affect this process, two of
the conditions were tested to see their affect on kelp survival. The experiments were
performed in a small area on Torrance Beach where the data was recorded. The stipes of
seaweed were identified and counted for the period of one week during which the water
temperature was also measured and the wave height documented. The data indicates that
days with higher water temperature and taller waves protract the highest amount of
Macrocystis pyrifera.
Keywords: Macrocystis pyrifera, water temperature, wave height, survival, stipes
Meat Selection in Foraging of Yellow Jackets (Vespidae: Vespula) in Rock Canyon:
Provo, Utah, U.S.A
Alvin Ludovico Zuniga, 770 N. University Apt. 14, Provo, UT. 84601
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The foraging of Yellow Jackets (Vespula spp) differs between the available food sources
and the needs of the colony. Experimentation was be conducted on one Yellow Jacket
colony found in Rock Canyon with three different types of raw meats in order to show
the preference between the three different types of meat. The three meats are similar to
the common protein source foraged by Yellow Jackets being caterpillars. The three meats
consist of first, ground beef, second, chicken, and third, salmon. Density of foraging
hornets will be measured on the individual meats by ten minute intervals over a one hour
period. I suspect that the favored meat will be closer to the protein and nutritive qualities
found in caterpillars. The experiment was to be conducted in three different days with
different temperatures of the climate measured for each test day starting at different
times. The First day’s temperature was 68 degrees Fahrenheit, the second day measured
at 55 degrees Fahrenheit and the third day at 49 degrees Fahrenheit. The testing site was
in the shade for all three test days. Salmon and Chicken were the most commonly sought
after in the experiment in the first two days of the experiment. The beef was hardly
examined and only patrolled early in the testing period for the first two days but
abandoned after the Salmon and Chicken were foraged. The third day was the coldest
having no foraging occur for any of the selected meats. Further examination will be
needed to ascertain the ecologic effect the meats have on the colony.
Key Words: Vespula, Foraging, Nutritive Qualities, Food Specialization, Caterpillars.