Download Earth`s Atmosphere

Table of Contents
Weather and Climate
Section 1 • Earth’s Atmosphere
Section 2 • Weather
Section 3 • Climate
Section 4 • Earth’s Changing Climate
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere
• Air is a mixture of gases. Nitrogen is the largest
component with ________ percent and oxygen is next
with _________ percent by volume. Most of the
remaining one percent is argon and water vapor.
• The remaining portion is
a mixture of _________
gases, so called
because they are
present in such small
amounts.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Life and the Atmosphere
• Cellular __________________ by organisms
produces water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Photosynthetic organisms use carbon dioxide and
produce almost all the _______________ in the
atmosphere.
• Carbon dioxide concentrations increase during the
spring and summer due to ______________________.
In the fall and winter, CO2 decreases.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Life and the Atmosphere
• Microorganisms in swamps, rice paddies, and soil
produce:
• ___________________
• ___________________
• The microorganisms in the digestive tracts of animals
such as termites, cows, and sheep produce methane.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
• Earth’s early atmosphere contained mostly
• ______________________
• ______________________
• These gases were lost and were replaced by gases
from __________________________________.
• Oxygen from photosynthetic marine organisms
accumulated in the atmosphere and intense solar
radiation converted some of it into _____________.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
• Earth’s atmosphere extends more than
_____________ km (621 miles) above Earth’s
surface.
• Our weather takes place within the
________________, a layer extending 12 km above
Earth’s surface.
• In this layer temperature decreases with altitude.
• Sometimes, however, temperature increases with
altitude. This is called a _______________________.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
The Stratosphere
• Above the troposphere is the
stratosphere, which includes the
_______________ layer.
• Here, temperature always
________________ with
altitude, creating a permanent
temperature inversion.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
• The place where this temperature inversion begins is
called the ____________________.
• The uppermost layers of the atmosphere include:
• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________
• These layers are very low in density and do not
affect the weather.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Heating the Atmosphere
• The energy that heats the atmosphere comes from
the Sun.
• About ______ percent of this solar energy is reflected
back into space by the atmosphere. About _______
percent is absorbed by the atmosphere.
• About _______ percent of the solar energy is absorbed
by Earth’s surface.
Section
Earth’s Atmosphere
1
Heating the Atmosphere
• Trace gases can absorb infrared radiation and re-emit
some of them back to Earth’s surface. These gases
include:
•
________________________
•
________________________
• The _____________________________ is a natural
process in which certain gases in the atmosphere warm
a planet as they absorb and emit infrared radiation.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Heating the Atmosphere
• Latent heat is heat energy released or absorbed
during the phase changes of water, such as
_________________ water or melting _________.
• __________________ transfers thermal energy as
warm and cold air move from place to place.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Heating the Atmosphere
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Water in the Atmosphere
• Cloud formation is the first step in the precipitation
process.
• The three basic cloud types are:
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Water in the Atmosphere
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Water in the Atmosphere
• Stratus clouds are layered, sheet-like clouds
associated with ___________.
• Cumulus clouds are _____________ in shape and
occur in fair weather.
• Cirrus clouds are wispy, ____________________
clouds.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
•*STOP, READ, ANSWER, & SHARE*
– On page 887 read the section entitled Precipitation to
answer this question:
– When does sleet form?
– After you answer the question, discuss what you
discovered with your partner.
Section
1
Earth’s Atmosphere
Global Water Cycle
• For precipitation to occur, droplets collide and combine.
• Precipitation, runoff, storage, and evaporation make
up the global water cycle.
Section
1
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 1
Air can be described as a _______.
A. combination of elements
B. compound
C. mixture
D. solution
Section
1
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 2
Temperature _______ with altitude in the troposphere.
A. decreases
B. doubles
C. increases
D. stays the same
Section
1
Section Check
Question 3
Which cloud type is common in fair weather?
A. stratus
B. cumulus
C. stratus
D. cumulonimbus
Section
Weather
2
Air Pressure
• The ___________________ exerts a force on all
surfaces in contact with it.
• When air is _______________ it weighs less and
exerts less pressure than cooler air.
• Differences in air pressure set air in _____________.
Section
Weather
2
Global Winds and Pressure Systems
• Two factors produce
these global patterns:
• Unequal
________________
between the equator
and poles
•
The ______________
of Earth.
Section
2
Weather
Global Winds and Pressure Systems
• Imbedded within these
wind systems are
narrow bands of fastmoving, high-altitude
air called
________________
Section
2
Weather
Low Pressure Systems
• A low-pressure system, also known as a low (L), is a
region in the ___________________ where the air
pressure is lower than the surrounding air.
• Because air flows from areas of high pressure to areas
of lower pressure, air flows toward the _____________
of a low-pressure system.
• This inward air flow causes the air in the center of the
low to rise. As the air rises, it expands and cools, and
this results in cloud formation and ________________.
Section
2
Weather
High Pressure Systems
• A high-pressure system, also known as a high (H), is a
region in the temperature where the air pressure is
higher than the surrounding air.
• Air in a high pressure system flows away from the
center.
• This outward flow causes the air in the center of a high
to sink. Because sinking air does not lead to cloud
formation, _________________ are often associated
with highs.
Section
Weather
2
Coriolis Effect
• The direction of airflow is affected by Earth’s rotation.
• The __________________ of an object due to Earth’s
rotation is called the Coriolis Effect.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes
winds to be deflected to the ____________.
• Because of the Coriolis Effect, air in the Northern
Hemisphere flows counterclockwise around a low and
clockwise around a high.
Section
2
Weather
Section
2
Weather
Air Masses and Weather Fronts
• Air masses can be _______________ or
_____________ and continental or maritime.
• An air mass is a large volume of air with uniform
________________ and ________________
throughout.
• Air masses interact in zones called weather fronts.
Section
2
Weather
Air Masses and Weather Fronts
• There are 4 main types of fronts:
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
Section
2
Weather
• In a cold front, cold air forces arm air upward in a fast
and chaotic manner, forming ______________ clouds.
– A cold front can also result in the formation of
cumulonimbus clouds and severe storms.
• In a warm front, warm air rises gently above cold air,
usually forming layered, stratus-type clouds or _______
– a cloud with its base on the ground.
– Most layered clouds produce steady rainfall.
Section
2
Weather
• Stationary fronts form where cold and warm air masses
meet and neither front __________________.
• Stationary fronts can last for days in an area and
produce clouds and prolonged ___________________.
• Occluded fronts occur when a fast-moving cold front
overtakes a slow warm front.
– _________________ and strong winds are often
associated with occluded fronts.
Section
2
Weather
•*STOP, READ, ANSWER, & SHARE*
– On page 893 read the section entitled Thunderstorms to
answer this question:
– How is lightning produced?
– After you answer the question, discuss what you
discovered with your partner.
Section
Weather
2
Severe Weather
• A thunderstorm forms when
warm, wet air rises
__________________.
• A typical cumulonimbus
cloud has
___________________
near its top.
Section
Weather
2
Severe Weather
• As cloud formation continues, tiny water droplets
collide to form larger ones that fall toward Earth’s
surface.
• Raindrops cool the air around them, casing the air to
____________.
• As air rises and sinks within the cloud, a charge
separation occurs.
• ___________________ is produced when oppositely
charged particles in a single cloud, between two
clouds, or between the cloud and the ground interact.
Section
Weather
2
Severe Weather
• The surrounding air is
ionized, creating an
______________ field that
generates a lightning bolt.
• Hotter than the surface of the
_______, the lightning bolt
causes air to expand and
collapse to produce
_______________.
Section
Weather
2
Severe Weather
• Sometimes these ice
crystals act as nuclei to
trigger further growth of
cloud droplets.
• Repeated cycles of rising
and sinking air adds layers
to the ice crystals and
forms ____________.
Section
Weather
2
Downbursts
• Rain or hail produced during a thunderstorm can cool
the surrounding air and cause it to sink.
• This sinking current of cold air is called a
____________________.
• When a downdraft hits the surface with particularly
strong force, it spreads out in a series of windy gusts
called ______________.
• The wind that can result can be as fast as 260 km/h
(162 mph).
Section
Weather
2
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• A tornado forms in cumulonimbus clouds where strong
updrafts create a ______________ effect.
• This map shows
where tornadoes
frequently occur.
Section
2
Weather
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• Tornadoes can move across land at speeds of more
than 65 km/hr (40 mph), creating a path of destruction
between 150 m wide and 10 km long.
• Intense circular winds in the funnel can reach speeds of
450 – 500 km/h (310 mph).
• Tornadoes are often ___________________ and affect
only small areas.
• However, they can cause tremendous amounts of
damage.
Section
2
Weather
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• Tornadoes typically form when a cold and dry air mass
meets a warm and wet air mass.
• This happens frequently in the Great plains (or
___________________), the lower Midwest, and in
parts of the South.
• In the South, tornadoes often accompany
__________________.
Section
2
Weather
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• Hurricanes are tropical storms that cover large areas
and last for days.
• Hurricanes that affect the eastern US and Gulf of
Mexico, often form as tropical depressions over the
warm Atlantic waters near the coast of
___________________.
• As the tropical depression advances westward across
the Atlantic, it is fueled by warm ______ and ________.
• When wind speeds exceed 118 km/hr (73 mph), these
tropical storms develop into hurricanes.
Section
Weather
2
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
• Hurricanes are associated with:
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________ that causes coastal
flooding
• Western Pacific hurricanes are called
________________.
Section
2
Weather
Section
2
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 1
What causes the atmospheric pressure on your body?
A. air pockets
B. gas molecules moving and colliding
C. gravity
D. Earth’s rotation
Section
2
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 2
Which front(s) produces thunderstorms?
A. cold front
B. occluded front
C. stationary front
D. warm front
Section
2
Section Check
Question 3
Where would you be least likely to experience a tornado?
A. Kansas
B. New York
C. Oklahoma
D. Texas
Section
3
Climate
Climate and Weather
• Climate is the long-term average of weather conditions
such as:
• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________
Section
3
Climate
The Earth System
• This Earth system can be visualized as five spheres
that interact to create the environments in which we
live. They include:
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
Section
3
Climate
Section
3
Climate
The Earth System
• The atmosphere includes the __________ around us.
• The biosphere is everything ________________.
• The hydrosphere is ____________ ____________.
• The cryosphere is frozen water in ____________,
________, and ________________.
• The lithosphere is Earth’s _________________ layer.
Section
3
Climate
What factors affect climate?
• _______________ is the primary factor that
influences climate at a given location.
• The intensity of solar radiation received on Earth is
greatest at the ________________ and decreases
toward the ____________.
Section
Climate
3
What factors affect climate?
• Other factors include:
•
prevailing _________________
• proximity to _________________
• Proximity to _______________________
Section
Climate
3
Temperature
• The long-term average temperature of an area
depends on __________________.
• The intensity of solar radiation depends on the
______________ with which the Sun’s rays strike Earth.
Section
Climate
3
Temperature
• Average _________________ temperatures do not
decrease as much with latitude as average winter
temperatures do..
Section
Climate
3
Temperature
• The tropics receive the greatest amount of solar radiation
because the Sun’s rays are ____________________ to
Earth’s surface most of the year.
• The poles receive the least amount of solar radiation
due to Earth’s ______________ ___________.
Section
Climate
3
Temperature
Section
3
Climate
Ocean and Land
• A climate with strong ocean influence is called a
__________________ climate.
• Areas with little direct ocean influence with steep
temperature gradients are called
___________________ climates.
Section
Climate
3
Precipitation
• The two main factors that affect average precipitation
in an area are:
• _________________
• _______ ___________________
Section
Climate
3
Mountains
• Mountains act as wind barriers which causes:
• The blocking of _______________ ______________
• Patterns of ______________________ to be altered
• When the wind blows _____________________
to one side of a mountain range, a leeward side
rain shadow forms on the opposite side.
Section
Climate
3
Mountains
Section
Climate
3
Water
• A _______ _____________ blows from water toward
the land in the afternoon, when the land is warmer
than the water.
• Warm air rises over the land creating ________
______________ that allows cool, dense air to blow
from the sea toward land.
• The opposite effect is a land breeze, which happens at
______________.
Section
3
Climate
Types of Climates
• Climate classification has three major divisions:
• cold or ________________
• ___________ and _________________
• ____________ climates with adequate precipitation
Section
3
Climate
Types of Climates
• The warm climate classification includes:
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
Section
3
Climate
Types of Climates
Section
Climate
3
Precipitation
• Wind and air pressure patterns affect average
precipitation.
Section
3
Section Check
Think … Pair … Share … Question 1
Compare and contrast the atmosphere and the
biosphere.
Section
3
Section Check
Think … Pair … Share … Question 2
Which is the primary factor that determines the climate
at a given location?
A. abiotic factors
B. biotic factors
C. latitude
D. longitude
Section
3
Section Check
Question 3
What type of vegetation would you expect to see in a
climate that is cold and dry?
A. boreal evergreen forest
B. temperate woodland
C. grassland
D. tropical deciduous forest
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Seasonal Changes
• Seasonal changes occur as Earth revolves around
the ___________.
• The hemisphere tilted toward the Sun experiences
_______________.
• The hemisphere tilted away from the Sun experiences
_______________.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Seasonal Changes
• During the summer, the intensity of solar radiation
increases and temperatures rise.
• During the winter, the intensity of solar radiation
decreases and temperatures drop.
• The ________________ experiences less seasonal
change compared to the poles because the intensity
of sunlight changes less here when compared to
higher latitudes.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Long-Term Changes
• Over the past few million year, large ice sheets have
both advanced and retreated.
• Large ice sheets covered much of Earth’s surface
during an ____________________.
• The last ice age began 100,000 years ago and ended
10,000 years ago.
• By about 5,000 years ago these ice sheets had
melted almost completely.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Long-term Changes
• The peak of the last ice age was 18,000-22,000
years ago when the global temperature was about
______________ cooler than present.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Long-term Changes
• World climate reached
its current pattern only
about
_____________ years
ago.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Causes of Climate Change
• Changes related to Earth’s _____________ are the
most important factors, producing changes that
determine the rhythmic cycles of glaciation.
• These include changes in:
• The ____________ of Earth’s axis of rotation
• The ____________ of its orbit
• The timing of the __________________ with
respect to Earth’s distance from the Sun
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Causes of Climate Change
• The amount of solar radiation that Earth receives also
changes.
• An example of this change can be observed through
studies of ________________, which are dark, cool
spots on the Sun’s surface.
• Sunspots reflect an increase in ___________
activity.
• Scientists have discovered a link between the
occurrence of sunspots and climate variation over time.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Causes of Climate Change
• From the mid-1600s to the early 1700s, almost no
sunspots were visible.
• This meant that solar activity was at a minimum,
and the amount of solar radiation emitted by the
Sun was reduced.
• During this time, long _______________ and extreme
______________ occurred throughout Europe.
• In contrast, sunspot maximums have produced warmer
climate conditions.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Causes of Climate Change
• Catastrophic events, such as meteorite impacts and
volcanic eruptions, can also affect climate.
• Recall that droplets of sulfuric acid form in the
stratosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions
• These droplets _________________ solar radiation
and cool Earth’s surface.
• For example, the year following the 1815 eruption
of Mt. Tambora in Indonesia was known as the year
without a summer.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
The Human Factor
• Human activities have also affected Earth’s atmosphere.
These activities include:
• ________________________________
• ________________________________
• ________________________________
• ________________________________
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
The Human Factor
• These activities increase the atmospheric
concentrations of trace _______________ gases,
dust and air pollution.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
•*STOP, READ, ANSWER, & SHARE*
– On page 903 read the section entitled The carbon cycle
to answer this question:
– The process of fossil fuel formation takes how long?
– After you answer the question, discuss what you
discovered with your partner.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
The Carbon Cycle
• The carbon cycle is affected in two ways by
deforestation and loss of vegetation.
• When plants die, less carbon dioxide is absorbed from
the atmosphere during ______________________.
• Decaying and burning wood adds carbon dioxide to the
_______________________.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
The Human Factor
• Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels
and land development contribute greenhouse gases to
Earth’s atmosphere. These gases include:
• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________
• All of these gases are important in heating the
atmosphere.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Global Warming
• An increase in the
average
temperature of
Earth’s near-surface
air and oceans is
called
________________
________________
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Global Warming
• Climate data suggest that Earth’s average temperature
has increased by about _________ degrees Celsius in
the last century.
• Some of this change can very likely be linked to an
increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases, mainly
____________________ that results from human
activity.
• According to some estimates, carbon dioxide could
cause global temperatures to increase between 1.8 – 4
degrees Celsius by _________.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
Global Warming
• In addition to warmer temperatures, climatologists
forecast:
• An increase in the occurrence of _________________
• A reduction in ________________
• A rise in ________________
• A change in __________________________________
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
El Niño and La Niña
• El Niño is the warming of the pacific ocean off the
coast of western ____________________ that occurs
every 3 to 10 years.
• El Niño can dramatically alter global weather
patterns.
• The opposite of El Niño is La Niña, which occurs
when tradewinds in the Pacific are unusually strong
and equatorial oceanic surface temperatures are
_____________ than normal.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
El Niño and La Niña
• During an El Nino year, when the trade winds weaken,
warm surface water is no longer pushed westward.
• The upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water stops, and
the surface water remains warm.
• Fewer fish and other marine life can be supported
by the nutrient-poor warm water.
• Rainfall in the Western Pacific ______________,
whereas heavy rain and flooding can occur on the
normally dry coat of Peru.
Section
4
Earth’s Changing Climate
El Niño and La Niña
• El Nino can dramatically alter the weather around the
world.
• A strong El Nino can lead to:
• Flooding and mudslides in _______________.
• ______________ in India, Australia, and parts of
Africa.
• La Nina can cause drought in the southern United
States and excessive rainfall in the northwestern
United States.
Section
4
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 1
How can volcanoes cause changes in climate?
Section
4
Section Check
Think… Pair… Share… Question 2
Which is NOT a way that humans have affected Earth’s
atmosphere?
A. burning fossil fuels
B. deforestation
C. Industrial practices
D. reintroduction of threatened species
Section
4
Section Check
Question 3
What is the increase in near-surface air and ocean
temperatures on Earth called?
A. greenhouse gases
B. global warming
C. El Niño
D. ice age
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Chapter Resources
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Image Bank
Video Clips and Animations
Chapter Summary
Chapter Review Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Components of Earth’s Atmosphere
THUMBNAILS
Image Bank
Temperature Change with Height
THUMBNAILS
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Greenhouse Effect
THUMBNAILS
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Types of Clouds
THUMBNAILS
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Global Water Cycle
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Global Winds and Pressure Systems
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Cumulonimbus Cloud
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Tornado Map
THUMBNAILS
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The Earth System
THUMBNAILS
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Weather Maps with Isotherms
THUMBNAILS
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Solar Radiation on Earth
THUMBNAILS
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Lee Rain Shadow
THUMBNAILS
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Climate Classification
THUMBNAILS
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Climate Classification
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Glacial Map
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The Carbon Cycle
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Video Clips and Animations
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Video Clips and Animations
Reviewing Main Ideas
Earth’s Atmosphere
• Earth’s atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent
oxygen, one percent argon, water vapor, and small
amounts of trace gases.
• Our weather takes place in the troposphere, a layer
extending 12 km, on average, above Earth’s surface.
• Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which
includes the ozone layer.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Earth’s Atmosphere
• The troposphere is heated primarily by Earth’s surface
after it absorbs radiation from the Sun.
• Land absorbs and emits heat efficiently, but water
resists temperature change.
• Clouds form when warm air carrying water vapor rises
until it is cool enough to condense.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Weather
• Major pressure belts and wind belts are caused by
unequal heating between the equator and the poles
and modifications resulting from Earth’s rotation.
• Specific weather patterns are associated with high and
low pressure systems.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Weather
• Air masses are large volumes of air with uniform
moisture and temperature throughout. They interact in
zones called weather fronts.
• Severe weather includes thunderstorms, downbursts,
tornadoes, and hurricanes.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Climate
• Climate refers to the average weather conditions in an
area.
• Climate is part of an Earth system that includes the
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and
lithosphere.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Climate
• Latitude is the most important factor in determining
climate.
• Continents, mountains, and oceans influence climate
on a large scale, and small scale-variations are termed
microclimates.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Earth’s Changing Climate
• Long-term changes include cycles of glaciation.
Causes of climate change include changes in Earth’s
orbit, solar activity, volcanism, and human activity.
• Global warming is the increase in average
temperatures of near-surface air and oceans on Earth.
Reviewing Main Ideas
Earth’s Changing Climate
• El Niño and La Niña affect ocean currents and coastal
winds, causing serious droughts and flooding in some
areas.
Chapter Review
Question 1
Which is a trace gas found in air?
A. carbon dioxide
B. nitrogen
C. hydrogen
D. oxygen
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is A. Carbon dioxide is found in very small
amounts in air.
Chapter Review
Question 2
When temperature increases with altitude it is called a(n)
_______.
A. abnormal phenomenon
B. astrocline
C. temperature inversion
D. temperate zone
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is C. When a temperature inversion occurs,
the air is very stable. It resists the rising motion needed to
form clouds or to disperse air pollution.
Chapter Review
Question 3
Where is the ozone layer located?
A. exosphere
B. stratosphere
C. tropopause
D. troposphere
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is B. The stratosphere is located above the
troposphere.
Chapter Review
Question 4
When air blows from the water toward the land it is called
a _______.
A. land breeze
B. lee rain shadow
C. maritime breeze
D. sea breeze
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is D. A land breeze occurs when air blows
from the land toward the sea.
Chapter Review
Question 5
Where would you expect to experience a
hurricane?
A. California
B. Florida
C. Kansas
D. Washington
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is B. In the United States, hurricanes form
over the Atlantic Ocean and can affect the Gulf States and
east coast.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 1
What is being shown in this illustration?
A. cold front
B. occluded front
C. stationary front
D. warm front
Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The answer is C, stationary front.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 2
According to the figure, where does the carbon in soil
go?
A. atmosphere
B. oceans
C. organisms
D. rock
Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The answer is A. The arrow indicates that the carbon
in soil eventually returns to the atmosphere.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 3
What is latent heat?
Answer
Latent heat is heat energy released or absorbed during
the phase changes of water, such as evaporating water
or melting snow.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 4
Which are high-altitude fast, powerful flows of wind
imbedded in global wind systems?
A. sea breezes
B. subtropical highs
C. jet streams
D. westerlies
Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The answer is C. Jet streams control many weather
processes, such as storm development.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 5
Which is an extreme form of wind shear?
A. downdraft
B. downburst
C. thunderstorm
D. squall
Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The answer is B. In a downburst, cold air descends from
a thunderstorm and hits the ground. When it hits the
ground, it bursts outward like the spokes on a wheel.
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