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Analysis of Compilation Results
Chapter 1 Overall Result
Consistent with the guideline of UN's System of Environmental and Economic
Accounting (SEEA), Taiwan's Green National Income Account presents physical
flow accounts, physical asset accounts and environmental activity accounts resulting
from the impacts that economic activities have on environmental resources. In
addition to providing a synopsis of related accounting statement results, this chapter
seeks
to
establish
environmental-economic
account
indicators
from
an
issue-oriented and multi-faceted perspective. The purpose is to integrate information
and observe the systemic interaction between the economy and the environment
during economic development.
Ⅰ. Physical flow accounts
Physical flow accounts are measured in physical units. They employ supply
and use tables to present the flows from the environment into and out of the
economy, as well as the flows inside the economy. The physical flow account for
environmental emissions uses residue emission to show the pollutants recycled,
collected and treated by the economy, as well as the flow and direction of their
release back into the environment. The energy physical flow account for minerals,
earth and rocks presents flows related to the manufacturing, production, supply,
consumption and use of different types of energy associated with various the
economy and environment.
(Ⅰ) Physical flow accounts for environmental emissions
In terms of the overall flows of the supply side of environmental emissions, the
total supply of air pollution emission in 2015 reached 2,109 thousand metric tons.
The top three emitting sectors accounted for more than 80% of the total, with
emission from households reaching 725 thousand metric tons and 34.4% of the
total; the next was the manufacturing with 564 thousand metric tons, accounting for
26.7%. The third was the transportation, which emitted 410 thousand metric tons,
accounting for 19.4% of the total. Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand and suspended solids are the most commonly seen water pollutants
discharged into the environment. For 2015, households; agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and animal husbandry; and the manufacturing (including the electricity and gas
supply) were the top 3 emitters of water pollutants. The three parties aggregated
accounted for more than 93% of the whole. A total of 94,331 thousand metric tons
of solid wastes were generated in 2015. Among them, the construction came in first
by generating 62,442 thousand metric tons, more than 60% of the total; the next was
the manufacturing with 15,503 thousand metric tons, 16.4% of the total. These two
aggregated to account for more than 83% of the total.
Table 2.1.1 Supply and use table for environmental emissions, 2015
Unit: thousand M. T.
Total
supply
Total
Total
use
Agriculture,
forestry,
fishing and
animal
husbandry
Mining
and
quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity
and gas
supply
Water
supply
and
remediation
activities
Construction
Transportation
Households
Others
Flows
into the
environment
2,109
119
16
564
138
10
88
410
725
39
2,109
BOD
257
31
2
16
3
－
－
195
10
257
COD
655
81
7
54
9
－
－
473
32
655
SS
263
40
3
16
4
－
－
190
10
263
94,331
4,635
73
973
62,442
－
Air
pollution
Water
pollution
Solid
waste
15,503
3,315
7,389
(Ⅱ) Energy physical flow accounts
In terms of the energy supply and use table for 2015, energy supply totaled
206,383 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent. Within this, energy products that
were imported reached 127,756 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent, accounting
for 61.9% of the total. The amount of energy goods transformed output from
primary and secondary energy reached 75,809 thousand metric tons of oil
equivalent, accounting for 36.7% of the total. The amount of energy for natural
inputs derived from Taiwan's environment reached 2,817 thousand metric tons of oil
equivalent, accounting for only 1.4% of the total.
Within energy for natural inputs, 79% was transformed and invested into
94,331
electricity generation, with the main consumers being energy sector (own use),
industrial sector, service sector, residential sector, etc. Imports accounted for 62.8%
of all energy products. Yields from the transformation of primary and secondary
energy accounted for 37.2%. Among these, 59% was primarily invested in coke
ovens, petroleum refineries and electricity, while the other 36% was for domestic
consumption.
Table 2.1.2 Energy supply and use table of 2015
Unit: thousand M. T. of oil equivalent
Supply side
Statistical
discrepancy
Energy
residue loss
75,809
591
Stock
changes
－ 127,756
2,226
International marine
bunkers & civil aviation
－
Export
－
2,817
127,424 78,959
Domestic
consumption
75,809
Final
supply
2,817 127,756
Transfers &
transformation (2)
Transformation
output (1)
Energy for
natural inputs
Energy
products
From
import
From Taiwan
environment
Total
Use side
74,403
16,456
3,654
1,126
1,019
7,281
582
0
－
6
－
3
125,198 78,368
73,821 16,456
3,654 1,120
1,019 7,278
Electricity
－
－
－
－ 24,978
(3)
Note: (1) Transformation output: energy amount as transformed from primary energy and secondary energy.
(2) Transfers and transformation refer to the amount of energy committed to processing. Among them, transfers
mean intermediate conversion between products, as one petroleum product into another petroleum product;
transformation means transforming into other types of energy. However, aside from energy being transferred
and transformed into energy products, it may also be directly provided in its final supply application.
(3) The final supply in the table equals to the total supply amount less transfers and transformation. However,
hydro power, solar-photovoltaic and wind power, pumped-storage hydroelectricity, thermal power,
cogeneration, nuclear power and so forth have all been integrated into the power grid for consumption by
various domestic sectors. Therefore, they have been presented in terms of their final supply of electricity here.
Energy is provided for a multitude of applications. In addition to domestic
consumption, it can be exported or used in international marine bunkers and civil
aviation. By the kinds of energy for domestic consumption, the petroleum products
had the largest share, accounting for 54.0% of the total; the next was the total usage
of electricity (including self-use power by power-generating units and power
integrated into the power grid), 28.9% of the total. The others were the usage of
natural gas, coal products, etc.
With domestic consumption, we can also break it down into energy sector own
use, energy use, and non-energy use (i.e., usage of energy products for
non-combustion purposes). Among these, energy use was the staple, accounting for
63.5%; while non-energy use has been given a boost since Formosa Plastics' Sixth
Naphtha Cracker started producing ethylene in 2000, accounting for 30.3% of the
total in 2015. Energy sector own use accounted for 6.2%.
According to energy use by sectors, the industrial sector was the leader,
accounting for 48.5% in 2015. The transport sector accounted for 25.7%, while the
residential and service sectors accounted for 12.3% and 12.1%, respectively.
Figure 2.1.1 Status of domestic energy consumption, 2015
Energy category
Petroleum products
Total electricity
LNG
Natural gas
Others
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
Million M. T . of oil equivalent
Energy sector own use
Agriculture
Non-energy use
Industrial
Service
Transportation
Residential
Note: Total electricity included hydro power, solar-photovoltaic and wind power, pumped-storage
hydroelectricity, thermal power, cogeneration, and nuclear power; they were divided into
self-use power and the power integrated into the power grid.
Ⅱ. Physical asset accounts
Physical asset accounts involve documenting asset reserves and their variation
in physical material units during the accounting period. As far as Taiwan's natural
resources are concerned, the statistics for non-metallic minerals are for those with
high economic values for extraction, such as marble, serpentine, limestone and
dolomite. The reserve of non-metallic minerals by the end of 2015 was estimated to
be around 10.33 billion metric tons, while the amount of extraction was 0.02 billion
metric tons. Energy minerals are the tally of natural gas and condensed oil. As of the
end of 2015, the energy mineral reserve was estimated to be 4,334 thousand
kiloliters of oil equivalent, with 359 thousand kiloliters of oil equivalent in annual
amount of extraction. Earth and rock resources are the tally of earth and rocks in
rivers and lakes; earth and rocks on the land; and earth and rocks in the coastal
regions and marines. As of the end of 2015, the estimated reserve was 3.98 billion
cubic meters, with 0.04 billion cubic meters of the amount of extraction.
Table 2.1.3 Physical asset accounts for mineral and earth & rock resources, 2015
Opening stocks
Non-metallic mineral
resources
Energy minerals
resources
(Thousand metric tons)
(Thousand metric tons of
oil equivalent)
(Thousand cubic meters)
10,348,739
4,687
3,985,035
18,168
359
37,623
－
5
31,417
10,330,570
4,334
3,978,829
Extraction
Other changes in volume
Closing stocks
Earth & rock resources
Note: Other changes include re-estimated resource reserves and the discovery of new lodes.
Ⅲ. Environmental activity accounts
Environmental activity accounts are a documentation of transaction payments
made for the purpose of preserving and maintaining the environment.
Environmental protection expenditures reached NTD 156.23 billion in 2015, up
1.4% from 2014. The industrial sectors accounted for 56.5% of these expenditures,
while the government sectors accounted for 43.5%. Environmental payments to the
government in 2015 reached NTD 319.54 billion, up 6.8% from 2014. The
transportation category accounted for 65.0% of these, with NTD 207.84 billion; the
energy category followed with NTD 90.92 billion, accounting for 28.5%. These two
categories aggregated accounted for 93% of the total. In addition, the pollution
category totaled NTD 20.15 billion and the resource category reached NTD 0.63
billion, accounting for 6.3% and 0.2% of the total, respectively.
Table 2.1.4 Environmental activity accounts
Unit: million NT$
2013
2014
2015
Annual rate of
increase (％)
Environmental protection
expenditures
144,564
154,132
156,233
1.4
Government agencies
66,809
66,810
67,938
1.7
Industrial sectors
77,756
87,322
88,294
1.1
281,755
299,114
319,539
6.8
86,008
88,719
90,925
2.5
175,150
189,439
207,840
9.7
Pollution category
19,755
20,187
20,147
-0.2
Resource category
841
769
628
-18.3
Environmental payments
to the government
Energy category
Transportation
category
Ⅳ. Environmental-economic account indicators
Environmental-economic account indicators are diverse indicators built up
from related information about the environment and resource statistics,
comprehensively compiled in Taiwan's Green National Income Account (see table
2.1.5). They encompass the four facets of environmental emissions, natural
resources, environmental activities, and the comprehensive indicators. There are
also eight topics: air; water; solid waste; minerals, earth and rocks; water resources;
environmental protection expenditures; environmental payments to the government;
and degradation & depletion. All told, there are 91 indicators. Through variations in
these different indicators figures over the past three years, we may observe
environmental loading, environmental quality, the circumstances of natural resource
usage, and related actions by society and the government with regard to the
environment.
Table 2.1.5 Environmental-economic account indicators (1/4)
Facets Topics
Indicator items
Air
Environmental emissions
Annual rate of increase in air pollution
emissions
Unit
2013
2014
2015
％
-3.72
0.54
0.53
Concentration of air pollution emissions
M.T. / million
NT$
0.14
0.14
0.13
Annual rate of increase in greenhouse gas
emissions
％
0.27
0.33
－
18.93
18.25
－
12.10
12.11
－
％
0.21
0.31
－
CO2 emissions intensity
M.T. / million
NT$
17.93
17.29
－
CO2 emissions per capita
M.T.
11.47
11.47
－
％
1.5
1.3
0.6
ug/m3
24.0
23.6
22.0
－Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
ppb
14.3
14.4
13.6
－Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
ppb
3.4
3.4
3.1
－Carbon monoxide (CO)
ppm
0.4
0.4
0.4
ppmC
0.2
0.2
0.2
Concentration of greenhouse gas emission
Greenhouse gas emissions per capita
Annual rate of increase in carbon dioxide
emissions
Percentage of days of PSI>100
M.T. of CO2
equivalent /
million NT$
M.T. of CO2
equivalent
Annual average concentration of air
pollutants
－Suspended particulates (PM2.5)
－Hydrocarbon(Non-methane)
(NMHC)
Water
Annual rate of increase in water pollution
emissions
－Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
％
-0.93
-1.72
-1.34
－Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
％
-0.88
-1.46
-1.43
－Suspended solids (SS)
％
-0.73
-1.82
-1.62
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
％
70.1
72.1
74.8
－Dissolved oxygen (DO)
％
87.7
87.9
87.2
－Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
％
64.7
65.8
68.6
－Suspended solids (SS)
％
67.9
68.7
71.8
－Ammonia nitrogen (NH3－N)
％
58.1
57.9
59.1
Concentration of water pollution emissions
－Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
－Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
－Suspended solids (SS)
Percentage of lengths of major rivers
lightly-polluted or non-polluted
M.T. / million
NT$
M.T. / million
NT$
M.T. / million
NT$
River quality achievement rate
Note: "-" denotes data that is one year behind.
Table 2.1.5 Environmental-economic account indicators (2/4)
Facets Topics
Indicator items
Unit
2013
2014
2015
Water
Reservoir eutrophication index
Environmental emissions
－Number of reservoirs in eutrophic
state
Reservoir
2
5
7
－Number of reservoirs in mesotrophic
state
Reservoir
16
13
12
－Number of reservoirs in oligotrophic
state
Reservoir
2
2
1
Qualified rate of coastal water quality
Solid waste
－Dissolved oxygen (DO)
％
99.8
99.6
99.0
－PH
％
99.8
99.5
100.0
－Heavy metals
％
100.0
100.0
100.0
Sewage treatment rate
％
47.0
48.9
51.1
Qualified rate of drinking water (tap water)
quality
％
99.87
99.86
99.88
Annual rate of increase in solid waste
generated
％
7.60
4.00
-13.41
－Municipal waste
％
-0.24
-0.70
-1.59
－Agricultural waste
％
-7.40
6.44
-5.39
－Industrial waste
％
0.72
2.71
-1.00
－Construction waste
％
11.68
4.67
-18.34
－Medical waste
％
0.67
2.94
0.83
％
96.81
96.94
96.93
－Municipal waste
％
100.00
100.00
99.98
－Agricultural waste
％
98.20
98.81
99.47
－Industrial waste
％
97.87
97.89
97.88
－Construction waste
％
96.11
96.27
96.08
－Medical waste
％
99.86
99.86
99.85
％
55.72
55.78
55.56
Volume of municipal waste generated per
capita
M.T.
0.32
0.32
0.31
Annual rate of increase in volume of
municipal waste recycled by implementing
agencies
％
3.33
2.09
0.94
Reuse rate for proper recycling of
industrial waste
％
83.10
82.57
84.52
Reuse rate for proper recycling of medical
waste
％
4.51
5.46
6.34
Treatment rate of solid waste
Waste recycling rate
Table 2.1.5 Environmental-economic account indicators (3/4)
Facets
Topics
Indicator items
Unit
Minerals, earth and rocks
Natural resources
Annual rate of increase in amount
extracted
－Non-metallic minerals
2013
2014
2015
％
-3.47
-5.08
-12.48
％
-13.68
1.09
-2.97
％
-19.44
-2.26
-3.53
％
2.42
0.69
-0.27
％
LOE
/ thousand NT$
97.58
97.75
97.53
7.67
7.43
7.37
％
2.20
2.07
2.30
％
4.28
3.80
4.06
％
-0.40
-0.69
1.90
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.79
1.60
1.15
％
-16.19
-35.05
－
％
-1.25
-3.60
0.16
－Government sectors
％
46.21
43.35
43.49
－Industry sectors
％
53.79
56.65
56.51
％
86.48
90.18
91.18
－Research & development
(R&D)
％
0.66
0.67
1.05
－Others
％
12.86
9.15
7.78
％
34.14
36.06
28.15
％
28.23
28.73
31.23
％
37.11
34.14
38.20
％
0.95
0.96
0.93
－Earth & rock resources
－Energy minerals
Annual rate of increase in domestic
energy consumption
Dependence on imported energy
Energy intensity
Water resources
Renewable energy supply/ total
primary energy supply
Renewable energy power generation/
total power generation
Annual rate of increase in effective
reservoir capacity
10 thousand cubic
meters
/ million NT$
10 thousand cubic
Ratio of agricultural usage of reservoir
meters
water to agricultural production value
/ million NT$
Ratio of industrial usage of reservoir
water to industrial production value
Annual rate of increase in river runoff
Environmental protection expenditures
Environmental activities
Annual rate of increase in the amount
of groundwater ultra-pumped
Environmental protection expenditures
by executive agencies (structural ratio)
Environmental protection expenditures
by purpose of expenditure (structural
ratio)
－Pollution abatement and
expenditures
control
Air pollution control expenditures as a
proportion of pollution abatement and
control expenditures
Water pollution control expenditures
as a proportion of pollution abatement
and control expenditures
Waste treatment expenditures as a
proportion of pollution abatement and
control expenditures
Environmental protection expenditures
as a proportion of GDP
Table 2.1.5 Environmental-economic account indicators (4/4)
Facets
Topics
Indicator items
Unit
2013
2014
2015
Structural ratio of environmental
payments to the government
Environmental payments to the government
Degradation & depletion
General indicators
－Energy category
％
30.53
29.66
28.46
－Transportation category
％
62.16
63.33
65.04
－Pollution category
％
7.01
6.75
6.30
－Resource category
％
0.30
0.26
0.20
Ratio of energy tax to energy
consumption
million NT$
/103KLOE
0.75
0.77
0.79
Ratio of air pollution tax to air
pollution emissions
Ratio of general waste pollution tax to
generation load
Annual rate of increase in the
environmental taxes paid to the
government for minerals, earth and
rocks exploitation
Environmental payments to the
government as a proportion of GDP
million NT$
/103M.T.
million NT$
/103M.T.
3.48
3.53
3.36
0.63
0.65
0.66
％
70.20
-8.66
-18.32
％
1.85
1.86
1.91
％
-3.95
-2.80
-3.43
％
-3.51
-3.74
-4.94
％
-7.29
-5.64
-4.26
％
-1.33
-2.40
-4.93
％
2.40
-5.48
-10.92
％
-5.15
-0.18
0.62
％
-13.69
8.75
0.48
％
-1.42
-3.60
0.67
Degradation and depletion as a
proportion of GDP
％
0.46
0.43
0.40
Annual rate of increase in Green GDP
％
3.74
5.83
4.05
Annual rate of increase in degradation
& depletion values
Annual rate of increase in
degradation value
－Air
－Water
－Solid waste
Annual rate of increase in depletion
value
－Minerals, earth and rocks
resources
－Groundwater
Attached table. Environmentally-adjusted Green GDP
Unit: million NT$
2013
2014
Annual rate
of increase (
2015
％)
Ⅰ. GDP (a)
Ⅱ. Depletion
(Ⅰ) Water resource (groundwater)
(Ⅱ) Minerals, earth and rocks resources
15,230,739
16,111,867
16,759,016
4.02
18,703
18,669
18,784
0.62
13,526
13,039
13,127
0.67
5,177
5,630
5,657
0.48
51,964
50,019
47,551
-4.94
(Ⅰ) Air pollution
19,449
18,352
17,570
-4.26
(Ⅱ) Water pollution
30,323
29,596
28,136
-4.93
2,192
2,071
1,845
-10.92
70,667
68,688
66,335
-3.43
0.46
0.43
0.40
--
15,160,072
16,043,179
16,692,681
4.05
Ⅲ. Degradation
(Ⅲ) Solid waste
Ⅳ. Sum of Depletion and Degradation (b)
Proportion to GDP (％)
Ⅴ. Green GDP (a - b)
Note: 1. About the evaluations of natural resource depletion and environmental pollution degradation, according
to SEEA 2003 suggestion, we adopt the Net Price Method and Cost-maintenance, respectively.
2. The contents of the compilation of SEEA 2012 have moved toward economic impacts on the flow accounts
and asset accounts for environmental resources. There has been no further mention of the indicator of
environmentally-adjusted GDP.
Green GDP environmentally-adjusted is the accounting statements for natural
resource usage and environmental pollution emissions, as studied and compiled in
accordance with SEEA 2003 guideline. Such statements are used to estimate the
monetary value of natural resource depletion and environmental quality
degradation. The values of both are then deducted from the GDP to become the
Green GDP.
In terms of the overall data from 2013 to 2015, the aggregated value of natural
resource depletion and environmental quality degradation totaled NTD 70.7 billion,
68.7 billion and 66.3 billion. Their proportion of GDP dropped from 0.46% in 2013
to 0.40% in 2015. With regard to natural resource depletion, the current items
evaluated include water resources (groundwater) and minerals, earth & rock
resources (non-metallic minerals; energy minerals; earth and rock resources). The
aggregated value of depletion reached NTD 18.8 billion in 2015, up 0.62% from
2014 when the total was NTD 18.7 billion. Within this, depletion of water resources
was valued at NTD 13.1 billion in 2015, up 0.67% from 2014. This was mainly due
to water shortages and water rationing as a result of droughts, which led to
increased drafting of groundwater. In addition, even though the amount extracted of
minerals, earth & rock resources declined, their depletion was still valued at NTD
5.7 billion, a slight increase of 0.48% from 2014. This was due to energy and earth
& rocks price hikes.
About environmental quality degradation, we refer to the suggestions of SEEA
2003. Currently, we mainly compile and calculate the three categories for
environmental pollutants: air pollution, water pollution and solid waste, and the
Cost-maintenance approach is also adopted to estimate their degradation value. The
aggregated degradation value of the three categories in 2015 totaled NTD 47.6
billion, down 4.94% from 2014. Within these, water pollution degradation value
was the highest, at NTD 28.1 billion in 2015; it was followed by air pollution
degradation value at NTD 17.6 billion while solid waste degradation was valued at
NTD 1.8 billion. Compared with 2014, the water pollution degradation value was
down 4.93%, due to decreased municipal sewage discharges. Despite an uptick in
air pollution emissions, the degradation value was down 4.26%, owing to the fact
that most emissions were compliant with air quality standards. As a result of
decreased amounts of industrial and construction wastes that were not properly
treated, the solid waste degradation value was down 10.92%.
If the estimated results of the aforementioned natural resource depletion and
environmental quality degradation are deducted from the GDP, the Green GDP in
2015 reached NTD 16.6927 trillion, up 4.05% from 2014, when the Green GDP
totaled NTD 16.0432 trillion.