Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Class Notes Reproductive System i. Primary function: to produce . material passed from generation to generation. Sharing intimate feelings with another person II. Some terms to know Gonads: organs that produce sex cells M al e = --> Sperm Female = --> Ova or Egg cells Ducts: and Glands: III. Testes Paired organs located inside the scrotum Located A. Function of the testes 1. body to ensure proper temp for sperm production and maturation of sperm takes approximately sperm days 2. Protect sperm and sperm development-- cells 3. Produce testosterone: cells a. Functions of Testosterone **principle male hormone **responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics 1) growth & development 2) maintenance of sex organs 3) bone growth 4) protein anabolism 5) closure of epiphyseal plate 6) influences sexual behavior 7) influences final maturation of sperm cells IV. Seminiferous Tubules tightly coiled tubules in testes where Contains: 1. Spermatogonia = immature Sperm Cell 2. Spermatozoa = mature Sperm Cell 3. Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig) --produce & secrete V. Epididymis-long Head - receives spermatozoa-Body—sperm develop occur Tail - leads to ductus deferens Functions: 1) & tubular fluid 2) damaged spermatozoa 3) sperm & facilitates VI. Ductus (Vas) Deferens - long duct (18 inches) for sperm from epididymis to urethra -enters body through an opening in pelvic floor called VII. Ejaculatory Ducts union of & ductus (vas)deferens eject sperm into prior to ejaculation VIII. Urethra passageway for sperm & urine to external environment measures about A. 4 sections of the Urethra 1 in length urethra 2 urethra 3. urethra 4. urethral orifice IX. Accessory Male Sex Glands secrete most of of Semen provides liquid, nutrious medium for support of sperm cells 1. Seminal Vesicles Paired, on Tubular (~ 15 cm) Produce of urinary of semen, hormones, fructose, etc sperm (leading to 2. Prostate Gland about size of a chestnut located ) to urinary bladder – surrounds secretes fluid rich in citric acid, prostatic acid, phosphatase, & prostaglandins makes up about of semen often site in males 3. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) Pea size, paired, at base of Produce about of semen mucus -neutralize nature of female vagina 4. Semen (Seminal Fluid) of sperm and secretions of accessory glands 2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per ejaculation ( ) per ejaculation if less than sperm/ml of semen—male is considered X. Male External GENITALIA: SCROTUM supports, protects testes continuation of & muscle in dermis muscle - continuous with abdominal wall muscles of muscles in response to changes Temp must be than body temp XI. Penis used to introduce Voids urine cylindrical in shape into female vagina during intercourse 1. Penis erection With sexual stimulation, dilate, veins , large quantities enter & erection occurs 2. Erections occur also to maintain 3. Three parts of penis 1) : cylindrical masses of tissue a. Corpora Cavernosa Penis - 2 of penis b. Corpus Spongiosum Penis Made of erectile tissue filled with blood 2) of penis Portion attached to --attached to abdominal wall --Attached to muscles that aid in erection 3) penis Slightly enlarged spongiosum of the corpus Separated from by Contains many Uncircumcised glans contains prepuce or FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I. Ovaries female gonads place of females are born with all A. Oogenesis they will ever have (500,000) of an oocyte (egg) Begins with , ends with oocyte Polar bodies (other primary follicles) B. Ovarian follicles each month about 20 oocytes are stimulated to undergo usually only & develops into s C. Graffian Follicle Oocyte continues to of the 20 completes the process of oogenesis oocyte before released during ovulation Contains two parts 1 and Secretes 2. Ovulation Process where secondary oocyte is from ovary About day of cycle D. Corpus Luteum & Corpus Albicans Glandular body that develops release of egg Secretes , estrogen, relaxin, inhibin Becomes corpus if egg is Stays fertilized during pregnancy II. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes ducts from the site of ovulation to the uterus = funnel shaped, open distal end = “little fingers” on distal end = widest, longest portion of the uterine tubes— usually occurs in this region = narrow, constricted, proximal end where the tubes attach to the uterus III. Uterus A. serves as site of , a fertilized ovum, and & maintenance of during pregnancy inverted pear shaped 3 sections or areas 1. 2. 3. of B. Tissue Layers of the Uterus 3 tissue layers 1) = outermost layer actually part of the visceral peritoneum 2) = middle, muscular layer majority of the uterus consists of three layers of smooth muscle 3) = innermost layer of the uterus Made of stratum and stratum IV. Vagina A. tubular fibromuscular organ lined with for sperm & menstrual flow for penis during sexual intercourse the lower portion of VI. Female External Genitalia A = term used to describe female external genitalia B covered by skin and course pubic hair = adipose tissue above the pubic symphysis, C. = an area of longitudinal folds of tissue D. = medial longitudinal folds of tissue E. : the space between the Labia Minora bulb of the vestibule F. greater produce mucoid substance lubrication during glands (Bartholin’s) G. tissue : small cylyndrical mass of nervous and erectile H. layer of skin from labia minora covers clitoris I opening of the vagina : thin membrane partially covering the VII. Mammary Glands (Breasts) A. modified glands (Sweat Glands) each gland contains 15 - 20 lobes or compartments separated by adipose tissue B. amount of tissue between lobes determines breast size C. breast size is related to milk production each lobe has compartments called milk secreting cells D. Inside lobules are = raised area on breast infant suckles to receive milk and stimulate E. encircles the nipple = the dark, circular, pigmented area that VIII. Lactation the process of *refer to handout on Menstrual and ovarian cycles IX. Menstrual and Ovarian Cycles A. Ovarian Cycle = ovum B. Menstrual Cycle = changes of the uterus preparation for & of an o f th e of a fertilized ovum correlated with each other and are under the influence of C. Endocrine influence 1. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary and 2. FSH : ovarian follicles to 3. LH: --stimulates production of , 4. Ovaries produce and relaxin and D. Estrogen 6 different types: 3 main types: and of the female reproductive system helps control balance and Keeps strong Keeps strong E. Progesterone hormone of maturation endometrial lining for implantation during pregnancy-stimulates -- production and secretion F. Relaxin = produced by the during pregnancy -most prominent during the of pregnancy -relaxes cervix and helps G. Inhibin-stops the production of X. DEVELOPMENT and INHERITANCE A. Human Development the continuous process of body change that begins at and continues until B. Divided into two Periods 1. Development--Conception until Birth 2. Development--Birth until Death C. Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis - : production and maturation of sperm - : production and maturation of egg D. Prenatal Development -changes that occur -Divided into Two Periods to th e 1 . Th e Period--fertilization until eight weeks 2 . T he Period--eight weeks until birth E. Fertilization -also called -union of a - with an sperm cell penetrates layers of egg (with help of others) -aided by an on head of sperm -oocyte cell membrane changes F. The Embryonic Period -first weeks of life -fertilized egg is called a -the first cell divisions of the Zygote are called and result in ball of cells called a Morula turns into a large mass of cells called a G. Blastocyst Stages of Development 1. = attachment of the Blastocyst to the endometrium a) about days after fertilization b) Blastocyst (Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm) c)Called into primary Germ Layers when implanted H. Trophoblast Development and Implantation 1. Trophoblast layers (Chorion, Amnion, and Yolk Sac) begin to form around the embryo I. Embryonic Period -5 weeks after conception— vessels form, begin to form, major –blood systems forms, heart forms and starts to beat, central nervous system appears J. Embryonic Development -Development of Body Form weeks three to eight K. Development of Organs -most major organs appear during the first weeks of development L. 8 weeks—embryo resembles a is now called a M. Fetal Development 1. 18 weeks— face takes on human appearance bones form, , rapid development of body organs, can recognize sounds, forms 2. 20 weeks- appears- protects the fetus from waste products in the fluid, fetal felt by mother, Hair appears on head 3. 24 weeks—sense of developed, lungs are ready to produce , substantial weight gain, eyelids separate and (viable) 4. 30 weeks—Head and body more male, testes form—can survive outside womb , in , fetus assumes upside down position, fat is deposited 5. 40 weeks—Additional fat accumulates, lungs secrete , laguno is shed, nails extend to tips of fingers or beyond— fetus is considered after conception and ready for birth 38 weeks N. Labor the movement of the fetus through the birth canal in response to uterine contractions a). Three Stages of Labor 1. Stage One - and -contractions push the fetus against the cervix -the -the Stage Two begins ruptures --once the cervix dilates to 10 cm 2. Stage Two = 3. Stage Three = XVIII. Stages of Physical Development A. Neonate - “newborn” birth to 1 year B. Infancy – 1-2 years C. Toddlerhood – 2-6 years D. Childhood – 6-12 years E. Adolescence – puberty – 12-18 F. Adulthood 18-50 years G. Middle Age – 50-70 years H. Advanced Age – 70 - death and o f th e