Download Variables Associated with Speech Sound Disorders

VARIABLES
RELATED TO
ARTICULATION AND
PHONOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT AND
PERFORMANCE
I. INTRODUCTION**
There are a number of variables
associated with speech sound
acquisition.
Research: can only demonstrate
correlation, not cause-and-effectrelationships.
II. GENETIC FACTORS (all this
in II is Ukrainetz & Spencer)**
Ukrainetz, T.A., & Spencer, T.D.
(2015). Sorting the learning
disorders: Language impairment and
reading disability. In T.A. Ukrainetz
(Ed.), School-age language
intervention: Evidence-based
practices (155-205). Austin, TX: ProEd.
Molecular Genetics:
Reading
disabiity
SSD
Language
Impairment
Genetics
Decreased phonological
awareness skills**
Have been implicated in poor reading
ability in young children
**Goldstein, H., et al. (2017). Efficacy
of a supplemental phonemic
awareness curriculum to instruct
preschoolers with delays in literacy
development. Journal of SpeechLanguage-Hearing Research, 60, 89203.
Goldstein et al. 2017:
III. ENVIRONMENT**
A slightly greater # of children from
low-income backgrounds have SSDs
Role models are a variable
Health is a factor too—is there health
insurance?
IV.FAMILIAL AND PERSONAL
FACTORS**
Birth order & # of siblings—research
inconclusive
Gender—SSDs more common in
boys
Age—between 4-6 yrs. old, most ch
begin to sound like adults;
improvements can be made till 8 yrs.
Intelligence
Research shows:
Youtube video**
People with Down Syndrome speak
out
AJ+
What errors do you hear? Write them
down as you listen.
V. LANGUAGE SKILLS
Speech sound errors especially
increase when children are
trying to produce:
Izzy has an /r/ problem and a
language impairment—we’re
using a classroom book**
Working on /r/ with Izzy, /s/ with
Gabe; using spelling book from
3rd grade classroom**
V. TONGUE THRUST**
A. Introduction
Also called reverse swallow
Certain manner of swallowing
and tongue placement in oral
cavity during rest
Orofacial Myology is:**
Study of relationships among
dentition, speech, and nonspeech
tongue and facial muscles
B. Characteristics of Tongue
Thrust**
During swallowing, tongue
comes forward--tip in contact with
lower lip
At rest, tongue is carried
forward—tip is between or
against anterior teeth while
mandible is open
Dahl, 2016:
Youtube video**
Tongue thrust: Children’s crooked
teeth
Dan Hanson
It’s a little mean  but really shows
tongue thrust
On p. 188, your text says:**
“Treatment for tongue thrust is not
provided in many public schools
unless a child has an accompanying
SSD.”
But in the public schools….
ASHA’s Position:
VI. SENSORY VARIABLES**
A. Oral Sensation
Looked at oral stereognosis or form
recognition
B. Hearing Loss
Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 2017:
Problems found in children with
significant hearing loss: (p. 181;
just this on exam from hearing loss
section):**
Omissions of initial and final consonants
Many diphthong and vowel substitutions
Inappropriate prosody
Pitch too high or low
More frequent pauses
Epenthesis
Hypernasality
Produce both consonants and vowels
distortedly
Shilo is 15 and has a cochlear
implant and the other ear is
totally deaf
Youtube video
Heather Whitestone Tallahassee
times interview
C. Auditory Discrimination
VII. ANATOMIC,
NEUROLOGIC, AND
PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS**
A. Anatomic Structures
1. Soft palate —may have VPI. Mobility and
enough tissue are very important.
Need good VP closure for pressure
consonants especially—fricatives, affricates,
stops
May use glottal stops for other sounds.
May also have nasal emission and
hypernasality.
2. Nasopharynx
3. Hard palate; cleft, cancer have**
impact
4. Teeth —extra or supernumerary
teeth (or Class I, Class II, Class III
malocclusion; p. 177; please know for
Test 2)
5. Lips (cleft can affect speech)
6. Tongue
Unrepaired cleft lip and palate
Repaired lip and palate
Class II malocclusion (overbite)
Class II
Underbite (Class III)
Class III malocclusion underbite
Open bite
Open Bite Repaired
Problems with the tongue may
include…**
Ankyloglossia (short lingual frenum)
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Glossectomy (partial or total removal
of the tongue due to cancer)
Ankyloglossia
Youtube video
Tongue tie
ImplantDentistFortLauderdale
Cancer of the tongue
B. Neurological Factors
Youtube**
Dysarthria speech
Spastic dysarthria 1/5
2. Cerebral Palsy
3. Apraxia of speech
VIII MOTOR SKILLS**
Test with measures of
diadochokinetic rate (DDK)
Ch attain adult DDK rates between 915 yrs
Ch with SSDs often have slow DDKs
However, many ch with SSDs have
normal DDKs
Text: DDK is not necessarily a factor in
speech sound disorders