Download Mrs. Kelly - Eaton Community Schools

MRS. KELLY
Prologue: The Woman in the
Photograph
 Magazines that have a majority of black
readers in the United States.
Chapter 1- The Exam
What was it like for blacks in 1951?
 North was a better place for blacks to be, but
it still was not good…
 Blacks in the south were bombarded with Jim
Crow Laws…
 Separate hospital entrances
Johns Hopkins Hospital
 Charity hospital for
the sick and poor in
Baltimore, Maryland
 Major hospital that
treated blacks
Jim Crow
 Even though Johns Hopkins treats blacks they
were still segregated inside the hospital
 Other hospitals could refuse services because
of Jim Crow laws.
Chapter 2- Clover
 How common was it to marry your cousin in
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the 1930’s
Varies from country to country
Worldwide- 10%
Socially acceptable in the US until mid 1900’s
Reports implicated cousin marriage as
responsible for idiocy
Laws regarding first-cousin
marriage around the world
 First-cousin marriage
 Legality dependent on religion or culture
 Statute bans first-cousin marriage
 Banned with exceptions
 Criminal offense
 No data
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Laws regarding first-cousin marriage in the United States
First-cousin marriage is legal
Allowed with requirements or exceptions
Banned with exceptions
Statute bans first-cousin marriage
Criminal offense
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere, especially when
the spouses were not residents of the state when married.
Tobacco Farming
Harvesting the tobacco
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In late July and early August, tobacco harvesting began. First to be removed were
the bottom few leaves, sometimes called “lugs.” Subsequent pickings removed
additional leaves up the plant about every two to three weeks afterward. In an
average year, a farmer picked tobacco plants three to five times.
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Mules hauled the picked leaves on sleds out of the fields and to the curing barns.
There, under an attached shelter, others — usually women — tied the tobacco onto
sticks. When the men came in from the fields at the end of the day, they placed the
prepared sticks of tobacco into the barn and lit the furnace. For seven days, the
farmers carefully raised the temperature in the barn and caused the tobacco to
yellow and dry out. Once the tobacco had cured, the farmers put out the furnace
fire and opened the doors to allow the tobacco to absorb the natural humidity.
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Once the tobacco became pliable again, the farmer placed it in ordering pits to
absorb even more moisture before taking the crop to the packhouse. At the
packhouse, farmers laid out the tobacco, graded it, and bundled it into “hands.”
The last step was to press the “hands” flat before loading them on a truck destined
for the tobacco warehouse.
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Because the grading and bundling process took considerable time, farmers usually
were somewhere in the process as late as November. The other consideration for
most tobacco producers was a possible increase in sale prices sometime in
October, but not every farmer held their tobacco that late.
Sparrow’s Point
 Job’s available during
WWII
Blacks moving up north
To get jobs and better
Money.
Henrietta and Day and
Children move .
Chapter 6- “Lady’s on the Phone”
 “What do you know of African-Americans and
science?”
 Tuskegee Institute, Alabama
 Tuskegee University is a private, historically
black university, established by Booker T.
Washington.
 Ethical questions- recruiting blacks/poor
preventable deaths
Syphilis study
 100’s of black men (poor and uneducated)
with syphilis are recruited
 They watch them die from syphilis even
though they could have been treated.
 Not discovered until the 70’s
Mississippi Appendectomies
 Unnecessary hysterectomies
 Done to stop poor black women from having
more children. Can you tie this in to today?
 Also done to give med students the ability to
practice the procedure. (Hitler…)
Chapter 7
 Alexis Carrel- 1912
 Believes we can grow whole organs in the lab.
 Won Nobel Prize for blood-vessel-suturing
technique
 Now wants to grow chicken heart tissues in
culture. Medical breakthrough. (He claims
that the cells were alive year after year.)
Carrel is a eugenicist
Selective breeding
 Wants transplantations so he can preserve
the superior white race.
 The whites were being polluted by inferior
stock (poor, uneducated and non-white)
 He wanted forced sterilization for all others.
 Praised Hitler
 …mystic, wanted to become a dictator
Carrel and the Constitution
 “The feeble minded and the man of genius
should not be equal before the law.”
 “The stupid, the unintelligent, the incapable
of attention, of effort, have no right to a
higher education.”
 But back to the chicken heart cells…they did
not live. Carrel seen as a fraud.
 He dies awaiting trial for collaborating with
the Nazi’s.
Chapter 8- “A Miserable Specimen”
 Benevolent deception- withholding info to
confusing for patients to understand.
 Segregation was law in 1951- blacks do not
question white professionals.
 Blacks happy to be treated
What was it like to be a black
patient or doctor?
 Although most public hospitals made some provisions for
black patients—on a segregated basis—few institutions
gave black physicians privileges in their facilities.
 Virtually all of these hospitals were run by white doctors,
and many resisted adding African Americans to their staffs,
as they were often in competition with them for patients.
 Black patients often found themselves subject to
discrimination from white doctors and nurses at public
hospitals and were segregated into basement wards at
most facilities.
 Even public hospitals that catered mostly, or even
exclusively, to black patients regularly refused to allow
black doctors to use their facilities.
Henrietta’s treatment
 Same as was done for white women cancer
patients.
 But done at later stages in their cancer, blacks
got fewer pain medications
 Dr.’s gave her radiation and hope she would
live. But she was inoperable.
Chapter 9- Turner Station
 Boom town during WWII
 Ghost town by the mid 50’s. Shops and
schools closed, drugs and violence on the
rise.
Chapter 10- the Other Side
of the Tracks
 Cootie- Henrietta’s first cousin
 Polio- age 9
 Light skinned- so a Dr. snuck him into the
hospital.
 Spent a year
in an iron lung
Chapter 11“The Devil of Pain Itself”
 Henrietta is taken over by tumors
 Many blood transfusions
 Strapped to the bed to stop her from hurting
herself
 Henrietta would die on October 4, 1951
Chapter 12- The Storm
 The laws
 Removing tissue from a live patient is legal. It
is looked at like anything else that comes out
of you during a surgery. It is discarded.
 Removing tissue from the dead- you need
permission. The tissue is still in the body
The autopsy
 Partial autopsy. No incisions in chest, no
removal of limbs
 Official cause of death was terminal uremia
or blood poisoning. Her kidneys could not
filter out the toxins.
The funeral
 Clover
 Family dug the grave
 Body kept in the house for a few days so
people could pay their respects
 When lowering the casket rain and wind,
mini-tornado?
 Was Henrietta speaking from the grave?
Chapter 13- The HeLa Factory
 Set-up begins after Henrietta’s death
 Stopping polio is a priority
 1950’s it was an epidemic
 Jonas Salk needs a large scale test before he
can use it. HeLa was needed.
Monkey cells
 Expensive
 They need a cultured cell that could grow on
a massive scale
 Gey could “grow in suspension”. HeLa was
not limited by space.
 So HeLa was susceptible to the polio virus.
Good news for Gey. Now let’s see if the polio
vaccine works.
Transport
 They experimented and found that the cells
could be delivered by the mail system with
specific packaging.
Tuskegee Institute
 35 scientist and technicians 20,000 tubes of
HeLa per week
 This will give training opportunities to young
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black scientists.
HeLa is growing everywhere.
Soon Gey was sending them out for $10.00
plus shipping fees.
Even though these cells have cancer they
have so much in common with regular cells.
HeLa brings standardization to the field.
Everyone needs to be on the same page.
Chapter 14- Helen Lane
 Where did these cells come from?
 Henrietta Lakes- Helen Lane- Helen Larson
 Newspapers want her real name. Gey says no
because it will be an invasion of privacy.
 The family would learn that the cells were
alive, sold, and used in research without their
knowledge.
Chapter 16- Spending
Eternity in the Same Place
 Slave names
 Prior to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution, the vast majority of AfricanAmericans in the United States were enslaved.
 During enslavement, slaves' names were assigned by their
owners. Others received a name based on what kind of
work they were forced to do. Some African-Americans have
last names such as Cotton, reflecting when they were made
to pick cotton as slaves.
 After emancipation, many freedmen and women took the
surnames of their former owners as their own. Some blacks
in the U.S. took on the surname Freeman, while others
adopted the names of popular historical or contemporary
figures of social importance, such as former presidents
Washington, Jefferson, and Jackson.
Nuremberg Trials
 Military tribunal by the allied forces after
WWII against Nazi leadership
 After World War II ended, the world looked
for a way to get revenge on the Germans for
the eleven million people killed in the
Holocaust by the Nazi's.
 Trials must be held before any executions.
Nuremberg Codes
 Permissible medical experiments
1. The voluntary consent of the human subject
is absolutely essential.
This means that the person involved should
have legal capacity to give consent
2. The experiment should be such as to yield
fruitful results for the good of society
3. The experiment should be so designed and
based on the results of animal experimentation
and a knowledge of the natural history of the
disease or other problem under study that the
anticipated results will justify the performance
of the experiment.
4. The experiment should be so conducted as to
avoid all unnecessary physical and mental
suffering and injury.
5. No experiment should be conducted where
there is a prior reason to believe that death or
disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in
those experiments where the experimental
physicians also serve as subjects.
6. The degree of risk to be taken should never
exceed that determined by the humanitarian
importance of the problem to be solved by the
experiment.
7. Proper preparations should be made and
adequate facilities provided to protect the
experimental subject against even remote
possibilities of injury, disability, or death.
8. The experiment should be conducted only by
scientifically qualified persons. The highest
degree of skill and care should be required
through all stages of the experiment of those
who conduct or engage in the experiment
9. During the course of the experiment the
human subject should be at liberty to bring the
experiment to an end if he has reached the
physical or mental state where continuation of
the experiment seems to him to be impossible.
10. During the course of the experiment the
scientist in charge must be prepared to
terminate the experiment at any stage
21- Night Doctors
 Tales of doctor’s who kidnap blacks to use for
medical research.
 Folklore to keep blacks from escaping to the
north.
 Cadavers needed. Slave owners would sell
slave cadavers, but when none were
available, grave robbing happened. Blacks,
immigrants and the poor.
24- “Least they can do”
 One Drop Laws
 This dictated that if an individual has as much
as one drop of minority blood in their
heritage, that person was deemed a minority.
 It is the automatic assignment of children of a
mixed union between different
socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group
with the lower status.
 Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of
Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown, 2010.
Print.