Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Language - Miami Arts Charter School
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Cultural Geography Created by David Silverman Language Currently there are about 5,000-7,000 languages. Language is essential for understanding patterns in human societies and for piecing together the common history of people who have interacted with each other over time. Dialects are geographically distant versions of a single language that vary from the original (or parent) language. Dialects can have different terms for the same thing. “Ya’ll from Southern America, “mates” from Australia-mean the same thing, which is friends. Mostly recognized through accents. Geographical Boundary lines where different linguistic features meet are called isoglosses. What the meaning of a word is or the pronunciation of a vowel. Language Family All languages belong to a language family, which is a collection of many languages that are all from the same original “tongue”, but have evolved different characteristics over time. Language families can be divided into language groups. This is why people from the same family may sound very different based on how the languages have changed/evolved throughout history. Set of languages with a recent common origin and many similar characteristics. 50% of the world speak languages that belong to the Indo-European family Spoken on all continents, but are dominant in Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia and parts of southwestern Asia and India. This includes: Germanic and Romance languages, as well as Slavic, Indic, Celtic, and Iranic. Spanish and Italian are part of the Romance Languages, as they are both derived from Latin, which means they have many related words and contain similar grammatical structures. 20% of the worlds population speak languages from the Sino-Tibetan family. This language area spreads through most of southeast asia and china, and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean. 30% of the worlds population speak languages from Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Altaic, or Austronesian Language families. Language extinction occurs when a language is no longer used by any living people. Globalization has led to the rapid rise of language extinction, especially in less developed countries. This had led to acculturation, which is the adoption of cultural traits, (like language) by one group under the influence of another. Some languages have been lost as part of cultural extinction. Where an entire culture was wiped out by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of these factors Language diffusion occurs when migration, trade, war, or event exposes a group of people to the language of another. A “pidgin” occurs when two groups of people with different languages meet, and a new language develops that has characteristics of both languages. If a pidgin evolves to the point where it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it, it becomes what is known as a Creole. Lingua Franca is an extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more languages to communicate basic concepts in an easier way. In islands in southeast asia, where each island speaks its own language or dialect, simple trade languages are used at ports and central markets. Lingua Franca is usually very crude and basic, and lacks features of more developed languages (like verb tenses). The English language contains aspects of half a dozen different languages because of so many foreign conquers and visitors over the centuries. Many believe that the development of alphabets have contributed to the dominance of particular cultures and nations across the globe. This mixed with the development of agricultural societies and record keeping made it easier to dominate illiterate societies. Ghana was colonized by Britain during the late 1800’s, so many people speak English there. Togo, which is next to Ghana, was colonized by the British so most of the natives there now speak French. This explains why countries like the United States, United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal and Spain have been a major influence on the languages spoken around the world. Even when these nations left the territories they had conquered, there written alphabet was preserved (as opposed to languages that were passed down verbally) Esperanto combines features of a number of different languages into one single language. His goal was to create a “world language” that people all over the world could speak and understand. Canada is an example of a polyglot (multilingual) state because parts of Canada speak English, while other parts speak French. Literacy rates vary dramatically between and within countries and states. This is especially true in literacy rates of women, where some countries prohibit women from receiving a formal education . Many of the worlds countries have literacy rates approaching 100%, while some African and Asian states have fewer than half of the population that can read and write The names different cultures give to various features of the Earth, like settlements, terrain features, and streams are called Toponyms. Religion Religion, more than any other cultural trait, defines who a person is and how they understand the world around them Similarities among religions: All religions share some set of teachings that imply a value system All include some notion of the sacred, weather the sacred is a single or multiple being(s), a set of texts, or a powerful symbol All religions include ideas about the place of human beings in the universe Many also have a creation story that explains the origin of humans and the universe Some include teachings on law, politics, social norms, sexual relations, physical fitness, cleanliness, eating habits, and how to decorate your home Some religions seek to unite people from diverse backgrounds, while others try to keep people in their local traditions and geographical location. Buddhism seeks to explain reality for all people, like the nature of suffering and the path to self actualization Native American religion are based on local environmental characteristics, (rain dance) and use local plants and animals as religious figures or in religious ceremonies (Aztec, Inca, Maya) Religions seeking to unite are called universalizing religions Religions that are more spiritually bound are called local religions Evangelical Religions, (Christianity) expand membership by using missionaries to recruit new followers Monotheistic vs Polytheistic Religions- Monotheistic is the belief in one god, polytheistic is the belief in many gods. Global Religions, like Christianity Islam and Buddhism, have numerous members and their doctrines appeal to different people from any region of the globe Ethnic religions usually appeal to smaller groups of people with a common heritage, or to large groups of people living in a single region. Local religions attract small localized followings, and often put faith in powers of living people or local natural phenomena (again like rain, hurricanes, etc) Shamanism is a local religion where a single person takes on the roles of a priest, counselor, physician, and claims to be a conduit (bridge) to the supernatural world. Animism is where the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and supernatural powers. Christianity Most widespread religion, monotheistic, and has its origins rooted in Judaism. Practiced on every continent, and almost every country, the forms it takes can vary drastically. The three major categories of Christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox. Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church is based at Vatican City in Rome, and is the most important religion in many parts of western Europe and North America, Central and South America Protestant Began when Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic church and began a different type of Christian church. Similar system belief system to Cahtholocism but with less emphasis on many of the rituals associated with the Catholic Church. Includes a large group of denominations, which can differ significantly from Catholicism in their beliefs and practices. Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, Mormons, Presbyterians are all denominations Eastern Orthodox Dominant only in Eastern Europe and Russia, but smaller factions throughout the world Islam About a billion followers worldwide-Although mostly centered in North Africa and the Middle East, Muslims, who are practitioners of Islam are found throughout the world. Islam is monotheistic (believes in one God). Like Christianity, it also stems from Judaism. Islam’s One God is Allah. Islam centers around the observance of the Koran (the word of Allah revealed to his prophet Muhammad) and the 5 pillars of faith. Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger Salat: ritual prayer five times a day- towards mecca Zakat: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy Sawm: fasting and self-control during the holy month of Ramadan Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if one is able Buddhism With more than 300 million followers, Buddhism is the 3rd largest religion. Buddhism started in 6th century BC in northern India. Buddha (real name Siddhartha Gautama) started it. Buddhism focuses on the need to detatch from worldly possessions. According the Buddhism, Nirvana is the state in which you receive pure happiness and can only be achieved with an 8 stop process. While it populated in Asian, it gained popularity in Europe and North America in the 1950’s. Half of Buddhists in the USA live in California. Hinduism and Judaism Based on a caste system in India (which gives everyone a particular place in the social hierchy at birth) . Castes give people certain jobs, social connections, places to live, clothes and food. “Moving up” within the caste system is seen from many lives of getting good karma. Hindus worships shrines and temples that can be found in all Hindu villages. Like Buddhism, Hinduism believes at living in harmony with animals. Animals are respected, an important part of culture- this leads to veganism being prevalent. Judaism First major monotheistic religion. Reads the Old Testament After the 1948 castrophe of the Holocaust- Jews (who had been living amongst Christians and Muslims for 2,000 years) created their own state- Israel. Holocaust took out 2/3 of the Jewish population, when 6 Million Jews were killed. Most Jews live in Israel or the US Places of Worship Most religions have places of worship Judaism- Wailing Wall (last remnant from old Temple) Dome of the Rock- where Muslim’s believe that Mohammed rose into heaven. Bethlehem- Christianity believes birthplace of Jesus Since all of the above places are located in the same area, conflicts arise about these geographic locations. Over time, there are constant territorial battles between religions. Ex- Gaza strip & West Bank- Palestinians and the Jews Ex- Ireland (Irish Catholic vs British Culture) Gender Difference between Sex (biological trait) vs Gender (social constructs and cultural practices) Gender issues are defined by culture and location (some examples are women rights, gender identity, homosexuality, transgender, etc) Gender issues are a crucial factor in health care, civil rights, social equality and political equality. Gender Inequality Index- the UN introduced this index in 2010 to measure a country’s loss of achievement due to gender inequality. It’s based on reproductive health, gender employment gaps, etc. Men usually score higher on gender empowerment, literacy, and income. Women usually score higher on life span Gender inequality issues are lower in wealthy/high developed nations Women’s empowerment directly effects population growth. Women who experience more political power or wealth (ones with access to education and employment opportunities) are likely to delay having children until later in life. Because of this, some people believe that religion is more important than women’s empowerment. Population growth rates (amongst demographic areas or within specific cultures) are affected by this. References This powerpoint presentation was adapted using the information from the Barron’s AP Psychology 5th edition prep book. Weseley, Allyson, Robert McEntarffer, and Robert McEntarffer. AP® Psychology. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series, 2014. Print.
