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CHAPTER TWO
SENDING AND
RECEIVING…
Pages of 18-21
Robert Kundrat
Jaylen Baldwin
Vanessa Saenz
Elements of
Communication
• Sending the
Message
• Nonverbal
communication
• Verbal
communication
• Receiving The
Message
• How the receivers
get the message
• Channels of
communication
• Feedback
Elements of
communication continued
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•
•
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Source
Message
Receivers
Channel
Context
Noise
How Words Can Fail
You:
1. Your words have
different denotative
and connotative
meanings
2. Your word has multiple
meanings
3. The words meaning
has changed
4. The word is imprecise
5. The word is inaccurate
6. The word is
inappropriate
Symbolism
• People send signals to each other
with nonverbal and verbal
communication.
• We interpret symbols and apply our
own meaning to them.
• Using symbols can cause confusion
• People don’t use the same symbols
or agree on the same symbols.
• When you put ideas into words,
you encode.
• When your listener translates
your words into ideas, you
decode.
Pgs. 22-25
Nikolas Langtry, Alexis
Bellman, and Xcentric
Samuels
Pg 22
Nonverbal Symbols- Communication without
words.
Aspects of nonverbal communication:
• Always communicates something.
• Tied to the situation
• Affects the relationship
Divided into five main categories:
Paralanguage, Kinesics, proxemics,
Haptics and appearance.
Listening with Your eyes
Eye movements can show a
variety of information, some of
which is variable.
Eye movements can express
intense interest, define the
nature of the relationship,
communicate power, and/or
show respect or disrespect.
Kinesics
• Kinesics- a type of nonverbal
communication, like communicating
through body movement.
• Five types of kinesics
communication:
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•
•
•
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Emblems
Affect displays
Regulators
Adaptors
Illustrators
Pages 26-29
By thy Cool Cats
Dylan Bracken
Shanell Maclin
Corey Sanborn
Proxemics
• Proxemics is nonverbal
communications that
communicates through space
and distances
• spatial distances in the US 0”18” inmate 18”-24” social 4”12’and Public 12”-25’
• Proxemics communicates
emotional relationships between
groups by their spatial distances
Haptics
• Haptics is nonverbal
communications by touch
• US touch communicates:
positive emotion (hug)
playfulness (quick tap on the
shoulder or hand) control (firm
grasp of the shoulders or waist)
Ritual (handshake) Preforming a
task (shampooing)
• Haptics communicates your
relationship by touch and show
intention
Appearance
• One of the final areas in
which you communicate
nonverbally is by
appearance
• Is drawing conclusion by
how someone looks like
physical traits using
stereotypical ideals
• Studies have been done for
credibility and appearance
anchorman in suit vs
business casual
Perception
• Perception is you way you view some one
through nonverbal communication via
memory it effects emotion
• The connection to proxemics is the
connection over time between the two
changes
• The connection to haptics it helps indicate
the intention and emotion
• The connection to Appearance is the
judgment of someone by physical features
Pages #31-36
By: Ashleigh Miller, Natalie Cann,
and Hunter McCoy
Other Factors That Influence Communication
• While sending and receiving
messages orally you also are
perceiving the context of the
message mentally.
Terms to Know
• Attribution: People attempt to
explain the motivation of
someone’s behavior.
• Physical Limits: Even if your
vision and hearing are perfect
you can’t perceive all data
around you.
• The Familiar: If the Stimuli
aren’t strong enough to be
noticed or difficult to
organize, you may not be
able to interpret them.
Examples
Hunter is always in trouble
because he is too busy
socializing.
Tuning out surrounding
noises while reading.
How many different types
of fonts on billboards and
signs do you pass each
day?
How We Speak
The Mechanics
• Diaphragm expands and pushes air up through the
trachea, then it is directed into the larynx which contains
the vocal cords.
• Pitch
• Volume
• Resonators
Pages 39-43
By: Cody Meadows
Tanya Wiesman
Da’Quain Cobb
Reasons For Listening
• Listening is a leisurely activity.
• The average person can speak
125 words per minute.
• People hear & comprehend 300
words per min.
• Good listing techniques
sharpen your thinking,
improvements in relationships,
social skills, school
performance & job proficiency.
How to Listen
• It begins with a decision to
do it
• A learned social skill
• Five steps: Hearing,
interpreting, evaluating,
remembering, & responding.
What to Listen for
• You listen to thoughts, ideas
& opinions
• You’re not as aware of
attitudes & emotions
• Be receptive & focus on the
content of the message.
Barriers to Listening
• Duplicate in your mind
speakers message & intent
• Variety of barriers hinder
listeners & prevent from
accurately understanding the
message
• Four Barriers: External,
Listener, Speaker, Cultural
Improve Listing Habits
• Note how you’re interpreting,
evaluating, & remembering
what’s being said
• Figure out whether your word
meanings are the same as those
of the speakers
• Take stock of any listener
barriers you may be
experiencing
Chapter 3
LISTENING!
Pages 44-49
Ben Metas & Kayla Counts
Speaker Barriers
Appearance – Age, Race, Sex, etc.
Manner – Behavior!
Power - Authority, Experience (or lack of it)
Credibility – Is this person honest?
The Message Itself!
Cultural Barriers
Prejudice (Boo!)
Speaking Style – Being Nice vs. Being Right
Nonverbal Communication – R.E.S.P.E.C.T.
Accents
Types of Listening
Active Listening
Empathetic Listening
Creative Listening
Informational Listening
Active Listening
Engage your mind and understand the meaning
of the speaker.
Respect the other person’s ideas.
Clarify by asking questions.
How do I listen actively?
Organize the speaker’s ideas.
Mentally summarize what they are saying.
Echo the speaker’s meaning.
Echo their implied or expressed feelings.
Ask questions to further clarify.
Other Kinds of Active Listening
Empathetic Listening
Keep your speaker’s emotions in mind and share
their feelings.
Creative Listening
Listening while also using your imagination.
Informational Listening
Listen for Content!
Understand the speaker’s ideas, purpose, and
details.
Look for logical organization and relevance.
How to Take Good Notes
Get Organized!
Develop a Scheme
Use Graphic Organizers
Mentally Summarize Key Points
Get the Whole Picture
Take Note of Your Comments
Ask for Clarification
Review Notes Later
Pages 52 - 55
Alyssa Kish
Maurice Moner
Kaitlyn Davis
Identifying Propaganda
Propaganda is …
a form of persuasion that discourages
listeners from making an independent choice.
The Six Common Propaganda Techniques:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transfer
‘Jumping on the Bandwagon’
Name Calling
Loaded Words/Emotional Appeals
Stereotypes
Posing Arguments
Words You Should Know

Card Stacking –
biased evidence of the speaker

Creative Listening –
using other’s ideas to your own benefit

Either/Or –
a technique that poses arguments between two choices; doesn’t take other
possibilities into consideration

Empathetic Listening –
listening to make the speaker feel better

False Generalization –
when a speaker does not have enough evidence to support his point, or they
leave out details to get their point across

Glittering Generalities –
when the speaker generalizes their words or phrases to get support

Informational Listening –
learning from the speaker
Chapter 4
COMMUNICATION
CONFIDENCE
Page 56-60
THORSBY,DEMOS,OATIS
CHAPTER 4
communication confidence
Sides of the self
Physical self
APPEARANC
E
Social self
APPEAR TO
OTHERS
personality
YOUR
BEHAVIOR
AROUND
OTHERS
extrovert
OUT GOING
introvert
QUIET,SHY
Spiritual self
BELIEFS
SELF-CONCEPTS
HOW ONE PRECEIVE ONE SELF
SOMETHING YOU LEARNED OVER
THE YEARS.
CULTURAL INFLUENCE
AROUND YOU YOUR
PARENTS,TEACHERS,PEERS,
AND THE MEADIA STILL TEACH
YOU VALUS,ATTITUEDS,AND
BELIEFS
SELF-ESTEEM
AMOUNT OF SATISFACTION YOU
HAVE ABOUT YOURSELF
ACCEPT THE GOOD AND BAD
VALUES ABOUT YOURSELF
Pages 61-64
By: Breanna Harrison and Cody Ozenghar
Self Awareness and
Perception
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Positive self-concept/self-esteem are accomplished
by:
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Recognizing strengths and determine limits.
Setting realistic goals
Support efforts
Be forgiving of faults
Three areas that affect perception of others
are:
 Accuracy of self concept
 Acceptance of yourself
 Personality

Self concepts can affect perceptions of others.
Self Disclosure
Self-Disclosureunrevealed
information of ones
self.
 Self-Disclosure can
have positive or
negative affects.

Trusting and Sharing Feelings

Building trust is
essential to successful
communication.

When sharing feelings
use specific terms to
clarify meaning.
Communication Competence
Knowing who you are
is essential to
communication
competence.
 Three key skills:

– Adaptability
– Articulation (clear
word use)
– Humor
Nervousness is Not an Option
page 65-68
Maryetta Randle,
Amber Wallerstien &
Jacob Jones
Stage fright is...
The nervousness felt at standing in front of
an audience.
The best antidote for controlling stage fright
is being well prepared and rehearsed.
Mental Techniques…
Relax your mind – Close your eyes and think of
pleasant thoughts.
Remember your goal – remember your not there to
perform but to communicate!
Concentrate on your message – Think about the
ideas you want to express.
Study your topic – Research it thoroughly. Be sure
to know your topic!
Think of your audience as friendly – Pretend as if
your explaining your topic to your best friend!
Prepare your introduction and conclusion –
The introduction establishes the connection with
your audience. Use strong sentences and
memorize them.
Control your anxiety – Remind yourself that
anxiety is normal. Make a decision not to let fear
spiral into panic.
Physical Relaxation Techniques
1. Make yourself yawn, it may seem weird
but it’ll relax you.
2. Breathe by inhaling deeply.
3. Do slow head rolls
4. Sit in a chair and go limp, let your
muscles relax.
Page 68-70
By Nicholas Wright
Kori Russell
Alexus Mays
Key Terms
• Adaptability – adjusting to situations
• Articulation – expressing yourself clearly
• Cognitive dissonance – anxiety of having beliefs or behaviors
that contradict each other.
• Extrovert – outgoing personality
• Introvert – personality turned inward
Building Confidence
• People have different ways on how they communicate
• Majority of people who fear public speaking lack confidence and
experience
• Those who have no fear have had practice and have self
confidence and know their subject and audience
• The best way to build up confidence is to practice public
speaking as much as you can!
Checklist And Tips
How to look confident do the
following:
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Maintain eye contact
Control your emotions, don’t let
them take control
Always admit your mistakes
Draw others into conversation
Avoid tag questions which are “
don’t you think?” or “isn’t it?”
Don’t fidget try to move around
Avoid vocal pauses like “ah” or
“umm”
Maintain appropriate distance,
give the audience some space
Checklist and tips
(continued)
Tips that are useful are:
• Try to focus only on your topic don’t worry about your clothes or
how you look
• Feel the energy you have focus all your attention on your
listeners make a lot of eye contact
• Release tension from your body move around a little so you feel
more comfortable
• Use gestures and some kind of platform movement: move around
in an area or your choice
• Try to make some jokes the humor helps you and the audience
feel more relaxed