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RENAL SYSTEM WORK SHEET List six key functions of the renal system. 1. ____________________________________ 2. ____________________________________ 3. ____________________________________ 4. ____________________________________ 5. ____________________________________ 6. ____________________________________ The Nephron is the Functional Unit of the Kidney The medulla is the (inner/outer) layer and the cortex is the (inner/outer) of the kidney. (Fig. 19-1c) What is a nephron? ____________________________________________________________________. Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney? ____________________. Describe the portal system of the nephron (p 602) ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________. What are the three major components of the renal corpuscle? (see Fig. 19-4a) 1. 2. 3. What takes place at the glomerulus? _______________________________________________________. What are the three major components of the renal tubule? (see Fig. 19-2) 1. 2. 3. The three processes in the Nephron are Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion Name the three processes of the kidney and briefly describe them: 1) 2) 3) Compare a cortical nephron to a juxtamedullary nephron: In the human kidney, about _____% of the nephrons are cortical and _____% are a juxtamedullary. How much plasma if filtered per day by the kidneys? __________ L/day. 2 How much urine (on average) leaves the body per day? __________L/day. What happens to the fluid that does not leave in the urine? _____________________________________. Volume and Osmolarity Change as Fluid flows through the Nephron Fluid leaving the Bowman’s capsule is nearly ________ osmotic with plasma. (p 604) At the end of the proximal tubule _____% of the filtered fluid remains in the tubule. The osmolarity of this fluid is _______ mOsM. Based on these numbers, it is said that the proximal tubule is the primary site of (filtration/reabsorption/secretion). Fluid leaving the loop of Henle is usually (isosmotic/hyperosmotic/hyposmotic) to plasma, so it is said that the loop is the primary site for production of (concentrated/dilute/salty) urine. By the end of the collecting duct, the fluid in the tubule has a volume of _________ L/day and an osmolarity that can range from _________ to _________ mOsM. Both the volume and the osmolarity of urine depend of the body’s need to conserve or excrete ____________ and ____________. Filtration What % of the plasma volume that enters the glomerulus is actually filtered? _______ %. How much of that filtered plasma is becomes urine and is excreted? _______% Filtration occurs because of Hydrostatic Pressure in the Capillaries of the Glomerulus The driving force for glomerular filtration is: ________________________________________________. 1) The _________________ pressure of blood forces fluid out through leaky endothelium of capillaries. 2) The _________________ pressure inside glomerular capillaries is higher that that of fluid within the Bowmans capsule. The hydrostatic pressure (HP) of the glomerulus is ______ mmHg. This force (opposes/enhances) fluid movement into the Bowman’s capsule, i.e., (opposes /enhances) filtration. The HP of the Bowman’s space (or capsule) is ______ mmHg. This force (opposes/enhances) fluid movement into the capsule. The colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of the blood in the glomerulus is ______ mmHg. This force (opposes/enhances) fluid movement into the Bowman’s capsule? If you summate these 3 forces that influence fluid movement across the glomerulus, the net force is ______ mmHg. The net direction of fluid movement is from the _____________ to the _____________. 3 Glomerular Filtration Rate Averages 180 Liters a Day Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR): Briefly describe which two factors influence GFR the most. 1) 2) An average value for GFR is _________ liters/day or _________ ml/min. The total body plasma is _______ L, which means the kidneys filter the plasma ________ per day! GFR is Subject to Autoregulation What is autoregulation? _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________. What is a myogenic response? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________. Why is a decrease in GFR when blood pressure falls below normal an adaptive response? _____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________. How does the distal tubule communicate with the arterioles? (see Fig. 19-9) ____________________________________________________________________________________. What does the abbreviation “JG” stand for? _______________________________. The JG cells secret an enzyme called ____________, which has a role in _________ and _________ balance. Hormones and Autonomic Neurons also Influence GFR In neural control of GFR (sympathetic/parasympathetic) neurons release (Ach/NE) onto (, 1, 2, nicotinic or muscarinic) receptors, causing (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) of renal arterioles. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole will (increase/decrease) its resistance, will (increase/decrease) hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and will (increase/decrease) GFR. 4 Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will (increase/decrease) its resistance, will (increase/decrease) hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus and will (increase/decrease) GFR. Hormones that influence arteriole resistance and GFR include _______________________, which is a potent vasoconstrictor and a group of regulators called ____________________ which are vasodilators. Reabsorption The bulk of reabsorption in the nephron takes place in the _____________________________________. Which ion plays a key role in bulk reabsorption in the proximal (convoluted) tubule? _________. List some molecules that are transported using Na+-linked secondary active transport: ____________________________________________________________________________________. Saturation of Renal Transport plays an Important Role in Kidney Function List the three properties of mediated transport seen in all protein-substrate interactions: ____________________________________________________________________________________. Define saturation: _____________________________________________________________________. Below saturation point, the rate of transport is proportional to ________________ _________________. Should glucose normally be found in the urine? ____. The term for glucose in urine? ________________. Should protein normally be found in the urine? ____. The term for protein in urine? _________________. Secretion and Excretion By what mode of transport is most of secretion accomplished? _____________________. How is secretion different from excretion? __________________________________________________. Table 1. Fill in the following table for the signal molecules that regulate the renal system. Molecule Source Action Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Vasopressin (ADH) Aldosterone