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Virsuses: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Outline • Introductory Comments – – – • Origins of HIV – • Glycoproteins Viral genes Laboratory Diagnostic Tests – – – • • • • Dr. Hahn and colleagues Characteristics of HIV Particle – – • Virus versus bacteria Examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses How RNA containing viruses can replicate PCR Western Blot ELISA -------------------------------------------------- Part 2 ------------------------Treatment Transmission Prevention Bacteria versus Viruses Note: These STDs are bacterial infections! • SYPHILIS – Bacterium: Treponema pallidum • GONORRHEA – Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae Viruses • DNA containing • RNA containing DNA containing viruses • Herpes virus • Small pox virus • Hepatitis B • adenovirus RNA containing viruses • • • • • • • Hepatitis A and C Rabies Ebola Measles Mumps Polio HIV Measles on the back Rabies virus HIV Examples of how RNA viruses replicate Positive strand Negative strand Retro RETROVIRAL REPLICATION HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIECY VIRUS • • • • Family: retrovirus Genus: lentivirus Species: HIV 1 and HIV 2 Groups and Subtypes: variety “Predominant Subtypes of Group M” • • • • • • • Africa Americas China (southeast) Europe India Japan Thailand • • • • • • • A;D;C B C B C B E Dr. Beatrice Hahn & colleagues: Drs. Li and Keele Red Cap Mangabey monkey Greater spot nose monkey SIV cpz almost identical to HIV 1 Humans Pan troglodytes troglodytes Simian Virus (SIV cpz) almost identical to HIV 1 Sooty mangabey monkey Simian Virus corresponds to HIV2 HIV: Structure and mechanism of replication HIV-1 PARTICLE HIV Glycoproteins • Lipid Bilayer contains glycoproteins – Gp 160 – Gp 120 – Gp 41 T lymphocyte in green and HIV in red HOST CELLS: helper T lymphocyte, macrophages HIV and helper T cells HIV-1 http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animat ion__hiv_replication.html Budding of HIV from T lymphocyte HIV HIV Mechanism of Infection VIRAL RNA Infects Th cell Integrates into host DNA LYTIC STAGE “activated” PROVIRAL DNA storage LYSOGENIC STAGE Co-Receptors Binds naturally occurring chemokines CCR5 or CXCR4 (fusin) LYTIC STAGE The key HIV genes HIV Diagnostic Tests • Western Blot • PCR Directly measures HIV Polymerase Chain Reaction • Measures proviral DNA within the host DNA Western Blot Identifies HIV proteins Protein ladder HIV Diagnostic Tests • ELISA measures Indirect evidence of HIV exposure Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • A diagnostic test for Antibodies to HIV Antibodies *Antibodies are proteins produced by our immune system that are directed against specific antigens. (Antibody interactions with antigens will also be discussed in our “immungenetics lecture”) Antibodies Antigens Immune system Non-self Now apply these concepts to the diagnostic test known as ELISA to detect antibodies against HIV from a biologic fluid. Do any of these individuals carry antibodies to HIV? ELISA MICROTITER PLATES Microtiter plate The ELISA protocol sample Labelled 2nd Ab antigen 2 3 1 4 Color inducing substrate Results POSITIVE ANTI-HIV COLOR CHANGE NEGATIVE ANTI-HIV NO COLOR CHANGE FDA Approves Saliva OraQuick Rapid Test for HIV-1, HIV-2 Antibodies [March 29, 2004] (similar test is also available for blood samples, see next slides). 1 2 OraQuick Rapid Anti-HIV Blood Test 3 20 minute test Cost app. $15.00 Outline • Introductory Comments – – – • Origins of HIV – • Glycoproteins Viral genes Laboratory Diagnostic Tests – – – • • • • Dr. Hahn and colleagues Characteristics of HIV Particle – – • Virus versus bacteria Examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses How RNA containing viruses can replicate PCR Western Blot ELISA -------------------------------------------------- Part 2 ------------------------Treatment Transmission Prevention
