Download KEY - ALL Constructed Response 127 pages WEATHER mega packet from mrleonsci

ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the map in your answer booklet and on your
knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the path of a tornado that moved through a portion of
Nebraska on May 22, 2004 between 7:30 p.m. and 9:10 p.m. The path of the tornado along the ground
is indicated by the shaded region. The width of the shading indicates the width of destruction on the
ground. Numbers on the tornado's path indicate the Fujita intensity at those locations. The Fujita
Intensity Scale (F-Scale), in the left corner of the map, provides information about wind speed and
damage at various F-Scale intensities.
1. Describe one safety precaution that should be taken if a tornado has been sighted approaching your
home.
2. Identify the weather instrument usually used to measure wind speed.
3. State a possible wind speed of the tornado, in kilometers per hour (km/h), when it was moving through
the town of Bennet.
4. On the map, place an X at a location where the tornado damage was greatest.
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Base your answers to questions 5 through 8 on the passage and the graph below and on your
knowledge of Earth science.
Great Lake Effects
The Great Lakes influence the weather and climate of nearby land regions at all times of the
year. Much of this lake effect is determined by the relative temperatures of surface lake water
compared to the surface air temperatures over those land areas. The graph below shows the
average monthly temperature of the surface water of Lake Erie and the surface air temperature at
Buffalo, New York.
In an average year, four lake-effect seasons are experienced. When surface lake temperatures
are colder than surface air temperatures, a stable season occurs. The cooler lake waters suppress
cloud development and reduce the strength of rainstorms. As a result, late spring and early
summer in the Buffalo region tends to be very sunny.
A season of lake-effect rains follows. August is usually a time of heavy nighttime rains, and
much of the rainy season is marked by heavy, localized rainstorms downwind from the lake.
Gradually, during late October, lake-effect rains are replaced by snows. Generally, the longer the
time the wind travels over the lake, the heavier the lake effect becomes in Buffalo.
Finally, conditions stabilize again, as the relatively shallow Lake Erie freezes over, usually
near the end of January. Very few lake-effect storms occur during this time period.
5. Explain why the Buffalo surface air temperatures increase faster and earlier in the year than do the
surface water temperatures of Lake Erie.
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6. On the map, draw one straight arrow in Lake Erie to show the winter wind direction most likely to
bring the heaviest lake-effect snows to Buffalo.
7. Identify one weather variable that determines whether Buffalo receives rain or snow from a lake-effect
storm in October.
8. The passage states, "The cooler lake waters suppress cloud development..." because the water cools the
air above its surface. Explain why this cool air above the lake surface reduces the amount of cloud
development.
Base your answers to questions 9 through 11 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The map shows surface air temperatures for some locations in the United States on a day in
November. The 20°F, 30°F, 40°F, and 70°F isotherms are shown. Points A, W, X, Y, and Z represent
locations on Earth's surface. The air temperature at location A is shown.
9. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates that the temperature gradient between locations
W and X is greater than the temperature gradient between locations Y and Z.
10. Identify the air temperature at Watertown, New York.
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11. On the map below, draw both the 50°F and 60°F isotherms. Extend each isotherm to the edge of the
map.
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Base your answers to questions 12 through 14 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The diagram represents a weather balloon as it rises from Earth's surface to 1000 meters (m).
The air temperature and wet-bulb temperature values in degrees Celsius (°C) and the air pressure
values in millibars (mb) are given for three altitudes.
12. A cloud is forming at 1000 meters. Identify the phase change that is occurring at 1000 meters to
produce the cloud.
13. Determine the dewpoint and the relative humidity of the air at Earth's surface.
14. Identify the names of the instruments carried by the weather balloon that recorded the air pressure
and air temperature.
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Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the map of Australia below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. Points A through D on the map represent locations on the continent.
15. The cross section below represents a mountain between location C and D and the direction of
prevailing winds.
Explain why location D has a wetter climate than location C.
16. Explain why location A has a cooler average yearly air temperature than location B.
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Base your answers to questions 17 through 20 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The weather map shows atmospheric pressures, recorded in millibars (mb), at locations
around a low-pressure center (L) in the eastern United States. Isobars indicate air pressures in the
western portion of the mapped area. Point A represents a location on Earth's surface.
17. Convert the air pressure at location A from millibars to inches of mercury.
18. Identify the compass direction toward which the center of the low-pressure system will move if it
follows a typical storm track.
19. Identify the weather instrument that was used to measure the air pressures recorded on the map.
20. On the weather map above, draw the 1012 millibar and 1008 millibar isobars. Extend the isobars to
the east coast of the United States.
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Base your answers to questions 21 through 23 on the generalized climatic moisture map of North
America below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Areas are classified as generally dry or
generally wet, and then ranked by relative moisture conditions. Glacial and mountain climate areas
are also shown on the map. Points A, B, C, D, and E indicate locations on Earth's surface.
21. Explain why location D has a cooler climate than location E.
22. State the climate factor that causes a cold climate at location C.
23. Explain why the climate at location A is more moist than the climate at location B.
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24. The cross section below represents the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. Arrows
show the movement of air over a mountain. Points X and Y represent locations on Earth's surface.
Describe how the air's temperature and water vapor content at point X is different from the air's
temperature and water vapor content at point Y.
Base your answers to questions 25 through 28 on the graph and map below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The average monthly temperatures for Eureka, California, and Omaha, Nebraska, are
plotted on the graph. The map indicates the locations of these two cities.
25. Identify the surface ocean current that affects the climate of Eureka.
26. Identify the month with the greatest difference in the average temperature between these two cities.
27. Explain why Omaha, which is farther inland, has a greater variation in temperatures throughout the
year than Eureka, which is closer to the ocean.
28. Calculate the rate of change in the average monthly temperature for Omaha during the two-month
period between October and December, as shown on the graph.
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Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The map indicates the location of a low-pressure system over New York State during late
summer. Isobar values are recorded in millibars. Shading indicates regions receiving precipitation.
The air masses are labeled mT and cP. The locations of some New York State cities are shown. Points
A and B represent other locations on Earth's surface.
29. The cross section below represents the atmosphere along the dashed line from A to B on the map. The
warm frontal boundary is already shown on the cross section. Draw a curved line to represent the
shape and location of the cold frontal boundary.
30. An air mass acquires the characteristics of the surface over which it forms. Above, circle the type of
Earth surface (land or ocean) and describe the relative temperature of the surface over which the mT
air mass most likely formed.
31. Describe the effect that global warming most likely will have on both present-day glaciers and sea
level.
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Base your answers to questions 32 through 34 on the table below, on the map, and on your knowledge
of Earth science. The table lists the latitude, longitude, and barometric pressure, in millibars (mb), of
the center of a low-pressure system (L) as it moved across North America from March 14 to March
17. The map in your answer booklet shows the center of this low-pressure system (L) and associated
fronts on March 14. The location of the low-pressure system 24 hours later on March 15 is also
indicated.
32. On the station model below, using the proper format, record the barometric pressure of the
low-pressure center (L) on March 16.
33. Calculate the average speed, in kilometers per hour, at which this low-pressure center (L) traveled
during the 24 hours between March 14 and March 15.
34. On the map, use the latitudes and longitudes listed in the data table to plot the March 16 and March
17 locations of the center of the low-pressure system (L) by placing an X at each location.
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Base your answers to questions 35 and 36 on the Atlantic hurricane map below and on your
knowledge of Earth science. The arrows on the map show the tracks of various hurricanes that
occurred during late summer and early fall.
35. Several of these hurricanes have affected land areas. Describe two actions that people who live in
hurricaneprone areas should take in order to prepare for future hurricanes.
36. Describe one ocean surface condition or atmospheric condition that makes the area over the Atlantic
Ocean between 10° N latitude and 20° N latitude ideal for these hurricanes to form.
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Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the data table below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The table shows air temperatures recorded under identical conditions at 2-hour
intervals on a sunny day. Data were recorded 1 meter above ground level both inside and outside of a
glass greenhouse.
37. Most atmospheric scientists infer that global warming is occurring due to an increase in greenhouse
gases. State the names of two greenhouse gases.
38. Calculate the rate of change in the outside air temperature from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. in Celsius degrees
per hour.
39. Describe the color and texture of the surfaces inside the greenhouse that would most likely absorb the
greatest amount of visible light.
Base your answers to questions 40 through 43 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The diagram represents portions of the water cycle. Letters A, B, and C represent processes
in the water cycle. Arrows show the movement of water.
40. What is the main source of energy for the water cycle?
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41. Describe the general relationship between the amount of rainfall and the amount of runoff
represented by C.
42. Identify the process represented by B.
43. Identify one process represented by A.
Base your answers to questions 44 through 47 on the station models below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The changing weather conditions at a location in New York State during a winter storm
are recorded on the station models.
44. As this storm approached, the National Weather Service issued a winter storm warning. Identify two
items that should be included in emergency preparedness supplies for a winter storm.
45. From 12 noon Thursday until 8 p.m. Thursday, the total amount of snowfall was 12 inches. Calculate
the snowfall rate, in inches per hour.
46. State the relative humidity at this location at 8 p.m. Thursday.
47. Complete the table by recording the weather data shown on the station model for 12 noon Thursday.
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Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the data table below, the map on the following page,
and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the air pressure in the eye (center) and
the maximum sustained wind speed around the eye of Hurricane Wilma from October 18 through
October 25, 2005. The data were collected at the same time each day. The map shows the geographic
locations of the eye of Hurricane Wilma from October 18 to October 25.
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48. Draw a line to indicate the general relationship between air pressure in the eye of the hurricane and
the wind speed around the eye of this hurricane.
49. State the compass direction in which Hurricane Wilma moved from October 22 through October 25.
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50. Identify the latitude and longitude of the eye of Hurricane Wilma on October 24. Label your answer
with the correct units and directions.
Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the weather station model below and on your
knowledge of Earth science. The model shows atmospheric conditions at Oswego, New York.
51. Convert the coded air pressure shown on the station model into the actual millibars of air pressure.
52. Explain how the data on the station model indicate a high relative humidity.
53. Fill in the correct information for each weather variable listed for this station model.
Air temperature: ____________ °F
Dewpoint: ___________ °F
Wind speed: ___________ knots
Cloud cover: ___________ %
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Base your answers to questions 54 through 57 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The map shows air temperatures (in °F) at locations in the northeastern United States
and part of Canada. Syracuse, New York, is labeled. Line AB represents a stationary frontal boundary.
54. Explain why locations near the Atlantic Ocean have air temperatures that are warmer than locations
farther inland.
55. Write the two-letter weather map symbol for the type of air mass that is most likely located north of
frontal boundary AB.
56. Convert the air temperature at Syracuse from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius.
57. On the map, draw the isotherm for 0°F. Extend each end of the isotherm to the edge of the map.
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Base your answers to questions 58 through 60 on
the model below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows the movement of water
in the water cycle. Arrow A represents a process within the water cycle.
58. A portion of the land surface shown was recently paved with asphalt and concrete. Describe the
change in the amount of runoff and infiltration that will occur.
59. How many joules of heat energy are required to evaporate 2 grams of water from the lake surface?
60. Identify one water cycle process represented by arrow A.
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Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on
the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The table shows the area, in million
square kilometers, of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice from June through November. The average area
covered by ice from 1979 to 2000 from June to November is compared to the area covered by ice in
2005 for the same time period.
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61. Identify one greenhouse gas that is believed to cause global warming.
62. Scientists have noted that since 2002, the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice during these
warmer months has shown an overall decrease from the long-term average (1979-2000). State one
way in which this ice coverage since 2002 and the ice coverage shown in the 2005 data above
provide evidence of global warming, when compared to this long-term average.
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63. Use the information in the data table to construct a line graph. On the grid, plot the data for the area
covered by ice in 2005 for each month shown on the data table and connect the plots with a line. The
average area covered by ice for 1979-2000 has been plotted and labeled on the grid.
Base your answers to questions 64 through 67 on
the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The diagram represents a portion of a
stream and its surrounding bedrock. The arrows represent the movement of water molecules by the
processes of the water cycle. The water table is indicated by a dashed line. Letter A represents a water
cycle process occurring at a specific location. Letter d represents the distance between the water table
and the land surface.
64. Explain why the distance, d, from the water table to the land surface would decrease after several
days of heavy rainfall.
65. Slightly acidic groundwater has been seeping through cracks and openings in the limestone bedrock
of this area, producing caves. State whether the type of weathering that produces these caves is
mainly chemical or physical , and identify one characteristic of limestone that allows this type of
weathering to occur.
66. Describe the soil permeability and the land surface slope that allow the most infiltration of rainwater
and the least runoff.
67. Identify water cycle process A, which produces cloud droplets.
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Base your answers to questions 68 through 71 on
the diagram below, which shows the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. Arrows show
the movement of air over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations at sea level on Earth's
surface.
68. Compared to the temperature and relative humidity of the air at point A, describe how the
temperature and relative humidity of the air are different as the air arrives at point B.
69. Explain why air cools as it rises up this mountain.
70. What is the relative humidity at the base (bottom) of the cloud on the windward side of the mountain?
71. Identify one weather instrument that could be used to determine the dewpoint of the air at point A.
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Base your answers to questions 72 through 76 on
the map and passage below.
A Lake-Effect Snowstorm
A snowstorm affected western New York State on October 12 and 13, 2006. A blend of
weather conditions caused more than 24 inches of heavy, wet, lake-effect snow, bringing much of
western New York to a standstill. The New York State Thruway was closed to traffic between
exits 46 and 59, which are circled on the map. The isolines on the map show the amount of
snowfall, measured in inches, resulting from this storm. Points A and B represent locations on
Earth's surface.
72. Identify two hazards to human life or property that can result from a snowstorm of this size.
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73. Identify the most probable direction from which the wind was blowing to produce the pattern of
snowfall shown on the map.
74. Determine the number of inches of snow that was received in Niagara Falls, New York, from this
snowstorm.
75. Approximately how many miles of this section of the Thruway were closed due to the snowstorm?
76. On the grid, construct a profile of the snowfall amounts along line AB by plotting the isoline amounts
that cross line AB. The amounts for points A and B have been plotted. Complete the profile by
connecting all the plots with a line.
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Base your answers to questions 77 through 79 on the data table below, which shows the average
carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations in Earth's atmosphere for specific years from 1930 to 2010.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere that contributes to global warming. The
average carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in parts per million (ppm).
77. Identify one greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide, that contributes to global warming.
78. Calculate the rate of change from 2000 to 2010 of the average carbon dioxide concentrations, in parts
per million per year.
79. On the grid, construct a line graph by plotting the average carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth's
atmosphere for each year shown on the data table. Connect the plots with a line.
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Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the climate graph below, which shows the average
monthly precipitation and average monthly air temperatures at city X. City X is located near a
mountain range in the Southern Hemisphere.
80. Below state whether the climate of city X is dry or wet. Then, on the cross section, place an X on
Earth’s surface to indicate the most likely location of city X.
81. What evidence shown on the graph indicates that city X is located in the Southern Hemisphere?
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Base your answers to questions 82 through 85 on
the map in your answer booklet, which shows surface air temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, for a
portion of the United States. These temperatures were recorded at noontime on the same winter day.
Two coastal cities are labeled: Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Miami, Florida. Other selected
locations are labeled A, B, and C.
82. A frontal boundary exists between locations B and C. Identify one process that causes clouds to form
in the moist air rising along this frontal boundary.
83. Explain why the noontime winter air temperatures in Miami, Florida, are usually higher than the
noontime winter air temperatures in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
84. Calculate the temperature gradient between locations B and C in °F per mile.
85. On the map, draw the 60°F isotherm from location A to the western edge of the map.
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Base your answers to questions 86 through 88 on the map below, which shows a portion of New York
State and Canada. The arrows represent the direction of the wind blowing over Lake Ontario for
several days early one winter.
86. Explain why the surface of Lake Erie freezes much later in the winter than the surrounding land
surfaces.
87. Compared to the average winter air temperature in Watertown, New York, explain why the average
winter air temperature in Old Forge, New York, is colder.
88. Explain why Oswego, New York, usually gets more snow than Toronto, Canada, when the wind is
blowing in the direction shown on the map.
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Base your answers to questions 89 through 91 on the passage below.
Mount Manaro Erupts!
Mount Manaro is a volcano on Ambae Island, about 1400 miles northeast of Australia. Ambae
Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean at 15° south latitude, 168° east longitude.
After Mount Manaro had erupted in 1995, Ambae Island residents developed an evacuation
plan. When Mount Manaro began erupting gas, steam, and ash on November 27, 2005, scientists
and residents watched the volcano carefully.
The eruption became more severe on December 9, 2005, when steam and gases rose 1.8 miles
up into the air. Rocks and ash began to fall on nearby farms and homes. Thousands of people left
their homes, making it the largest evacuation ever on Ambae Island.
89. On the diagram below, draw one arrow through point X and one arrow through point Y to indicate
the direction of tectonic plate motion near Mount Manaro.
90. Identify the ocean current off the northeast coast of Australia that most affects the climate of Ambae
Island.
91. Name the highest layer of the atmosphere into which the steam from the volcanic eruption rose on
December 9, 2005.
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Base your answers to questions 92 and 93 on
the map below, which represents the geographic source regions of two air masses, X and Y. The
arrows represent the convergence of these air masses, which may result in tornadoes.
92. A tornado watch or warning is issued for a location in the area labeled Tornado Alley. State one
safety precaution that should be taken to avoid possible injury from this tornado.
93. Use the standard two-letter air-mass symbols to identify air-masses X and Y.
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Base your answers to questions 94 and 95 on the map below, which represents the center of a
low-pressure system indicated by L. The 1000-millibar (mb) isobar is drawn around the center of this
low-pressure system.
94. Identify one factor that usually causes many low-pressure centers to generally move from west to
east across the United States.
95. On the map above, draw two additional isobars around the outside of the 1000-mb isobar in a way
that indicates that the strongest winds are west of the low-pressure center.
Base your answers to questions 96 and 97 on the data table below and on the partial weather station
model for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
96. State the actual barometric pressure at Oklahoma City.
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97. On the partial weather station model for Oklahoma City above, add the correct weather map symbols
to indicate the weather conditions shown in the data table.
Base your answers to questions 98 and 99 on the data table below, which shows the air temperature,
in degrees Fahrenheit, and air pressure, in inches of mercury (Hg), recorded at a weather station in
New York State from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. on a day in September.
98. State the relationship between air temperature and air pressure from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
99. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the data for the air temperature for each time
from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Connect the plots with a line. The data for air pressure have been plotted.
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Base your answers to questions 100 through 104 on the weather graphs below, which show data
recorded at Syracuse, New York, as a winter storm moved across the region between December 1 and
December 4, 2007. Graph 1 shows air temperatures and dew points. Graph 2 shows barometric
pressures.
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100. Complete the table below by identifying one instrument used to determine barometric pressure and
one weather variable determined by using a psychrometer.
101. A radar image of this storm is shown below. The darkest regions on the radar image show areas of
precipitation. Letter L marks the location of the center of the low-pressure system. Draw an arrow
on the radar image to show the most probable path this winter storm followed. Begin the arrow a
letter L.
102. On the station model below, record the barometric pressure for Syracuse at 4 p.m. on December 2.
103. On which date and at what time did the relative humidity reach 100% in Syracuse?
104. State the relationship between the air temperature and the barometric pressure in Syracuse on
December 2.
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Base your answers to questions 105 through 109 on the two maps below. Map 1 shows air
temperatures in the United States and Mexico, recorded in °F, at the points shown on the map. Map 2
shows the location of a low-pressure system at the time these air temperatures were measured. An
occluded front extends from the center of the low-pressure system (L) to point A. Lines AB and AC
are two other frontal boundaries. Two air masses are shown. The storm system later moved toward
New York State and produced an ice storm.
105. State one action New York State residents should have taken to prepare for the approaching ice
storm.
106. Explain what caused the center of this low-pressure system to move toward New York State.
107. Describe the general surface wind pattern associated with the low-pressure system shown on map 2.
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108. On map 2, draw weather front symbols on the correct sides of both line AB and line AC to show the
most probable type and direction of movement of each front.
109. On map 1, draw the 32°F isotherm.
110. On the weather station model below, using the proper format, record the four weather conditions
shown below.
Dewpoint: 48°F
Air pressure: 998.3 mb
Wind: from the southeast
Wind speed: 10 knots
Base your answers to questions 111 through 114 on the graphs and map below. The map shows a
view of Earth from above the North Pole. Points on the map indicate the positions of Reykjavik,
Iceland, and Yakutsk, Russia. The graphs show average monthly air temperature (line graphs) and
amount of precipitation (bar graphs) for both locations.
111. Identify one warm and one cool ocean current that affect the climate of Iceland.
Warm: _____________________________
Cool: ______________________________
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112. Describe one way the yearly precipitation in Yakutsk differs from that in Reykjavik.
113. Explain why Reykjavik has cooler summers and warmer winters than Yakutsk.
114. Write the two-letter weather map symbol for an air mass that originates over Yakutsk.
Base your answers to questions 115 through 117 on the diagram below, which represents Earth's
water cycle. The arrows represent some water cycle processes. Letter A indicates a surface location on
Earth.
115. How many joules (J) of heat energy are released by each gram of water vapor that condenses to
form cloud droplets?
116. Describe one surface condition change at location A that would decrease the rate of runoff.
117. Other than evaporation, which water cycle process transfers large amounts of water vapor into the
atmosphere from the forest?
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Base your answers to questions 118 and 119 on the map and passage below. The map shows isolines
of average yearly rainfall, in centimeters, for the Congo River region of Africa.
The climate of the Congo River region is mainly influenced by air from two source regions.
One air-mass source region is over the Benguela Current along the west coast of Africa. This air
mass moves at low altitudes toward the Congo River region. A second air-mass source region is
located over the South Equatorial Current along the east coast of Africa. This air mass moves at
higher altitudes over the Congo River region.
118. Explain why air masses that form over the South Equatorial Current move at higher altitudes than
air masses that form over the Benguela Current.
119. According to the map, what is a possible average yearly rainfall amount received on the equator (0°)
at 20° E?
Base your answers to questions 120 and 121 on the passage below.
Average temperatures on Earth are primarily the result of the total amount of insolation
absorbed by Earth’s surface and atmosphere compared to the amount of long-wave
energy radiated back into space. Scientists believe that the addition of greenhouse gases
into Earth’s atmosphere gradually increases global temperatures.
120. Explain how increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increases global
temperatures.
121. Identify one major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
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Base your answers to questions 122 and 123 on the table below, which shows weather data recorded
at Albany, New York.
122. State one reason why rain was unlikely at the time the data was collected. Support
your answer by using the data.
123. Complete the station model in your answer booklet using the proper format to accurately represent
these six weather conditions.
Base your answers to questions 124 through 128 on on the passage and map below. The map shows
the average yearly precipitation in New York State measured in inches.
Landscapes and Precipitation
Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean is carried to New York State by
storm systems and air currents. Rain and snowfall amounts vary by region. Heavy snow belts are
located near Lake Erie and Lake Ontario as well as in the plateau regions of eastern and northern
New York State. Long Island and New York City usually experience lighter snowfalls. Snowfall
amounts are converted to inches of water to determine yearly precipitation.
124. Describe two actions that could be taken to prepare for a forecasted severe snow event.
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125. On the map below, draw one arrow to show the path that air travels to produce heavy lake-effect
snowfall in Oswego, New York.
126. Identify one process that occurs in rising air that produces clouds from water vapor.
127. Identify the New York State landscape region that has the greatest average yearly amount of
precipitation.
128. Identify two bodies of water that are major sources of moisture for the precipitation
that occurs in New York State.
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129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The map shows the precipitation
totals, in inches, from January 2003 through May 2003 for the North Carolina locations represented
by dots. Precipitation totals for locations A and B are recorded on the map. The towns of Newport
and Beaufort are labeled on the map.
Explain why the intensity of insolation received at Beaufort, North Carolina, on a clear day is greater
than the intensity of insolation received at Buffalo, New York, on the same clear day.
Base your answers to questions 130 through 132 on the cross section below, which shows two
weather fronts moving across New York State. Lines X and Y represent frontal boundaries. The large
arrows show the general direction the air masses are moving. The smaller arrows show the general
direction warm, moist air is moving over the frontal boundaries.
130. Which type of front forms when front X catches and overtakes front Y?
131. Explain why the warm, moist air rises over the frontal boundaries.
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132. Which type of front is represented by letter X?
Base your answers to questions 133 through 136 on the information and weather map below. The
weather map shows the center of a low-pressure system. The dashed line represents the dry line which
separates cT and mT air masses. Isobars are drawn at intervals of 4 millibars. Letter A indicates a
weather station model.
133. In what compass direction will the center of this low-pressure system most likely move if it follows
a normal storm track?
134. Explain why the warm air is rising along the warm front.
135. Compared to the temperature and humidity of the air on the east side of the dry line, describe the
temperature and humidity of the air on the west side.
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136. The atmospheric conditions in eastern Nebraska are represented on the map by a station model
labeled A. Below, fill in the correct information for each weather variable, based on station model A
.
Air temperature: _______________°F
Dewpoint: _______________°F
Wind direction from: _______________
Wind speed: _______________ knots
Cloud cover: _______________ %
137. On station model D below,draw the proper symbol to indicate a 25-knot wind coming from the
west.
138. What evidence indicates that station C has the highest relative humidity?
139. Convert the air temperature at station A into degrees Celsius.
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140. Base your answer to the following question on the four weather station models, A, B, C, and D,
below.
List the letters of the four station models, in order, from the station with the highest air-pressure
reading to the station with the lowest air-pressure reading.
Base your answers to questions 141 through 144 on on the weather map below, which shows a
low-pressure system located over central United States. Points A, B, and C represent locations on
Earth's surface. The isobars on the map show air pressures in millibars.
141. What evidence shown on the weather map indicates that point C is experiencing greater wind speeds
than point A?
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142. What is the two-letter symbol used on a weather map to indicate the warm, moist air mass that is
over point C?
143. What evidence shown on the map indicates that point B is most likely experiencing precipitation?
144. On the map above, draw an arrow, beginning at the L, to show the direction the low-pressure center
will most likely move in the next two days.
Base your answers to questions 145 through 147 on
on the map below, which shows an imaginary continent on a planet that has climate conditions similar
to Earth. The continent is surrounded by oceans. Two mountain ranges are shown. Points A through D
represent locations on the continent.
145. Explain why location C has a warmer and drier climate than location D.
146. Identify one factor that causes a colder climate at location B than at location A
147. Identify one labeled latitude on this continent where a high-pressure zone exists and dry air is
sinking to the surface. Include both the unit and compass direction in your answer.
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Base your answers to questions 148 and 149 on the United States map below, which shows recorded
temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for October 2, 2004. The 60°F isotherm has been drawn on the
map.
148. Identify the two-letter weather map symbol for the dry, cold air mass over North Dakota.
149. Draw the 70°F isotherm. Extend the isotherm to the edges of the continent.
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Base your answers to questions 150 through 152 on the diagram below, which shows air masses,
clouds, and rain associated with two fronts that are influencing weather conditions in New York State.
Letters A, B, and C represent three air masses. The arrows show the direction of air and front
movements.
150. Identify one process that causes clouds to form in the air rising along the frontal surface between air
mass A and air mass B.
151. Identify the type of front shown between air mass B and air mass C.
152. Identify the most likely geographic source region for air mass B.
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Base your answers to questions 153 through 157 on the weather map below, which shows two fronts
associated with a low-pressure system.
153. Warm, moist air is rising along the two frontal surfaces. Describe how the water vapor in this rising
air forms clouds. Include dewpoint and condensation in your answer.
154. Which type of weather front has entered New York State?
155. On the weather map above, place an X where precipitation is most likely occurring.
156. On the weather map above, write the air-mass symbols to indicate the most likely locations of the
continental polar air mass and maritime tropical air mass that have formed this low-pressure system.
157. On the weather map above, write the letter L at the location of the center of the low-pressure
system.
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Base your answers to questions 158 through 161 on the map below, which shows a portion of the
United States where 148 tornadoes occurred during a 24-hour period in April 1974. The paths of the
tornadoes are shown.
158. Most of these tornadoes occurred with thunderstorms along cold fronts. Identify the water cycle
process that forms clouds along cold fronts.
159. A school receives a tornado warning. Describe one emergency action that a teacher and the students
in a classroom should immediately take to protect themselves from injury.
160. Describe the air movement most likely found within these tornadoes.
161. Explain why all the tornadoes moved toward the northeast.
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Base your answers to questions 162 through 165 on the map provided below, which shows weather
station models and some weather variables for a portion of the United States. Selected weather
stations are labeled A, B, and C.
162. Which weather condition is indicated by the present weather symbol at station C?
163. The city represented by weather station B is currently being affected by an air mass that originated
over the Gulf of Mexico. What is the two-letter air-mass symbol used to represent this air mass?
164. State the air pressure, in millibars, at weather station A.
165. On the map above, draw the 50°F isotherm. The isotherm must extend to the edges of the map.
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Base your answers to questions 166 through 170 on the satellite image shown below. The satellite
image shows a low-pressure system over a portion of the United States. Air-mass symbols and frontal
boundaries have been added. Line XY is one frontal boundary. Points A, B, C, and D represent surface
locations. White area represent clouds.
166. State the compass direction that the center of this low-pressure system will move over the next few
days if it follows a normal storm track.
167. Explain why location C most likely has a cooler temperature than location D.
168. Describe one piece of evidence shown on the map that suggests location A has a lower relative
humidity than location B.
169. State one process that causes clouds to form in the moist air along the cold front.
170. In the picture above, draw the proper symbol to represent the most probable front on line XY.
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Base your answers to questions 171 and 172 on data table below, which shows the average number of
days with thunderstorms that occur over land areas at different latitudes each year.
171. State the relationship between latitude and the average number of days each year that thunderstorms
occur over a land area.
172. On the grid below,plot, with an X, the average number of days per year a thunderstorm occurs over
a land area for each latitude shown on the data table.Connect the centers of the Xs with a line.
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Base your answers to questions 173 through 177 on weather map below. The isobars show air
pressures, in millibars. Points A and B indicate locations on the map.
173. Describe the pattern of the surface winds around the center of the low-pressure system (L).
174. Write the names of the cities listed below in sequence from lowest relative humidity to highest
relative humidity.
Albuquerque
ChicagoNew
York City
175. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates strong winds were blowing between Miles
City and Pierre.
176. Calculate the pressure gradient along a straight line between point A and point B on the map. Label
your answer with the correct units.
177. On the weather map above, place an X centered on the geographic region that was most likely the
source of the mT air mass.
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Base your answers to questions 178 and 179 on the barogram below, which shows air pressure
recorded in millibars at Green Bay, Wisconsin, from April 2 through April 4, 1982.
178. What most likely caused the changes in air pressure for the period of time shown on the graph?
179. Calculate the rate of change in air pressure from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on April 3. Label your answer
with the correct units.
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Base your answers to questions 180 through 182 on the graph below, which shows the average
monthly temperatures for a year for city X and city Y. Both cities are located at the same latitude.
180. What evidence shown on the graph indicates that both cities, X and Y, are located in the Northern
Hemisphere?
181. Explain why city X has a greater difference between summer and winter temperatures than city Y.
182. What was the range in the average monthly temperatures for city Y during the year?
Base your answers to questions 183 through 185 on the information on the four station models shown
below. The weather data were collected at Niagara Falls, Syracuse, Utica, and New York City at the
same time.
183. New York City was experiencing a wind blowing from the south at 10 knots with hazy conditions
limiting visibility to of a mile. On the station model below for New York City, place, in the proper
location and format, the information below.
• wind direction
• wind speed
• present weather
• visibility
184. Explain how the weather conditions shown on the station models suggest that Utica had the greatest
chance of precipitation.
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185. What was the air pressure in Niagara Falls?
Base your answers to questions 186 and 187 on the topographic map shown below. Letters A, B, C,
D, and E represent locations on Earth's surface. Letters K, L, M, and N are locations along Copper
Creek. Elevations are measured in meters.
186. Calculate the gradient between points B and C and label your answer with the correct units.
187. What is the elevation of location A?
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Base your answers to questions 188 through 190 on
the weather map below. The weather map shows a low-pressure system in New York State during
July. The L represents the center of the low-pressure system. Two fronts extend from the center of the
low. Line XY on the map is a reference line.
188. Identify one action that people should take to protect themselves from lightning.
189. The forecast for one city located on the map is given below:
“In the next hour, skies will become cloud covered. Heavy rains are expected with possible
lightning and thunder. Temperatures will become much cooler.”
State the name of the city for which this forecast was given.
190. The cross section below shows a side view of the area along line XY on the map. On lines 1 and 2 in
the cross section, place the appropriate two-letter air-mass symbols to identify the most likely type
of air mass at each of these locations.
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Base your answers to questions 191 through 193 on the diagram below, which shows the temperature
change when a parcel of air warms, rises, and expands to form a cloud. Location A is at the base of the
cloud.
191. State the relative humidity of the air at location A.
_____________ %
192. Assume the cooling rate of the rising parcel of air is constant. Determine the temperature of the air
parcel at the 3350-foot altitude. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.
________________ ºF
193. Explain why the warmer air rises.
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194. The diagram below shows conditions that commonly cause fog to form over land in coastal areas.
A weather station at the lighthouse records a temperature of 36°F and an air pressure of 1016.4 mb.
Using the proper weather map symbols, place the following information in the correct positions on
the weather station model below.
• Present weather
• Dewpoint
• Air pressure
• Wind direction
• Wind speed
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Base your answers to questions 195 through 199 on the map and data tables below. The map shows
the location of Birdsville and Bundaberg in Australia. Data table 1 shows the average monthly high
temperatures for Birdsville. Data table 2 includes the latitude and longitude, elevation above sea level,
and the average rainfall in January for Birdsville and Bundaberg.
195. On the map, draw the 30° S latitude line.
196. Explain why Bundaberg will experience solar noon before Birdsville each day.
197. State one reason for the difference in the average January rainfall for Birdsville and Bundaberg.
198. State one factor that could account for the difference between the average high temperatures
recorded in December for Birdsville and Bundaberg.
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199. On the grid, plot with an X the average monthly high temperatures for Birdsville, Australia.
Connect the Xs with a line. The average monthly high temperatures for Bundaberg have already
been plotted on the graph for you.
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Base your answers to questions 200 through 204 on the passage below. The passage describes a
tornado produced from a thunderstorm that moved through a portion of New York State on May 31,
1998.
New York Tornado
A small tornado formed and moved through the town of Apalachin, New York, at 5:30 p.m.,
producing winds between 40 and 72 miles per hour. The tops of trees were snapped off, and many
large limbs fell to the ground. The path of the destruction measured up to 200 feet wide. At 5:45
p.m., the tornado next moved through the town of Vestal where winds ranged between 73 and 112
miles per hour. Many people experienced personal property damage as many homes were hit with
flying material.
At 6:10 p.m., the tornado moved close to Binghamton, producing winds between 113 and 157
miles per hour. A 1000-foot television tower was pushed over, and many heavy objects were
tossed about by the strong winds. Then the tornado lifted off the ground for short periods of time
and bounced along toward the town of Windsor. At 6:15 p.m., light damage was done to trees as
limbs fell and small shallow-rooted trees were pushed over in Windsor.
The tornado increased in strength again at 6:20 p.m. as it moved into Sanford. Some homes
were damaged as their roof shingles and siding were ripped off. One mobile home was turned
over on its side.
The tornado moved through the town of Deposit at 6:30 p.m., creating a path of destruction
200 yards wide. The tornado skipped along hilltops, touching down occasionally on the valley
floors. However, much damage was done to homes as the tornado's winds reached their maximum
speeds of 158 to 206 miles per hour. The tornado weakened and sporadically touched down after
leaving Deposit. By 7:00 p.m., the tornado had finally ended its 1 -hour rampage.
200. Calculate the tornado's average rate of travel, in miles per minute, between Vestal and Windsor, by
using the map and equation below. Express your answer to the nearest tenth.
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201. Using the Fujita Scale shown below and the information in the passage, complete the table by
assigning an F-Scale number for the tornado as it passed through each town given in the table.
202. Which type of front was located at the boundary between the advancing cold, dry air mass and the
warm, moist air mass?
203. The tornado mentioned in this passage was produced by cold, dry air from Canada quickly
advancing into warm, moist air already in place over the northeastern United States. List the
two-letter air-mass symbols that would identify each of the two air masses responsible for
producing this tornado.
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204. On the map, draw the path of the tornado and the direction the tornado moved, by following the
directions below.
• Place an X through the point for each of the six towns mentioned in the passage.
• Connect the Xs with a line in the order that each town was mentioned in the passage.
• Place an arrow at one end of your line to show the direction of the tornado's movement.
Base your answers to questions 205 through 207 on
the cross section and bar graph below. The cross section shows a portion of Earth's crust along the
western coast of the United States. The points show different locations on Earth's surface. The arrows
show the prevailing wind direction. The bar below each point shows the yearly precipitation at that
location.
205. State one reason why colder temperatures would be recorded at the top of the Sierra Nevada
Mountain Range than at the top of the Coastal Mountain Ranges.
206. What is the yearly precipitation total for the four points located in the Coastal Mountain Ranges?
207. Explain why the valleys have lower amounts of precipitation than points on the western slopes of
the mountain ranges.
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Base your answers to questions 208 and 209 on
the diagram below, which represents water molecules attached to salt and dust particles within a cloud
in the atmosphere.
208. State one natural process that causes large amounts of dust to enter Earth’s atmosphere.
209. Explain why salt and dust particles are important in cloud formation.
Base your answers to questions 210 through 212 on the information below, which describes the past
and present climate of Antarctica, and on your knowledge of Earth science.
Antarctica's ice sheet has an average thickness of 6600 feet and holds approximately 70% of
Earth's freshwater. Ice layers in Antarctica preserve information about Earth's history. Fossil
evidence found in the bedrock of this continent shows that Antarctica was once tropical and is a
potential source of untapped natural resources. Antarctica is now a frozen desert with very little
snowfall.
210. Scientists are concerned that the Antarctic ice may melt as the result of global warming. State one
effect that this melting would most likely have on Long Island, New York.
211. What evidence is preserved in Antarctica that provides information about Earth’s past climates?
212. Explain why Antarctica’s cold climate is responsible for its very low amount of yearly precipitation.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 213 through 217 on the data table and map below and on your
knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the altitude of the top of a thunderstorm cloud and
the probability of hail being formed for a location in New York State. The map shows the average
number of days per year hail strikes the ground in different regions of the United States.
213. State one way that humans could protect themselves from harm if a severe hail warning is issued for
their locality.
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214.
The table above shows weather conditions
recorded in Syracuse, New York, at the time of a severe hailstorm.
On the weather map station model below, use the correct symbols and proper format to indicate the
six weather conditions shown in the table.
215. State the average number of days per year that Syracuse, New York, will experience hail.
216. Into which atmospheric temperature zone (layer) above New York State would the top of a
thunderstorm cloud extend to have a 100% probability of hail?
217. Describe the relationship between the altitude of the top of a thunderstorm cloud and the probability
that hail will be produced by that cloud.
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Base your answers to questions 218 through 221 on the passage below and on your knowledge of
Earth science.
Watching the Glaciers Go
Mountain glaciers and ice caps in tropical areas of the world are melting fast and may vanish
altogether by the year 2020. That was the chilling news last year from Lonnie Thompson, a
geologist at Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center who has been studying icy areas
near the equator in South America, Africa, and the Himalayas for two decades.
It doesn't take a glacier scientist to see the changes. In 1977, when Thompson visited the
Quelccaya ice cap in Peru, it was impossible not to notice a schoolbus-size boulder stuck in its
grip. When Thompson returned in 2000, the rock was still there but the ice wasn't — it had
retreated far into the distance.
Most scientists believe the glaciers are melting because of global warming — the gradual
temperature increase that has been observed with increasing urgency during the past decade. Last
year a panel of the nation's top scientists, the National Research Council, set aside any lingering
skepticism about the phenomenon, concluding definitively that average global surface
temperatures are rising and will continue to do so.
"Watching the Glaciers Go,"
Popular Science,vol. #7, January 2002
218. Describe one action humans could take to reduce the global warming that is melting the Quelccaya
ice cap.
219. Some glaciers currently exist near Earth’s equator due to the cold, snowy climate of certain
locations. Which type of landform exists where these glaciers occur?
220. Describe the arrangement of sediment deposited directly from glaciers.
221. State one greenhouse gas that is an excellent absorber of infrared radiation and maybe responsible
for global warming.
Base your answers to questions 222 and 223 on the station model below, which shows the weather
conditions at at 4 p.m. on a particular day in June.
222. The winds shown by this station model were blowing from which compass direction and at what
wind speed?
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223. What was the actual barometric pressure, according to the station model, to the nearest tenth of a
millibar?
Base your answers to questions 224 through 226 on the cross section below, which shows a typical
cold front moving over Florida in early summer.
224. Central Canada was the geographic source region for the cP air mass shown in the cross section.
Identify the most likely geographic source region for the mT air mass shown in the cross section.
225. State one process that causes clouds to form in this rising air
226. Explain why the warm, moist air is rising at the frontal boundary.
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Base your answers to questions 227 and 228 on
the map and graph below and your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the length of the
growing season in New York State, expressed in days. The growing season is the average number of
days between the last frost in spring and the first frost in fall. The graph line shows the relationship
between the latitudes of Riverhead, New York; Albany, New York; and Massena, New York; and the
length of the growing season at these three locations.
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227. Compare the length of the growing season in a lowland region with the length of the growing season
in a mountain region at approximately the same latitude.
228. For Riverhead, Albany, and Massena, state the relationship between latitude and the length of the
growing season shown by the graph.
229. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows warm, moist air
moving off the ocean and over a mountain, causing precipitation between points 1 and 2.
Describe two changes that occur to the warm, moist air between points 1 and 2 that would cause
cloud formation.
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230.
On the weather map station model above, using the proper format,
record the six weather conditions shown below.
Wind: from the northwest
Wind speed: 10 knots
Barometric pressure: 1022.0 mb
Cloud cover: 50%
Visibility: 5 mi
Precipitation (in the past 6 hours): .45 in
Base your answers to questions 231 and 232 on the data table below, which shows the amount of
water vapor, in grams per cubic meter, that will saturate 1 cubic meter of air at different temperatures.
231. Describe the relationship between the air temperature and the amount of water vapor necessary to
saturate the air.
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232.
above,construct a line graph of the data, following the directions below.
On the grid provided
a Place the name of the correct variable along the y-axis. Include the correct units.
b Mark an appropriate numerical scale showing equal intervals along the y-axis.
c Plot the amount of water that will saturate 1 cubic meter of air at the temperatures shown in the
data table. Connect the points with a smooth, curved line.
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233. Base your answer to the next question on the map provided below. The map shows six source
regions for different air masses that affect the weather of North America. The directions of
movement of the air masses are shown. Label the air masses by writing the correct symbol in each
circle on the map.
Label the air masses by writing the correct symbol in each circle on the map.
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Base your answers to questions 234 and 235 on the map below, which shows one method of
classifying Earth's surface into latitudinal climate belts. In the tropical climate belt, the average
monthly temperatures never drop below 18°C. In the polar climate belts, the average monthly
temperatures never rise above 10°C. The isotherms show the average monthly temperature of the
coolest and warmest months. Effects of elevation have been omitted.
234. Describe a specific characteristic of insolation received in the tropical climate belt region that causes
the average monthly temperature to remain warm all year.
235. According to the isotherms on the map, locations in the mid-latitude climate belts have average
monthly temperatures between what values?
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Base your answers to questions 236 and 237 on
the weather map provided below,which shows surface air-pressure readings, in millibars, at various
locations in the United States and Canada. The 1020-millibar isobars have been drawn and labeled.
236. What weather instrument was most likely used to measure these air pressures?
237. Draw the 1024- and 1028-millibar isobars on the weather map provided above.
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Base your answers to questions 238 and 239 on the weather map below, which shows the position of
a low-pressure system. The L is the center of the low. The shaded portion represents an area of
precipitation. A weather station model for Albany, New York, is shown on the map.
238.
Complete the weather data table
above for Albany, New York, based on the station model shown on the map.
239. What type of front extends eastward from the low-pressure center?
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Base your answers to questions 240 and 241 on the weather map provided below, which shows a
large white band of clods moving toward the southeast. The line shown in the middle of the white
cloud band is the frontal boundary between a cP air mass and an mT air mass. Two large arrows show
the direction the front is moving.
240. On the weather map, place an X centered on the geographic region that was most likely the source
of the warm, moist (mT) air mass.
241. On the frontal boundary line on the weather map provided above, draw the weather front symbol to
represent the front moving toward the southeast.
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Base your answers to questions 242 through 245 on the data table, which shows recorded information
for a major Atlantic hurricane and the map below.
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242. Describe the relationship between air pressure and wind speed associated with this hurricane.
243. Identify the weather instrument used to measure the air pressure associated with this hurricane.
244. Label the September 15 (9/15) position of the hurricane on the map. Starting from this plotted
position on September 15, draw a dashed line on the map provided aboveto indicate the storm's
most likely path for the next 5 days.
245. Using the latitude and longitude data in the table, place an X on the map provided above for each
location of the hurricane during these 6 days. Connect all the Xs with a solid line.
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246. The atmospheric conditions at a given location are represented by the weather station model below.
On the lines provided below, fill in the correct information for each variable listed, based on this
weather station model.
Air Pressure: __________________ mb
Air Temperature: __________ °F
Amount of precipitation during last six hours: ________ inch(es)
Cloud Cover: __________%
Present Weather: ____________________
Base your answers to questions 247 and 248 on the table provided below.
247. Describe how the Atlantic Ocean surrounding climate region 5 has most probably influenced the
average temperatures of this region during January, February, and March.
248. On the grid provided, construct a bar graph of the average monthly temperatures provided above for
climate region 5. January has been completed for you.
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Base your answers to questions 249 through 251 on the map and graphs below. The map shows five
climate regions of New York State. The bar graphs show average monthly temperatures of four of
these climate regions.
249. What landscape characteristic of climate region 3 most likely causes it to have both cooler summer
temperatures and cooler winter temperatures than climate region 2?
250. What climate variable, other than temperature, was also used to identify these areas as four different
climate regions?
251. The average monthly temperatures for climate regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 show a similar yearly pattern of
change. Identify one climate control factor that these four climate regions have in common that
most probably causes this similarity in temperature pattern.
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Base your answers to questions 252 through 255 on the weather map below, which shows a weather
system over the northeastern United States and weather data for several locations. Isobars show a
low-pressure (L) center. Point X is a location in Canada.
252. Describe how clouds form when warm, humid air rises along the cold front.
a Include the terms dewpoint and either expansion or expands in your answer.
b State the phase change that occurs at the dewpoint.
253. Describe the five specific weather conditions for Charleston indicated by the station model on the
weather map. Complete the chart provided above and include appropriate units where necessary.
254. State the relationship between isobar spacing on the map and wind velocity.
255. On the weather map above, draw a curved arrow through point X to show the general direction of
surface winds on that side of the low-pressure center.
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Base your answers to questions 256 through 259 on Read the passage below:
Greenhouse Effect
The warming of Earth's surface and lower atmosphere tends to intensify with an increase in
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The atmosphere allows a large percentage of the visible light rays
from the Sun to reach Earth's surface. Some of this energy is reradiated by Earth's surface in the
form of long-wave infrared radiation. Much of this infrared radiation warms the atmosphere when
it is absorbed by molecules of carbon dioxide and water vapor. A similar warming effect is
produced by the glass of a greenhouse, which allows sunlight in the visible range to enter, but
prevents infrared radiation from leaving the greenhouse.
The absorption of infrared radiation causes Earth's surface and the lowest layer of Earth's
atmosphere to warm to a higher temperature than would otherwise be the case. Without this
"greenhouse" warming, Earth's average surface temperature could be as low as –73°C. The oceans
would freeze under such conditions.
Many scientists believe that modern industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil,
and natural gas) have increased the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This increase may
result in an intensified greenhouse effect on Earth causing significant alterations in climate
patterns in the future. Scientists estimate that average global temperatures could increase by as
much as 5°C by the middle of the 21st century.
256. State one possible change humans could make to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse
gases added to the atmosphere each year.
257. Explain why most scientists believe an increase in the greenhouse effect will cause sea levels to rise.
258. State a possible wavelength, in centimeters, of infrared radiation.
259. The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere has undergone a large increase in temperature due to the
presence of greenhouse gases. State the name of this temperature-zone layer.
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Base your answers to questions 260 through 263 on the table below. The table shows air temperatures
and air pressures recorded by a weather balloon rising over Buffalo, New York.
260. This rising weather balloon also recorded dewpoint temperatures. If the dewpoint at 1,500 meters
was 12°C, what was the relative humidity of the air at 1,500 meters above sea level?
261. State the relationship shown in the table between altitude above sea level and air pressure recorded
by the rising weather balloon.
262. What weather instrument is usually attached to a weather balloon to measure air pressure?
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263. On the grid, construct a graph of altitude above sea level and air temperature by following the
directions below.
a Plot an X for the air temperature recorded at each altitude shown on the table.
b Connect the Xs with a solid line.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 264 and 265 on the isotherm maps below which show the average
monthly air temperatures (°F) over a portion of Earth's surface for January and July.
264. From January to July, there is a smaller temperature change in the Southern Hemisphere than in the
Northern Hemisphere. Explain why the Southern Hemisphere's larger ocean-water surface causes
this smaller temperature change.
265. The hottest average January temperatures occur at approximately what latitude?
Base your answers to questions 266 through 268 on the weather station model below.
266. a What specific type of precipitation is occurring at this weather station?
b State one additional weather condition shown by the station model. Explain how this weather
condition provides evidence of high relative humidity.
267. What is the actual air pressure shown by this weather station model?
268. On the weather station model provided, draw the proper symbols to indicate a wind of 25 knots
blowing from the southeast.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
269. Base your answer to the following question on the temperature field map below. The map shows air
temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, recorded at the same time at weather stations across North
America. The air temperature at location A has been deliberately left blank.
a On the map provided,use smooth, curved solid lines to draw the 30°F, 40°F, and 50°F isotherms.
b What is the most probable air temperature at location A?
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 270 through 273 on the atmospheric cross section below, which
represents a winter storm system. Zones A, B, C, and D are located on a west to east line at
approximately 43° N latitude across New York State. This cross section shows how solid and liquid
forms of precipitation depend on the air temperature above Earth's surface. The storm is moving from
west to east.
270. Describe the general air movement and temperature change that caused the clouds associated with
this storm to form.
271. As the storm moves eastward, the type of precipitation received in Syracuse changes. State the type
of precipitation that will immediately follow freezing rain.
272. At the time of the events represented by the cross section, Syracuse, New York, is experiencing the
weather conditions shown above.
The temperature, dewpoint, and wind direction are shown on the weather station model above.
Using proper format, add the information shown in the table to the model provided above.
273. Explain why sleet is occurring in Zone B.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 274 through 276 on the weather map provided, which shows partial
weather-station data for several cities in eastern North America.
274. State the general relationship between air temperature and latitude for locations shown on the map.
275. State the actual air pressure, in millibars, shown at Miami, Florida.
276. Calculate the temperature gradient between Richmond, Virginia, and Hatteras, North Carolina, by
following the directions below.
a Write the equation for gradient.
b Substitute data from the map into the equation.
c Calculate the average gradient and label your answer with the correct units.
277. Identify by name the surface ocean current that cools the climate of locations on the western
coastline of North America.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 278 through 280 on data tables I and II and on the Hurricane Tracking
Map below. Table I represents the storm track data for an Atlantic hurricane. Location, wind velocity,
air pressure, and storm strength are shown for the storm's center at 3 p.m. Greenwich time each day.
Table II shows a scale of relative storm strength. The map shows the hurricane's path.
278. Calculate the average daily rate of movement of the hurricane during the period from 3 p.m. August
24 to 3 p.m. August 28. The hurricane traveled 2,600 kilometers during this 4-day period. Follow
the directions given below.
a Write the equation used to determine the rate of change.
b Substitute data into the equation.
c Calculate the rate and label it with the proper units.
279. The hurricane did not continue moving toward the same compass direction during the entire period
shown by the data table. Explain why the hurricane changed direction.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
280. Describe two characteristics of the circulation pattern of the surface winds around the center (eye) of
a Northern Hemisphere low-pressure hurricane.
281. Base your answer to the next question on the cross section provided below, which represents a
house at an ocean shoreline at night. Smoke from the chimney is blowing out to sea.
a Label the two lines provided on the cross section above to show where air pressure is relatively
"high" and where it is relatively "low."
b Assume that the wind blowing out to sea on this night is caused by local air-temperature
conditions. Label the two lines provided on the cross section above to show where Earth's surface
air temperature is relatively "warm" and where it is relatively "cool."
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
282. The weather map below shows a typical midlatitude low-pressure system centered in Illinois.
a On the weather map provided above, indicate which boxed area has the highest surface air
temperatures by marking an X in one of the four boxes on the map.
b On the weather map provided above, draw an arrow to predict the normal storm track that this
low-pressure center would be expected to follow.
283. A weather station records the following data:
Air pressure is 1,001.0 millibars.
Wind is from the south.
Wind speed is 25 knots.
Using the proper weather map symbols, place this information in the correct locations on the
weather station model provided above.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 284 through 286 on the weather map provided in your answer
booklet. The weather map shows a low-pressure system over part of North America. Five weather
stations are shown on the map. Lines AB, BC, and BD represent surface frontal boundaries. Line AB
represents an occluded front that marks the center of a low-pressure system. Symbols cP and mT
represent different air masses.
284. Other than low pressure, state two weather conditions associated with a low-pressure center.
285. Name the geographic region over which the mT air mass most likely formed.
286. On the weather map provided place the proper front symbols on lines AB, BC, and BD. Place the
front symbols on the correct side of each line to show the direction of front movement.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 287 and 288 on
the maps below, which show areas of hurricane formation and normal hurricane paths in the Atlantic
Ocean during May, July, and September. The areas of hurricane formation usually have surface
ocean-water temperatures greater than 80°F.
287. State one reason why most hurricane paths curve northeastward as hurricanes move north of 30° N
latitude.
288. How does the area of hurricane formation change from May to September?
289. Using the proper format, place the following data on the weather station model provided below.
Dewpoint = 74°F Cloud cover = 100%
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 290 through 293 on the maps below, which show the spread of a
volcanic ash cloud from the 1982 eruption of El Chichón in Mexico, as seen from weather satellites.
290. As the ash cloud moved away from El Chichón, some ash particles fell back to Earth.
a Describe how the size of the particles affected the pattern of deposition.
b Describe how the density of the particles affected the pattern of deposition.
291. State the most likely effect of the ash cloud on the temperature of areas under the cloud on April 25,
1982.
292. State what caused the main ash cloud to spread in the pattern shown on the map of April 25, 1982.
293. Identify the direction toward which the ash cloud spread from April 5 to April 25.
294. An Earth science class is preparing a booklet on emergency preparedness. State one safety measure
that should be taken to minimize danger from each of the following threats.
a Thunderstorm
b Tornado
c Volcanic eruption
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 295 through 297 on the diagram below, which shows a hygrometer
located on a wall in a classroom. The hygrometer's temperature readings are used by the students to
determine the relative humidity of the air in the classroom.
295. Describe how water evaporating from the wick attached to the wetbulb thermometer lowers the
temperature reading of that thermometer.
296. Besides relative humidity, identify another weather variable of the air in the classroom that may be
determined by using both temperature readings on the hygrometer.
297. Based on the temperature readings shown in this diagram, determine the relative humidity of the air
in the classroom.
298. The following weather data was collected at Boonville, New York.
On the station model provided above, using the proper format, record:
• the amount of cloud cover
• the barometric pressure
• the symbol for the present weather
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 299 through 301 on the data table below. The table shows the
elevation and average annual precipitation at ten weather stations, A through J, located along a
highway that passes over a mountain.
299. Although stations C and F are at the same elevation, they have very different amounts of average
annual precipitation. Explain how the prevailing wind direction might cause this difference.
300. State the relationship between the elevation of weather stations A through E and the average annual
precipitation at these weather stations.
301. On the grid provided above, graph the data shown on the data table by following the directions
below.
a Mark the grid with a point showing the elevation of each weather station.
b Surround each point with the proper symbol from the symbol chart to show the amount of average
annual precipitation for the weather station.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
302. The weather satellite photograph of a portion of the United States and Mexico provided below. The
photograph shows the clouds of a major hurricane approaching the eastern coastline of Texas and
Mexico. The calm center of the hurricane, the eye, is labeled.
a State two dangerous conditions, other than hurricane winds, that could cause human fatalities as
the hurricane strikes the coast.
b Describe one emergency preparation humans could take to avoid a problem caused by one of these
dangerous conditions.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 303 through 306 on The weather satellite photograph of a portion of
the United States and Mexico provided below. The photograph shows the clouds of a major hurricane
approaching the eastern coastline of Texas and Mexico. The calm center of the hurricane, the eye, is
labeled.
303. At the location shown in the photograph, the hurricane had maximum winds recorded at 110 miles
per hour. Within a 24-hour period, the hurricane moved 150 miles inland and had maximum winds
of only 65 miles per hour. State why the wind velocity of a hurricane usually decreases when the
hurricane moves over a land surface.
304. State the latitude and longitude of the hurricane's eye. The compass directions must be included in
the answer.
305. Cloud droplets form around small particles in the atmosphere. Describe how the hurricane clouds
formed from water vapor. Include the terms "dewpoint" and either "condensation" or "condense" in
your answer.
306. This hurricane has a pattern of surface winds typical of all low-pressure systems in the Northern
Hemisphere. On the satellite photograph provided, draw three arrows on the clouds to show the
direction of the surface wind movement outside the eye of the hurricane.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 307 through 309 on the table below, which shows the concentration
of ozone, in ozone units, in Earth's atmosphere at different altitudes. [One ozone unit is equal to 10 12
molecules per cubic centimeter.]
307. State how incoming solar radiation (insolation) is affected by the ozone in the atmosphere.
308. State the name of the temperature zone of the atmosphere in which the concentration of ozone is
greatest.
309. On the grid provided, construct a line graph of the ozone concentration in the atmosphere recorded
at the different altitudes shown on the table by plotting the data from the table and connecting the
points.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 310 through 312 on the magazine article and diagram below.
Lake-Effect Snow
During the cold months of the year, the words "lake effect" are very much a part of the weather
picture in many locations in New York State. Snow created by the lake effect may represent more
than half the season's snowfall in some areas.
In order for heavy lake-effect snow to develop, the temperature of the water at the surface of
the lake must be higher than the temperature of the air flowing over the water. The higher the
water temperature and the lower the air temperature, the greater the potential for lake-effect snow.
A lake-effect storm begins when air flowing across the lake is warmed as it comes in close
contact with the water. The warmed air rises and takes moisture along with it. This moisture,
which is water vapor from the lake, is turned into clouds as it encounters much colder air above.
When the clouds reach the shore of the lake, they deposit their snow on nearby land. A typical
lake-effect storm is illustrated in the diagram below.
The area most likely to receive snow from a lake is called a "snowbelt." Lake Ontario's
snowbelt includes the counties along the eastern and southeastern ends of the lake. Because the
lake runs lengthwise from west to east, the prevailing westerly winds are able to gather the
maximum amount of moisture as they flow across the entire length of the lake. There can be
lake-effect snowfall anywhere around the lake, but the heaviest and most frequent snowfalls occur
near the eastern shore.
In parts of the snowbelt, the lake effect combines with a phenomenon known as orographic
lifting to produce some very heavy snowfalls. After cold air has streamed over the length of Lake
Ontario, it moves inland and is forced to climb the slopes of the Tug Hill Plateau and the
Adirondack Mountains, resulting in very heavy snowfall.
310. State why very heavy snowfall occurs in the Tug Hill Plateau region.
311. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snow
than are locations west of the lake.
312. State the relationship that must exist between water temperature and air temperature for lake-effect
snow to develop.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 313 through 315 on the paragraph below, which describes some
factors that affect Earth's climate.
Earth's climate is in a delicate state of balance. Many factors affect climate. Any small change
in the factors may lead to long-term cooling or warming of Earth's atmosphere. For example,
during the last 100 years, measurements have shown a gradual increase in atmospheric carbon
dioxide. This change has been linked to an increase in Earth's average atmospheric temperature.
Variations in the tilt of Earth's axis have been similarly linked to the occurrence of ice ages. Both
the increases in temperature and the occurrence of ice ages have been linked to changes in global
sea level.
313. State what would happen to the average summer and winter temperatures in New York State if the
tilt of Earth's axis were to decrease from 23 ° to 20°.
314. State one way that the recent increase in average global temperature can cause changes in ocean
water level.
315. State one reason for the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere during the
last 100 years.
Base your answers to questions 316 through 318 on the weather information below.
A student using a sling psychrometer obtained a dry-bulb reading of 20°C and a wetbulb reading of
16°C for a parcel of air outside the classroom.
316. On another day, the student determined the dewpoint was 70°F. Record the dewpoint, using the
proper format, in the correct location on the weather station model provided above.
317. State the change in relative humidity as the air temperature and the dewpoint get closer to the same
value.
318. State the dewpoint.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 319 through 321 on the weather maps below. The weather maps show
the positions of a tropical storm at 10 a.m. on July 2 and on July 3.
319. The storm formed over warm tropical water. State what will most likely happen to the windspeed
when the storm moves over land.
320. Windspeed has been omitted from the station models. In one or more sentences, state how an
increase in the storm's windspeed from July 2 to July 3 could be inferred from the maps.
321. State the dewpoint temperature in Tallahassee on July 2.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 322 and 323 on the map below, which represents a satellite image of
Hurricane Gilbert in the Gulf of Mexico. Each X represents the position of the center of the storm on
the date indicated.
322. State one reason Hurricane Gilbert weakened between September 16 and September 18.
323. Describe one threat to human life and property that could have been caused by the arrival of
Hurricane Gilbert along the coastline at the Texas-Mexico border.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 324 through 327 on the reading passage and maps below. The reading
passage discusses acid rain. Map I shows the locations of some major United States producers of
nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide that are released into Earth's atmosphere. Map II shows the pH
concentration of acid rain in the United States.
Acid Rain
Acid deposition consists of acidic substances that fall to Earth. The most common type of acid
deposition is rain containing nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Acid rain forms when nitrogen oxide
and sulfur dioxide gases combine with water and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Human-generated sulfur dioxide results primarily from coal-burning electric utility plants and
industrial plants. Human-generated nitrogen oxide results primarily from burning fossil fuels in
motor vehicles and electric utility plants.
Natural events, such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires, hot springs, and geysers, also produce
nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide.
Acid rain affects trees, human-made structures, and surface water. Acid damages tree leaves
and decreases the tree's ability to carry on photosynthesis. Acid also damages tree bark and
exposes trees to insects and disease. Many statues and buildings are composed of rocks containing
the mineral calcite, which reacts with acid and chemically weathers more rapidly than other
common minerals. Acid deposition lowers the pH of surface water. Much of the surface water of
the Adirondack region has pH values too acidic for plants and animals to survive.
324. Explain why completely eliminating human-generated nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide will not
completely eliminate acid deposition.
325. Describe one law that could be passed by the government to prevent some of the problems of acid
deposition.
326. State one sedimentary or one metamorphic rock that is most chemically weathered by acid rain.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
327. State one reason that the northeastern part of the United States has more acid deposition than other
regions of the country.
Base your answers to questions 328 through 331 on the weather map below, which shows partial
weather data for several weather stations. Point A is the center of a low-pressure system. Lines AB
and AC represent the frontal boundaries between different air masses.
328. Name the weather instrument used to measure the air pressure at the center of the low.
329. Atlanta, Georgia, has the following additional weather variable measurements.
Visibility = 6 miles
Amount of cloud cover = 1/2 or 50%
Air pressure = 1001.1 millibars
On the station model provided, place these three weather measurements in their correct location
using the proper format.
330. In each of the three map sections (Section 1, Section 2, and Section 3), draw curved arrows to
represent the general direction that surface winds will move in association with the center of the
low-pressure system at location A.
331. Draw the correct weather map symbols for the two different fronts located on lines AB and AC. The
symbols must show the direction the fronts are moving.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 332 and 333 on the weather station model shown below.
332. State the relative humidity.
333. State the condition represented by the symbol for "present weather."
Base your answers to questions 334 and 335 on the weather map below, which shows temperature
readings at weather stations in the continental United States.
334. In Richmond, Virginia, the wind direction is from the east at a speed of 20 knots. On the station
model provided draw the correct symbols for wind direction and windspeed.
335. On the weather map provided on your answer paper, draw three isotherms: the 40°F isotherm, the
50°F isotherm, and the 60°F isotherm.
336. A parcel of air has a dry-bulb temperature of 18°C and a wet-bulb temperature of 10°C. State the
relative humidity of this parcel of air.
_______ %
337. State one way in which a hurricane differs from a
tornado.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 338 and 339 on the data table and profile below. The data table gives
the average annual precipitation for locations A and B. The profile represents a mountain in the
western United States. Points A and B are locations on different sides of the mountain.
338. State one probable reason for the difference in average annual precipitation between location A and
location B.
339. State the elevation of location A.
340. Base your answers to the following questions on the weather station data shown in the table below.
a) State the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
b) State the barometric pressure in its proper form, as used on a station model.
c) Using one or more complete sentences, state one reason that ultraviolet rays are dangerous.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
341. Base your answers to the questions below on the information below.
The climate of an area is affected by many variables such as elevation, latitude, and distance to a
large body of water. The effect of these variables on average surface temperature and temperature
range can be represented by graphs on grids that have axes labeled as shown below.
a) On Grid I, draw a line to show the relationship between elevation and average surface
temperature.
b) On Grid II draw a line to show the relationship between latitude and average surface temperature.
c) On Grid III draw a line to show the relationship between distance to a large body of water and
temperature range.
d) Explain why the climate near the Equator is warm and moist.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 342 through 345 on the map below and your knowledge of Earth
science.
The map shows the path of a tornado that moved through a portion of Nebraska on May 22, 2004
between 7:30 p.m. and 9:10 p.m. The path of the tornado along the ground is indicated by the shaded
region. The width of the shading indicates the width of destruction on the ground. Numbers on the
tornado's path indicate the Fujita intensity at those locations. The Fujita Intensity Scale (F-Scale), in
the left corner of the map, provides information about wind speed and damage at various F-Scale
intensities.
342. Describe one safety precaution that should be taken if a tornado has been sighted approaching your
home.
343. Identify the weather instrument usually used to measure wind speed.
344. State a possible wind speed of the tornado, in kilometers per hour (km/h), when it was moving
through the town of Bennet.
345. On the map, place an X at a location where the tornado damage was greatest.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
Base your answers to questions 346 through 349 on the passage and the graph below and on your
knowledge of Earth science.
Great Lake Effects
The Great Lakes influence the weather and climate of nearby land regions at all times of the
year. Much of this lake effect is determined by the relative temperatures of surface lake water
compared to the surface air temperatures over those land areas. The graph below shows the
average monthly temperature of the surface water of Lake Erie and the surface air temperature at
Buffalo, New York.
In an average year, four lake-effect seasons are experienced. When surface lake temperatures
are colder than surface air temperatures, a stable season occurs. The cooler lake waters suppress
cloud development and reduce the strength of rainstorms. As a result, late spring and early
summer in the Buffalo region tends to be very sunny.
A season of lake-effect rains follows. August is usually a time of heavy nighttime rains, and
much of the rainy season is marked by heavy, localized rainstorms downwind from the lake.
Gradually, during late October, lake-effect rains are replaced by snows. Generally, the longer the
time the wind travels over the lake, the heavier the lake effect becomes in Buffalo.
Finally, conditions stabilize again, as the relatively shallow Lake Erie freezes over, usually
near the end of January. Very few lake-effect storms occur during this time period.
346. Explain why the Buffalo surface air temperatures increase faster and earlier in the year than do the
surface water temperatures of Lake Erie.
ALL CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
347. On the map below, draw one straight arrow in Lake Erie to show the winter wind direction most
likely to bring the heaviest lake-effect snows to Buffalo.
348. Identify one weather variable that determines whether Buffalo receives rain or snow from a
lake-effect storm in October.
349. The passage states, "The cooler lake waters suppress cloud development ... " because the water
cools the air above its surface. Explain why this cool air above the lake surface reduces the amount
of cloud development.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
— go into a
6.
basement or
underground storm
shelter — go to an
interior room — stay
away from windows
7.
— get under
something sturdy
anemometer or wind
speed meter.
254 km/h to 332
km/h
8.
— The specific heat
of water is greater
than the specific
heat of land or dry
land, so the air over
the land heats up
faster than the air
over the lake. —
More energy is
required to heat up
the same amount of
water than to heat
the same amount of
9.
land. — Air has a
lower specific heat
than water. — A lot
of energy is used to
melt the ice on Lake
Erie. — Lake Erie is
still covered by ice.
— The darker land
surface absorbs
greater insolation.
— Land heats up
faster than water.
10.
Allow credit for any 16.
value from 39°F to
41°F.
11.
— temperature/air
temperature — The
average temperature
of the air is colder
when Buffalo
receives snow.
— Cooler air near
the lake remains
close to the surface
because it is more
dense than
surrounding air. —
Cold air over the
lake is more dense.
— Cooler air over
Lake Erie is less
likely to rise. —
Convection is
reduced. — Less
evaporation occurs
when the air is
colder. — lack of
moisture. — Warm
air rises to form
clouds.
12.
13.
— condensation —
water vapor
changing to liquid
water — gas to
liquid
17.
Any value from
30.00 to 30.01 in of
Hg.
18.
— NE — northeast
— east — ENE
19.
barometer or
barograph
Allow credit if both
20.
dewpoint and
relative humidity are
correct.
— Dewpoint: 8°C
— Relative
humidity: 40%
14.
— The isotherms are
closer together
between locations W 15.
and X than they are
between locations Y
and Z. —
Temperatures
between W and X
show the same
change over a
shorter distance. —
The isotherms are
farther apart
between Y and Z. —
The isolines are
closer together.
— The higher
elevation at A has a
cooler temperature.
— Location A is at a
higher elevation. —
Location A is in the
mountains. —
Location B is not as
high in elevation.
Both isobars are
correctly drawn to
the east coast of the
United States or to
the edge of the map.
Allow credit if both
responses are
correct.
— Air pressure:
21.
barometer
— Air Temperature:
thermometer
— Location D has
air that is rising,
expanding, and
22.
cooling to the
dewpoint. —
Location D is on the
windward side of the
mountain. —
Location D is closer
to the ocean. —
Location C is on the
leeward side of the
mountain.
—higher latitude,
—farther north of
the equator, —lower
angle of insolation,
—location E is
closer to the equator.
—elevation, —high
altitude,
—mountains
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
23.
24.
—Location A is on
27.
the windward side of
mountains.
—Location A
receives prevailing
winds off the ocean.
—Location A is
closer to the ocean.
—Location B is on
the leeward side of a
mountain range. —
Adiabatic warming
occurs in descending
air at location B after
losing most of its
moisture on the
windward side of a
mountain/orographic
effect. —The
prevailing southwest 28.
winds bring moist
air to location A.
29.
Air temperature at X
: — cooler —
lower/less —
decreased — colder 30.
than Y
Water vapor content
at X: — higher/more 31.
— 100% relative
humidity — wetter
— saturated — more
humid than Y
25.
California Current
26.
January or Jan.
— Omaha is
34.
surrounded by land,
which has a low
specific heat. — The
Pacific Ocean
moderates the
temperature/climate
of Eureka. — Large
35.
bodies of water
change temperature
more slowly than
land does. — Water
has a higher specific
heat than land. —
The relatively drier
air around Omaha
has a lower specific
heat than the moist
air around Eureka.
8C°/month or –
8C°/mo
— warmer — hot —
a tropical
temperature
Glaciers: — will
melt — will retreat
— decrease in size
— become smaller
— shrink — The
rate of melting will
increase.
Sea level: — will
rise — increase —
higher — coastal
flooding
32.
33.
any value from
45km/h to 55 km/h
36.
– learn about
hurricane risks for
area, – learn safe
emergency
evacuation
routes/shelter
locations, –
obtain/check
emergency
equipment (radio,
flashlight, first-aid
kit), – have enough
water and
nonperishable food,
– make sure to have
materials to secure
home (plywood,
shatter-resistant
glass, hurricane
shutters/straps,
sandbags), – update
insurance.
37.
– carbon dioxide/
CO 2, – methane/CH4
, – vater vapor/H 2O,
– chlorofluorocarbons/CFC's, –
nitrous oxide/N2O, –
ozone/O 3
38.
– 0.5 C°/h.
39.
Color:
– black, – dark
Texture:
– rough, – bumpy, –
uneven, –jagged, –
coarse
40.
— the Sun —
insolation — solar
radiation/solar
energy — sunlight
41.
— As
precipitation/rainfall
increases, runoff
increases. — More
rain leads to more
runoff. — direct
relationship —
Runoff is usually
less than rainfall.
42.
— infiltration —
water seeping into
the ground —
absorption/recharge
of the storage —
seeping/seepage/percolation —
water entering/soaking/sinking into the
soil
– The warm waters
that give the
hurricane its energy
are located in this
tropical region of the
ocean. – Warm
ocean waters
between 10° N an
20° N fuel
hurricanes. – Warm 43.
and/or humid
atmopheric
conditions exist
between 10° N and
20° N. – a maritime
tropical air mass, –
low air pressure, –
rising air currents, –
low wind shear.
transpiration or
evaporation/vaporization or
evapotranspiration
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
44.
— first aid kit —
56.
blankets — batteries
— radio —
57.
flashlight — bottled
water — food —
generator —
necessary
medications
45.
1.5 in/h or 1 in/h
46.
100%
50.
– Latitude - 27° N,
Longitude - 80°W
51.
999.5 mb
52.
–The dewpoint and
air temperature are
nearly the same.
–Snow is falling in
Oswego. –There is
100% cloud cover.
–Air pressure is low.
53.
54.
55.
Air temperature:
31°F/- Dewpoint:
29°F/Wind speed:
10 knots/Cloud
cover: 100%
–The ocean changes
temperature more
slowly than the
nearby land does.
–Large bodies of
water moderate
climatic
temperatures. –A
warm ocean current
is flowing nearby.
–The water has a
higher specific heat
than the land does.
cP or cA or mP.
64.
Runoff: –increases
–goes up
Infiltration:
–decreases –less
–would drop to
zero/near zero
59.
4520 J
60.
–precipitation
–raining –snowing
–sleeting –hailing
61.
–carbon dioxide or
CO 2 –methane or
CH 4 –water vapor
65.
or H2O gas –nitrous
oxide or N2O
–ozone or O3
–chlorofluorocarbons or
CFCs
48.
– Northeast
63.
58.
47.
49.
any value from
–20ºC to –24ºC
62.
–The area covered
by ice in 2005 was
66.
less than the average
area covered by ice
from 1979 to 2000.
–The area covered
by ice was less,
showing evidence of
global warming.
–More ice melted in
2005 than the
average that melted
from 1979 to 2000.
–The ice caps were
melting, causing less
surface ice in 2005.
–There was less ice
in 2005.
67.
condensation
68.
Air temperature at B
: –warmer –higher
–increased
Relative humidity at
B: – lower –drier
–decreased
–The heavy rainfall 69.
will infiltrate the
ground, causing the
water table to rise
closer to the surface.
–Infiltration will
occur. –The ground
becomes more
saturated. –The
saturated zone will
increase. –The water
table will rise.
–erosion of the land
surface.
–Acid dissolves
70.
limestone. –The
calcite in the
71.
limestone
chemically reacts
with acid.
–Limestone is
composed of calcite. 72.
Soil permeability:
–high –The soil is
unsaturated. –a soil
that allows water to
easily or rapidly
seep through –The
surface of the soil is
not frozen. –a very
permeable soil
–loosely packed
large particles
Land surface slope:
–a gentle slope –a
slope that is not
steep –a level slope
–flat/a flat plain
– Air expands as it
moves up the
mountain. – The
molecules move
farther apart as the
air rises. – Lower
pressure at higher
altitudes allows
molecules to move
farther apart. – The
less dense air at
higher altitudes
allow the air
molecules to spread
out.
– 100%
– psychrometer –
wet- and dry-bulb
thermometer –
hygrometer
– car accidents –
power outages –
damage to homes
–flooding – trees
falling on electrical
lines/houses/cars –
heart attack from
shoveling – carbon
monoxide poisoning
– no heat in the
building
73.
– southwest –SW –
west southwest –
WSW
74.
–any value greater
than 1 in, but less
than 6 in.
75.
–93 mi to 107 mi.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
76.
77.
78.
83.
– methane or CH 4 –
water vapor or H2O
– nitrous oxide or N2
O – ozone or O3 –
chlorofluorocarbons/CFCs
–2 ppm/y
79.
84.
— Miami is located 88.
at a lower latitude.
— Atlantic City
receives a lower
angle of
insolation/less
intense insolation.
— The temperatures
in Miami are
warmed by the
Florida Current. —
Miami has a longer
duration of
insolation.
any value from 0.20
°F/mi to 0.30 °F/mi.
— The air travels
over Lake Ontario
toward Oswego,
picking up moisture
that results in more
snow. — The air
over Toronto
contains less
moisture. —
Lake-effect storms
occur on the eastern
side of the lake
when the wind is
blowing in the
direction shown.
95.
96.
1013.4 mb.
97.
89.
85.
90.
80.
81.
82.
— Its warmest
months are in
86.
January and
February. — Its
coldest months are
in June and July. —
The warm and cold
times of the year are
the opposite of New
87.
York’s.
— expansion —
cooling to the
dewpoint —
condensation —
cooling —
deposition
— Water has a
91.
higher specific heat 92.
than land. — Water
takes a longer time
to cool than land. —
Land surfaces cool
faster.
— Old Forge is
located in the
mountains. —
93.
Higher elevations
have colder
temperatures. —
Watertown is closer 94.
to a large body of
water that moderates
its temperature.
– East Australia
Current – South
Equatorial Current – 98.
E. Australia C.
troposphere
– go to the basement
– stay away from
windows – listen to
emergency warnings
broadcast on radio
or TV – go to a
community
99.
emergency shelter
– Air-mass X: cP or
cA – Air-mass Y:
mT
– the prevailing
southwest winds –
the jet stream –
planetary winds
100.
— As temperature
increased, pressure
decreased. — There
is an inverse
relationship between
air temperature and
air pressure. — As
one variable
increases, the other
variable decreases.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
101.
102.
103. Date: — December
3 — 12/3/07 Time:
— 4 p.m. — 4:00
p.m.
106. — Prevailing winds 112. — Yakutsk receives
blow toward the
less precipitation
northeast. — New
during the year than
York State is located
Reykjavik. —
in the southwesterly
Yakutsk receives
wind belt. — The jet
more of its
stream moved the
precipitation in
low-pressure system
summer than in
in that direction. —
winter. — Yakutsk
prevailing winds —
receives a higher
Winds are moving
percentage of
the system northeast.
precipitation as
snowfall.
107. — Winds are
moving
counterclockwise.
— Winds are
moving inward
toward the
low-pressure center.
— in and
counterclockwise
104. — As air
temperature
increased,
barometric pressure
decreased. —
inverse relationship
105. — Residents should
have purchased
extra supplies, such
as food and water.
— Residents should
have obtained
battery-powered
radios, flashlights,
and/or candles. —
Rock salt or de-icing
pellets should have
been obtained to
clear ice from
sidewalks and
driveways. — Check
to make sure enough
fuel for heat is on
hand to last several
days. — People who
have emergency
generators should
check to make sure
they are working
properly.
108.
109.
118. – Warm air from
over the South
Equatorial Current is
less dense. – The air
mass is warmer.
– More moisture is
present in the
warmer air over the
South Equatorial
Current. – The
Benguela Current
causes the air to be
cooler.
113. — Reykjavik has a 119. Any value from
maritime climate. —
2001 cm to 2199 cm
The ocean around
is correct.
Iceland moderates
120. – Greenhouse gases:
Reykjavik's climate.
absorb the longer
— Reykjavik is
wave radiation
located near a large
coming from Earth’s
body of water which
surface, absorb
heats and cools more
infrared energy, and
slowly than inland
trap the heat given
locations. —
off by Earth.
Yakutsk is located
121. – methane, water
farther inland.
vapor, carbon
114. – cA or cP
dioxide (CO 2), or
115. – 2260 J
ozone
116. — a decrease in
122. – Temperature and
slope — increased
dewpoint values are
vegetation —
far apart. – Relative
increased infiltration
humidity is very
— a more permeable
low. – Cloud cover
110.
surface
is only 25%. – Air
pressure of 1017.0
117. – transpiration or
mb most likely
sublimation
indicates the
presence of a
high-pressure
111. – Warm: Norwegian
system.
Current or North
Atlantic Current –
123.
Cool: East
Greenland Current
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
124. — have an ample
supply of food —
purchase an electric
generator in case of
a power failure —
keep snow removal
equipment in good
condition and in a
convenient location
— have an updated
medicine kit (buy
needed medicines)
— stockpile water
supplies — purchase
flashlights and/or
candles
125. An arrow that
crosses Lake
Ontario and
generally points
towards Oswego is
shown.
132. cold front
133.
134.
135.
136.
126. - cooling condensation - air
expands
127. Catskills
128. — Gulf of Mexico
— Atlantic Ocean
— Lake Erie —
Lake Ontario
140.
146. Examples:
–Location B is
— Toward the
located high in the
northeast —
mountains.
Northeastward —
–Location A is
Eastward
141. Examples: –C is
located at a lower
between isobars that
— Warm air is less
elevation.
are closely related.
dense than cool air
147. 30°N or 30°S
–A is located in an
— Cool air is more
area with a small
dense than warm air.
148. cP or cA.
pressure gradient.
Temperature: — The
149.
–The isobars are
air on the west side
closer together at C.
of the dry line is
142. mT
cooler — Lower
Humidity: — lower 143. Examples: –B is
on the west side —
being affected by a
drier — less
150. – condensation
warm front.
– expansion
–Precipitation often
— Air Temperature:
– cooling
occurs
ahead
of
a
50°F — Dewpoint:
– deposition/warm front. –B is
44°F — Wind
sublimation
located close to a
direction from: SE
frontal boundary.
or Southeast —
151. warm front
Wind Speed: 10
144.
152. – Gulf of Mexico
Knots — Cloud
– a warm ocean
cover: 100%
surface
137.
145. Examples:
–Location C is
located in air that is
sinking,
129. The angle of
compressing, and
insolation is greater
warming. –Location
for Beaufort, North 138. —- The difference
C is on the leeward
Carolina. Beaufort is
between air
side of a mountain.
at a lower latitude.
temperature and
–Location D is near
The Sun is higher in
dewpoint is smallest
a large body of
the sky at Beaufort.
at station C.
water. –Air
Beaufort is closer to
— Station C has the
traveling over the
the equator.
lowest air pressure.
mountains loses its
— Station C has
130. Occluded front
moisture at D.
100% overcast skies.
131. — The warm, moist
air is less dense. — 139. any value from 27°C
to 28°C.
The warm, moist air
is lighter. — Warm
air is overriding the
more dense cold air.
153. Examples: — Rising
air expands, cools to
the dewpoint, and
condensation of
water vapor occurs.
— Condensation
occurs when the
dewpoint is reached.
— Water vapor
condenses when
dewpoint is reached.
154. a warm front.
155.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
166. Examples: – east –
northeast
173. Examples: — inward 181. Examples: –City X
— counterclockwise
is located farther
— counterclockwise
inland from the
167. Examples: –
and
toward
the
ocean. –City Y is
Location C is cooler
center
located closer to a
because it is farther
large body of water.
north. – C is a
174.
182. 10°C to 15°C
175. Examples: — The
isobars are close
168. Examples: –
together between
Location A is
Miles City and
influenced by a cold,
Pierre. — There is a
dry air mass. –
large pressure
Location A has clear
gradient between
skies.
Miles City and
Pierre. — The
condensation (gas to 169. Examples: –
feathers on the
liquid)
condensation –
station models
expanding air
Examples: – go to
indicate strong
the structurally
170.
winds in that area.
strongest area in the
176. Examples: — any
school nearest your
value from 0.016 to
location – go to the
0.018. — millibars
lowest level in the
per kilometer —
school
mb/km
171. Examples: — As
Examples: –
latitude increases,
177. X is located over the
counterclockwise –
the number of days
water in the
toward the center
with thunderstorms
diagonally lined
Examples: – The
decreases. — Lower
area.
tornadoes are
latitudes have more 178. Examples: – passage
located within the
thunderstorms. — an
of low-pressure
SW wind belt.– The
inverse relationship
system –passage of a
planetaiy winds
between latitude and
cold front –arrival of
moved them toward
number of days with
a warm air mass
the northeast.
thunderstorms
followed by the
rain.
172. The centers of eight
arrival of a cold air
163. mT or MT
164. 1009.6 mb.
165.
continental polar air
mass, which is cold,
dry air.
or nine Xs are
within the circles
shown on the graph
and are correctly
connected with a
line that passes
through the circles.
mass
179. 2.8 to 3.2
millibars/hour
180. Both cities have
their highest
temperatures in
June, July, and
August.
183.
184. Examples: –The air
temperature is
closest to the
dewpoint in Utica.
–The air pressure in
Utica is lowest.
–The amount of
cloud cover is 100%
in Utica. –The
relative humidity is
highest in Utica.
–Air pressure is
decreasing in Utica.
185. 1020.1 mb
186. 18.9 to 21.1 Correct
units: — m/km
—meters/km —m/kilometer
187. 10 m
188. Examples: — Move
indoors. — Do not
use electrical
equipment or
telephones. — Do
not stand under tall
objects.
189. Binghamton
190. (1) cP (2) mT
191. 100%
192. 43.5°F
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
193. Examples: —
Warmer air rises
because it is less
dense. — As
temperature
increases, density
decreases.
194.
198. Examples: –
Birdsville is located
inland near the
center of the
continent. –
Bundaberg is
located near a large
body of water (the
ocean) that
moderates climate
temperatures.
199.
195.
200. 0.7 mi/m
196. Examples: –
Bundaberg is
located east of
Birdsville. –
Birdsville is west of
Bundaberg. – Earth
rotates west to east.
201.
206. 134
4 in.
210. Examples: – Sea
level would most
207. Responses include,
likely rise. – The
but are not limited
shape of Long Island
to: The air on the
would change. –
western slopes of the
submergences –
mountains is rising;
Long Island would
The valleys are
become smaller. –
located on the
Buildings would be
eastern side of the
flooded.
mountain ranges
where air is sinking; 211. Examples: – fossils
Air is warmed by
– volcanic dust –
compression as it
pollen – trapped
descends the
gases – microbes
mountain slopes, so 212. Examples: – Cold air
relative humidity
holds very little
decreases.
water vapor. – Very
208. Responses include,
but are not limited
to: Dust particles
can be blown into
the atmosphere by
winds; a volcanic
eruption; a forest
fire.
little evaporation
takes place in
Antarctica. –
Antarctica is in a
region where air is
sinking, therefore,
clouds seldom form.
– Very little
precipitation occurs
in a high-pressure
area.
209. Responses include,
but are not limited
203. Examples: – cP and
to: Water droplets
mT – mT and cP –
197. Examples: –
form on the surfaces 213. Example: – Seek
mT and cA – cA and
Bundaberg is
provided by the salt
indoor shelter. – If
mT
located near the
and dust particles;
indoors, stay away
ocean. – Birdsville
204.
Salt and dust
from windows.
is located inland. –
particles are
214.
The warm ocean
condensation nuclei,
current affects the
allowing the water
climate of
vapor to change into
205. Responses include,
Bundaberg. –
liquid drops,
but not limited to:
Bundaberg is
forming clouds.
215. one day per year
The Sierra Nevada
located on the
Mountain Range is
216. stratosphere
windward side of the
higher
in
elevation;
mountain.
217. Example: – The
Higher elevation
higher the altitude of
have lower
the top of the cloud,
temperatures;
the greater the
Expansional cooling
probability that hail
increases with
will be produced. –
higher mountains.
direct relationship
202. cold front
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
218. Responses include, 224. Responses include, 229. Examples: Air rises; 232.
but are not limited
but are not limited
Air expands; Air
to: Stop burning
to: Gulf of Mexico;
cools; The
fossil fuels; Reduce
A warm ocean
temperature reaches
the burning of
surface
the dewpoint; Water
tropical rain forests; 225. Responses include,
vapor condenses
Reduce
but are not limited
230.
greenhouse-gas
to: Expanding air;
emissions; Use more
Cooling to the
alternative energy
dewpoint;
a. Label the y-axis
sources such as solar
Condensation;
water vapor,
collectors and wind
Sublimation
including units (g/m3
turbines.
).
226. Responses include
219. Responses include,
b. Mark an
but are not limited
231. Examples: – As air
but are not limited
appropriate
to: Warm, moist air
temperature
to: A high elevation
numerical scale
is less dense than
increases , the
above sea level;
along the y-axis.
cold, Dry air; Cold
amount of water
Mountains; A
c. Correctly plot six
air is moving under
vapor that the air
plateau
or seven points and
the warm air and
can hold increases. –
connect them with a
220. Responses include,
forcing the warm air
Warm air can hold
line.
but are not limited
upward.
more water vapor
to: Unsorted
than cool air. – It is 233.
227. Acceptable
deposits; Moraines;
a direct relationship.
responses include,
Drumlins; Till;
– The higher the air
but are not limited
Mixed sediment
temperature, the
to, these examples:
sizes; Glacial
greater the amount
As elevation
erratics/boulders;
of water vapor
increases, the
Striated sediment
required to saturate
growing season is
te air.
221. Responses include,
shorter; The
234. Examples: – This
but are not limited
growing season is
region receives a
to: Water vapor (H 2
shorter in the
high angel of
O); Methane (CH4);
mountain region
insolation each day.
Carbon dioxide (CO
than in the lowland
– High-density
region
2 ); Nitrous oxide (N 2
insolation is
O); Ozone (O3);
received all year. –
228. Acceptable
237.
Chlorofluorocarbons
The Sun is higher in
responses include,
(CFCs)
the sky all year. –
but are not limited
The tropical region
222. From the south
to, these examples:
receives more
southeast (SSE) or
The lower latitudes
intense sunlight.
southeast (SE) at 25
have longer growing
knots (±2)
seasons; As latitude 238.
235. Between 10°C and
increases,
the
length
18°C or Between
223. 1002.1 mb
of the growing
18°C and 10°C
season decreases.
239. occluded
236. barometer or
barograph
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
240.
246. Air Pressure :
252. a:•Clouds form
1009.6mb Air
when rising air
Temperature: 46°F
expands and cools to
Amount of
the dewpoint.
precipitation during
b:• from gas to
last six hours: 0.15
liquid • Water vapor
or .15 inch
condenses. •
An X is located over
Cloud cover: 75%
deposition • gas to
the water in the
Present weather: rain
solid
diagonally lined
247. • The ocean has
253.
area.
moderated
241.
temperatures,
making the
temperatures
254. • Closely spaced
warmer. • It has
isobars represent a
increased the
region of high wind
temperatures during
velocity.
these months.
• As isobars become
242. Example: As the air
248.
closer, wind speed
pressure in the
increases.
hurricane gets lower,
the wind speed
255.
increases
243. barometer or
barograph
244.
245.
260. 100% relative
humidity
261. – Inverse
relationship –
Indirect relationship
– As elevation
increases, air
pressure decreases
262. barometer or
altimeter
263.
264. – Water has a higher
specific heat than
the land.
– Water takes a
longer time to heat
up and cool down
than land.
249. examples: • The
elevation of area 3 is
higher. • Climate
region 3 is located in 256. –Pass a law to limit
greenhouse gas
a mountainous
265. 20° south (±8°)
emissions. –Stop
region.
burning the rain
250. examples: •
forests.
humidity •
–Increase car
precipitation •
pool/mass transit
moisture
use.
251. examples: • similar
257. An increase in
latitudes • similar
global temperatures
duration of
will cause glaciers
insolation • similar
and continental ice
intensity of
sheets to gradually
insolation • similar
melt.
monthly changes in
258. 0.0001 or 0.001 or
the altitude of the
0.01 10 –4 or 10 –3 or
Sun
10 –2
259. troposphere
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
266. a drizzle
272.
b Weather Condition
– Explanation
100% cloud cover –
indicates that
saturated air has
condensed
low visibility (
mile) – is most
273. – Snow is melting
likely caused by
and refreezing to
water droplets in the
sleet as it falls.
air
– The rain freezes as
low air pressure –
it falls through
because humid air is
colder air before it
less dense than dry
hits the ground.
air
274. – Temperatures
Air pressure
decrease as latitude
decreased during the
increases. –
last 3 hours. – This
Temperature and
change may indicate
latitude are inversely
that moist air has
related.
arrived.
275. 1020.8 mb
267. 998.5 millibars
276.
268.
279. examples: – The
286.
storm entered the
prevailing
southwesterly wind
belt north of 30° N,
which pushed it to
the northeast. – The
hurricane moved
into a different wind
Line AB is an
belt.
occluded front.
Line BC is a cold
280. counterclockwise
front.
and spirals toward
Line BD is a warm
the eye
front.
281.
287. Hurricanes turn
northeast due to the
planetary wind belt
they move into. The
jet stream causes the
path of most
282.
hurricanes to curve
toward the northeast.
288. The area of
hurricane formation
increases from May
to September. The
area spreads
eastward.
269.
277. California Current
b any temperature
value between the
student-drawn
isotherms adjacent
to point A.
270. air rises and air
cools
271. sleet
283.
278. a rate of change =
Distance / Time
b rate of change =
2,600 km / 4 days
r = 2,600 km / 96 hr 284. high relative
humidity greater
c rate of change =
cloud cover
650 km/day
increased
r = 27 km/hr
precipitation
291. temperatures
decreased
285. Gulf of Mexico or
Atlantic Ocean.
289.
Do
not allow credit for
74° or 74°F. and
Allow credit for
shading in the
station circle
completely.
290. a Larger particles
fell closer to the
volcano. b More
dense particles fell
closer to the
volcano.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
292. examples: –
299. examples: – C is on
prevailing or
the leeward side. –
planetary winds –
Prevailing winds
the spin of Earth and
cause air to rise at
the Coriolis effect
location F, creating
on wind direction
more clouds and
causing heavier
293. examples: – toward
rainfall.
Asia (Africa) –
westward across the
Pacific Ocean
305. examples: – Rising 312. Examples: – The
air cools to the
temperature of the
dewpoint and water
lake water at the
vapor condenses. –
surface must be
Condensation occurs
higher than the
when the dewpoint
temperature of the
is rached.
air flowing over the
water. – Water
306.
temperature is
warmer than air
temperature.
300. examples: – As
elevation increases
from A to E,
294. a: Seek indoor
precipitation
shelter – Avoid high
increases. – direct
ground – Stay in
relationship
your car
307. examples: – Some
b: Go to the cellar or 301.
insolation is
the safest interior
absorbed by the
room – Stay away
ozone. – Harmful
from windows,
UV radiation is
Open house
absorbed by ozone.
windows
c: Evacuate the area
308. stratosphere
– Move away from 302. a: – flooding and
309.
sites directly
tornadoes – storm
downhill from the
surge and collapsing
volcano
structures – hail and
295. Examples: –
Evaporation is a
cooling process. –
Water evaporating
from a wet wick
takes energy from
the wet-bulb
thermometer.
296. dewpoint
297. 69%
298.
lightning – downed
electrical wires and
flying debris
b: – Evacuate to a
higher elevation. –
Take shelter. –
Board up windows.
– Build a seawall.
310. rising or cooling air
or increased
condensation or
orographic lifting
303. examples: – Over
land there is less
311. Examples: –
energy from
prevailing winds –
evaporating water. –
Lake Ontario runs
Winds decrease in
lengthwise from
strength due to
west to east, and the
friction with the
prevailing winds
land.
pick up moisture as
they flow across the
304. 27°30' or 27.5° and
entire length.
95°W
313. Example: Winters
and summers would
be cooler
314. Examples: – Global
warming melts
glaciers, causing a
rise in sea level. –
Increased
evaporation could
lower sea level.
315. Examples: – burning
fossil fuels –
population increases
316.
317. relative humidity
increases
318. 14°C.
319. The windspeed will
decrease.
320. Example: – The
windspeed is higher
where the isobars
are closer together.
321. 70° C
322. Example: The
hurricane lost it
source of energy
when it moved over
land.
Answer Key
ALL WEATHER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE MEGA PACKET
323. Examples: Flooding, 334.
wind damage
324. Examples: Natural
events like
335.
volcanoes and forest
fires can also lead to
acid rain.
325. Examples: Limit the
amount of gases
emitted by factories 336.
and vehicles.
337.
Restrict the use of
fossil fuels.
326. Examples:
Limestone and
marble or any
mineral that has the
mineral calcite.
338.
327. Examples: The
Northeast is densely
populated with lots
of vehicles and
factories. The
prevaling winds
blow polluntants
towards the
Northeast.
339.
328. barometer
329.
330.
331.
332. 100%
333. Fog
340.
341.
345.
346. — The specific heat
of water is greater
than the specific
heat of land or dry
33%
land, so the air over
the land heats up
Examples: –
faster than the air
Tornadoes exist for
over the lake. —
a shorter period of
More energy is
time – A hurricane
required to heat up
is a larger storm.
the same amount of
Examples: –
water than to heat
Location A is on the
the same amount of
windward side of the
land. — Air has a
mountain – At
lower specific heat
location B, air is
than water. — A lot
warming by
of energy is used to
compression.
melt the ice on Lake
1,500 meters
Erie. — Lake Erie is
still covered by ice.
— The darker land
surface absorbs
greater insolation.
— Land heats up
faster than water.
347.
342. — go into a
basement or
underground storm
shelter — go to an
348. — temperature/air
interior room — stay
temperature — The
away from windows
average temperature
— get under
of the air is colder
something sturdy
when Buffalo
343. anemometer or wind
receives snow.
speed meter.
344. 254 km/h to 332
km/h
349. — Cooler air near
the lake remains
close to the surface
because it is more
dense than
surrounding air. —
Cold air over the
lake is more dense.
— Cooler air over
Lake Erie is less
likely to rise. —
Convection is
reduced. — Less
evaporation occurs
when the air is
colder. — lack of
moisture. — Warm
air rises to form
clouds.