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Introdctuction to Punnett Squares Table of Contents © Bethany Lau 1: Table of Contents 2-4: Student Sample 5-8: Teaching Tips and Discussion Tips 9-11: Teacher Answer Key 12-14: Teacher Answer Key (Fill in Blank) 15-23: Different Student Versions 24-26: Three different 1/4 page size Exit Tickets 27: Teacher Answer Key for Exit Tickets 28: Terms of Use Tips for using Doodle Diagrams as Guided Notes The thing that most students struggle with in middle school and high school, in every class, is how to take notes. So often, they are lost without some sort of model. Many teachers expect them to have a blank notebook page, watch a Powerpoint, listen to the teacher lecture, somehow know what is important enough to write down, and physically write while trying to listen. This is mentally exhausting and so often students struggle all year, year after year, doing the same thing. A friend of mine used to call this teaching style: “Death by Powerpoint”. Students benefit by taking notes, by physically writing, but there has to be a balance and there has to be a model for them to follow. I have found in the past that the best way to help students take notes is to give them a notes packet for each unit with headers and a list of topics I’m going to cover in class: basically a space where they can put their notes on the page. Every year, I have improved my notes packets and class discussions to better help my students learn without being overwhelmed while taking notes. I’m creating these doodle diagrams so that students have pictures to help them really visualize each concept in their notes. What I find helps students the most when I am helping them to learn content together in a class discussion format: * I decide which note format would be best for my students. I have pages with more or less text, so I can customize it for each student or class depending on their ability to take notes and how much time I want to spend. Some students/classes really like to draw their own pictures; some don’t! * I print and copy a packet of the unit’s doodle diagrams and have them stapled before I give them to my students. Students are much less likely to lose a packet and they are more likely to get the notes when they are absent from a friend, because they see that it’s blank in their packet! * Give them a model to follow! Write as you go, with them on an ELMO projector, so they can see what you’re writing, what you’re highlighting, how you want them to take notes and process the information. * Use Powerpoint minimally. I do use my computer projector to show pictures or short video clips or other multimedia that I find online to supplement the guided notes. I use very little text on the screen. * I encourage students to doodle! These pages are designed to have places where students can fill in borders, fill in letters, color in pictures, and make their own doodles in the white space. Research shows that students who do this remember more of the material! Processing the material with the artistic side of their brain can aid in memory. So encourage them to use colored pencils, pens, whatever they would like on their page in the time you working through the page with them. © Bethany Lau * As I go through the lesson, I never just fill in the blank on the doodle diagram. I ask questions continually. I ask students what they think are the characteristics of life, what they think will happen next in this diagram, what they think is the best way to summarize this video clip they just saw on transcription or translation. And we fill it in together. Teacher Tips for Intro to Punnett Squares: I cover this topic after introducing some basic vocabulary like homozygous, heterozygous, Mendel’s peas, hybrids, true-breeding, genotype, and phenotype. Name: _______________ 1 3 Which trait/allele is dominant? Tall (T) 4 Which trait/allele is recessive? short (t) 2 Write each parent’s phenoty pe, genoty pe, and individual alleles. x Parent #1: Phenotype: Tall Tall tt , t T , t 5 Write the genoty pe ratio in the offspring by counting how many of each genoty pe are in the Punnett Square’s offspring boxes. Genotype Ratio: 1 TT 6 : 2 Tt Fill in the parent alleles on the top and left side of the Punnett square. Fill each box with the allele from one top parent and the allele from the left parent 3 Tall Pea Plant Tt Parent #2: Genotype: Tt Alleles: T Intro to Punnet t Squares : 1 tt Write the phenoty pe ratio using the genoty pe ratio. T T t TT Tt 4 t Tt tt Punnett squares are named after the man who invented them. They are a tool that can help scientists figure out: - all the possible combinations of the alleles an offspring have Phenotype Ratio: 3 tall : 1 short - the probability of each allele combination in the offspring © Bethany Lau 2. One important thing to stress: each genetics problem asks for a different type of answer. Some ask for genotype and phenotype ratios. Some ask for the percentage of offspring with one particular genotype or phenotype. It’s important for students to ANSWER the question. © Bethany Lau I recommend talking about ratios, percentages, and fractions in the way you want your students to answer questions. Example Genetic Cross: A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed to another heterozygous tall plant. Tall is dominant over short. Calculate the phenoty pe and genoty pe ratios of their offspring. Tall Pea Plant Tt 1. This framework, steps 1-6, are the steps I have students consistently take while they solve their genetics problems. Teacher Tips for Word Problem Clues I use this page after I’ve taught students about Punnett squares for my basic and regular students. Sometimes I find identifying the parent genotypes or figuring out which allele is dominant is the hardest part of the problem! Students need to know what the word clues are to determine how to set up the problem. Other common organisms in genetics problems: yeast, C. elegans nematodes Because the young fish has stripes and its mother was A young striped zebrafish homozygous for the recessive trait (spots), you can tell that the young fish is a heterozygote. It must have had a striped father and a spotted mother. Stripes is inherited one recessive allele from its mother. dominant over spots. What is the genoty pe of the young striped zebrafish? Ss (S for striped) “Hybrid” “Hybrid” means heterozygous. In this example, because the heterozygote shows the dominant trait, brown hair is the dominant trait. “True-breeding” A true breeding brown bodied male fly mates with a white-bodied female fly. The brown body allele is dominant over the white body allele. (Use B for brown and b for white) An albino male mouse is mated with a hybrid brown-haired female mouse. What is the genoty pe of the female parent? Bb (B for brown hair) “True -breeding” means homozygous. What is the genoty pe of the male parent fly? BB To figure out which allele is Dominant or Recessive? dominant, look at the phenoty pe of a heterozygous A heterozygous round-seed pea plant is individual in the problem. The heterozygous individual has the dominant trait. crossed with a wrinkled-seeded pea plant. Which allele is dominant? Round is dominant. Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues 2. The process shown is meant to represent eukaryotic translation, but in prokaryotes, translation can happen right as the transcript is being made! The nucleus separates the processes in eukaryotic cells © Bethany Lau In this page, I also show 4 organisms that scientists use a lot in genetics problems: zebrafish, mice, Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), and Mendel’s peas. Clues from Relatives © Bethany Lau 1. Here I lay out 4 different word clues that can really help students figure out a problem. Teacher Tips for Test Cross The test cross comes up a lot in genetics problems but so often students don’t understand WHY a scientist would use a test cross. The scientist crosses that organism with a homozygous recessive individual and if any of the multiple progeny has the recessive phenotype, the original mystery individual was a heterozygote. In goldfish, there is a trait caused by a dominant allele in a developmental gene called bubble-eye. * Bubble eyed goldfish have a large bubble-like sac near each eye and they lack a dorsal fin. Bubble eye Normal eye * Normal eyes (b) is recessive to bubble eyes (B). Your friend gives you two new goldfish! What are their genoty pes? The normal eyed fish’s genoty pe must be bb because normal eyes is recessive. The bubble eyed fish’s genoty pe could be BB or Bb. You cannot tell by looking at it! How can you figure out the bubble-eyed goldfish’s genotype? Scientists do test crosses to see if an individual organism is heterozygous or Offspring Possibility #1 homozygous dominant for a particular trait. They cross the individual with the unknown genoty pe with a homozygous recessive individual. Test Cross Offspring Possibility #2 Parents must be: bb and Bb Name: _________________ Parents must be: bb and BB 2. I hope your students really enjoy this page; I really loved making it! Bubble-eyed goldfish are so cool to watch and look at; I suggest you get out a video from youtube or online to show students what the bubble-eye actually looks like. :) © Bethany Lau A scientist does a test cross when they are trying to figure out whether an organism that has a dominant trait is either homozygous for the dominant allele or is a heterozygote. Background about Goldfish: © Bethany Lau 1. The key: Example Genetic Cross: Name: _______________ A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed to another heterozygous tall plant. Tall is dominant over short. Calculate the phenoty pe and genoty pe ratios of their offspring. 3 Which trait/allele is dominant? Tall (T) 4 Which trait/allele is recessive? short (t) 2 Write each parent’s phenoty pe, genoty pe, and individual alleles. x Parent #1: Phenotype: Tall Tall tt , t T , t 5 Write the genoty pe ratio in the offspring by counting how many of each genoty pe are in the Punnett Square’s offspring boxes. Genotype Ratio: 1 TT 6 : 2 Tt Fill each box with the allele from one top parent and the allele from the left parent 3 Tall Pea Plant Tt Parent #2: Genotype: Tt Alleles: T Fill in the parent alleles on the top and left side of the Punnett square. : 1 tt Write the phenoty pe ratio using the genoty pe ratio. Tall Pea Plant Tt 1 Intro to Punnett Squares T T t TT Tt 4 t Tt tt Punnett squares are named after the man who invented them. They are a tool that can help scientists figure out: - all the possible combinations of the alleles an offspring have 3 tall : 1 short - the probability of each allele combination in the offspring © Bethany Lau Phenotype Ratio: Clues from Relatives Because the young fish has stripes and its mother was homozygous for the recessive trait (spots), you can tell that the young fish is a heterozygote. It must have inherited one recessive allele from its mother. A young striped zebrafish had a striped father and a spotted mother. Stripes is dominant over spots. What is the genoty pe of the young striped zebrafish? Ss (S for striped) “Hybrid” means heterozygous. In this example, because the heterozygote shows the dominant trait, brown hair is the dominant trait. “True-breeding” A true breeding brown bodied male fly mates with a white-bodied female fly. The brown body allele is dominant over the white body allele. (Use B for brown and b for white) “Hybrid” An albino male mouse is mated with a hybrid brown-haired female mouse. What is the genoty pe of the female parent? Bb (B for brown hair) “True -breeding” means homozygous. What is the genoty pe of the male parent fly? BB Dominant or Recessive? A heterozygous round-seed pea plant is crossed with a wrinkled-seeded pea plant. Which allele is dominant? Round is dominant. © Bethany Lau To figure out which allele is dominant, look at the phenoty pe of a heterozygous individual in the problem. The heterozygous individual has the dominant trait. Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues Background about Goldfish: In goldfish, there is a trait caused by a dominant allele in a developmental gene called bubble-eye. * Bubble eyed goldfish have a large bubble-like sac near each eye and they lack a dorsal fin. * Normal eyes (b) is recessive to bubble eyes (B). Bubble eye Normal eye Your friend gives you two new goldfish! What are their genoty pes? The normal eyed fish’s genoty pe must be bb because normal eyes is recessive. The bubble eyed fish’s genoty pe could be BB or Bb. You cannot tell by looking at it! How can you figure out the bubble-eyed goldfish’s genotype? Offspring Possibility #1 homozygous dominant for a particular trait. They cross the individual with the unknown genoty pe with a homozygous recessive individual. Test Cross Offspring Possibility #2 Parents must be: bb and Bb Name: _________________ Parents must be: bb and BB © Bethany Lau Scientists do test crosses to see if an individual organism is heterozygous or Example Genetic Cross: Name: _______________ A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed to another heterozygous tall plant. Tall is dominant over short. Calculate the phenoty pe and genoty pe ratios of their offspring. 3 Which trait/allele is dominant? Tall (T) 4 Which trait/allele is recessive? short (t) 2 Write each parent’s phenoty pe, genoty pe, and individual alleles. x Parent #1: Phenotype: Tall Tall tt , t T , t 5 Write the genoty pe ratio in the offspring by counting how many of each genoty pe are in the Punnett Square’s offspring boxes. Genotype Ratio: 1 TT 6 : 2 Tt Fill each box with the allele from one top parent and the allele from the left parent 3 Tall Pea Plant Tt Parent #2: Genotype: Tt Alleles: T Fill in the parent alleles on the top and left side of the Punnett square. : 1 tt Write the phenoty pe ratio using the genoty pe ratio. Tall Pea Plant Tt 1 Intro to Punnett Squares T T t TT Tt 4 t Tt tt Punnett squares are named after the man who invented them. They are a tool that can help scientists figure out: - all the possible combinations alleles an offspring have of the 3 tall : 1 short - the probability of each allele combination in the offspring © Bethany Lau Phenotype Ratio: Clues from Relatives Because the young fish has stripes and its mother was homozygous for the recessive trait (spots), you can tell that the young fish is a heterozygote. It must have inherited one recessive allele from its mother. A young striped zebrafish had a striped father and a spotted mother. Stripes is dominant over spots. What is the genoty pe of the young striped zebrafish? Ss (S for striped) “Hybrid” means heterozygous. In this example, because the heterozygote shows the dominant trait, brown hair is the dominant trait. “True-breeding” A true breeding brown bodied male fly mates with a white-bodied female fly. The brown body allele is dominant over the white body allele. (Use B for brown and b for white) “Hybrid” An albino male mouse is mated with a hybrid brown-haired female mouse. What is the genoty pe of the female parent? Bb (B for brown hair) “True -breeding” means homozygous. What is the genoty pe of the male parent fly? BB Dominant or Recessive? A heterozygous round-seed pea plant is crossed with a wrinkled-seeded pea plant. Which allele is dominant? Round is dominant. © Bethany Lau To figure out which allele is dominant, look at the phenoty pe of a heterozygous individual in the problem. The heterozygous individual has the dominant trait. Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues Background about Goldfish: In goldfish, there is a trait caused by a dominant allele in a developmental gene called bubble-eye. * Bubble eyed goldfish have a large bubble-like sac near each eye and they lack a dorsal fin. * Normal eyes (b) is recessive to bubble eyes (B). Bubble eye Normal eye Your friend gives you two new goldfish! What are their genoty pes? The normal eyed fish’s genoty pe must be bb because normal eyes is recessive. The bubble eyed fish’s genoty pe could be BB or Bb . You cannot tell by looking at it! How can you figure out the bubble-eyed goldfish’s genotype? Offspring Possibility #1 homozygous dominant for a particular trait. They cross the individual with the unknown genoty pe with a homozygous recessive individual. Test Cross Offspring Possibility #2 Parents must be: bb and Bb Name: _________________ Parents must be: bb and BB © Bethany Lau Scientists do test crosses to see if an individual organism is heterozygous or Example Genetic Cross: Name: _______________ A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed to another heterozygous tall plant. Tall is dominant over short. Calculate the phenoty pe and genoty pe ratios of their offspring. Which trait/allele is dominant? 4 Which trait/allele is recessive? 2 Write each parent’s phenoty pe, genoty pe, and individual alleles. x Parent #1: Genotype: Alleles: 5 Write the genoty pe ratio in the offspring by counting how many of each genoty pe are in the Punnett Square’s offspring boxes. Genotype Ratio: 6 Fill in the parent alleles on the top and left side of the Punnett square. Fill each box with the allele from one top parent and the allele from the left parent 3 Tall Pea Plant Tt Parent #2: Phenotype: : 3 : Write the phenoty pe ratio using the genoty pe ratio. Tall Pea Plant Tt 1 Intro to Punnett Squares 4 Punnett squares are named after the man who invented them. They are a that can help scientists figure out: - all the possible the alleles an offspring have of : - the of each allele combination in the offspring © Bethany Lau Phenotype Ratio: Clues from Relatives Because the young fish has stripes and its mother was homozygous for the recessive trait (spots), you can tell that the young fish is a . It must have inherited allele from its mother. A young striped zebrafish had a striped father and a spotted mother. Stripes is dominant over spots. What is the genoty pe of the young striped zebrafish? “Hybrid” “Hybrid” means . In this example, because the heterozygote shows the trait, brown hair is the trait. “True-breeding” A true breeding brown bodied male fly mates with a white-bodied female fly. The brown body allele is dominant over the white body allele. (Use B for brown and b for white) An albino male mouse is mated with a hybrid brown-haired female mouse. What is the genoty pe of the female parent? “True -breeding” means What is the genoty pe of the male parent fly? Dominant or Recessive? A heterozygous round-seed pea plant is crossed with a wrinkled-seeded pea plant. Which allele is dominant? © Bethany Lau To figure out which allele is dominant, look at the phenoty pe of a individual in the problem. The individual has the trait. Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues Background about Goldfish: In goldfish, there is a trait caused by a allele in a developmental gene called bubble-eye. * Bubble eyed goldfish have a large bubble-like sac near each eye and they lack a dorsal fin. * Normal eyes (b) is to bubble eyes (B). Bubble eye Normal eye Your friend gives you two new goldfish! What are their genoty pes? The normal eyed fish’s genoty pe must be because normal eyes is recessive. The bubble eyed fish’s genoty pe could be . You cannot tell by looking at it! How can you figure out the bubble-eyed goldfish’s genotype? Scientists do test crosses to see if an individual organism is or Offspring Possibility #1 Offspring Possibility #2 for a particular trait. They cross the individual with the unknown genoty pe with a Parents must be: Test Cross Name: _________________ Parents must be: © Bethany Lau individual. Example Genetic Cross: Name: _______________ A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed to another heterozygous tall plant. Tall is dominant over short. Calculate the phenoty pe and genoty pe ratios of their offspring. 1 Intro to Punnett Squares 3 4 2 3 x Parent #1: Tall Pea Plant Tt Parent #2: Tall Pea Plant Tt Phenotype: Genotype: Alleles: 5 4 Genotype Ratio: : : 6 : © Bethany Lau Phenotype Ratio: Clues from Relatives A young striped zebrafish had a striped father and a spotted mother. Stripes is dominant over spots. “Hybrid” An albino male mouse is mated with a hybrid brown-haired female mouse. “True-breeding” A true breeding brown bodied male fly mates with a white-bodied female fly. The brown body allele is dominant over the white body allele. (Use B for brown and b for white) Dominant or Recessive? © Bethany Lau A heterozygous round-seed pea plant is crossed with a wrinkled-seeded pea plant. Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues Background about Goldfish: Bubble eye Normal eye Your friend gives you two new goldfish! How can you figure out the bubble-eyed goldfish’s genotype? Offspring Possibility #1 Test Cross Name: _________________ © Bethany Lau Offspring Possibility #2 Name: _______________ Intro to Punnett Squares 1 3 4 2 3 x 4 5 : : : © Bethany Lau 6 © Bethany Lau Simple Mendelian Word Problem Clues _________________ © Bethany Lau Test Cross Name: Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 1 Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 1 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: YY x Yy (Y = yellow pea pod; y = green pea pod) In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: YY x Yy (Y = yellow pea pod; y = green pea pod) What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 1 Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 1 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: YY x Yy (Y = yellow pea pod; y = green pea pod) In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: YY x Yy (Y = yellow pea pod; y = green pea pod) What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 2 Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 2 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: A hybrid yellow pea pod plant crossed to a green pod plant. Y = yellow pea pod y = green pea pod In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: A hybrid yellow pea pod plant crossed to a green pod plant. Y = yellow pea pod y = green pea pod What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 2 Name: __________________ Punnett Squares 2 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: A hybrid yellow pea pod plant crossed to a green pod plant. Y = yellow pea pod y = green pea pod In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: A hybrid yellow pea pod plant crossed to a green pod plant. Y = yellow pea pod y = green pea pod What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? 3 Name: __________________ 3 Name: __________________ Real Genetics Real Genetics You are studying eye color in fruit flies. You have a strain of red eyed flies (red is dominant) and a strain of white eyed flies. Your scientist friend from Hawaii sends you a very interesting red eyed fly. You are studying eye color in fruit flies. You have a strain of red eyed flies (red is dominant) and a strain of white eyed flies. Your scientist friend from Hawaii sends you a very interesting red eyed fly. What can you do to figure out if your new interesting fly is homozygous for the red eye allele? What can you do to figure out if your new interesting fly is homozygous for the red eye allele? 3 Name: __________________ Real Genetics 3 Name: __________________ Real Genetics You are studying eye color in fruit flies. You have a strain of red eyed flies (red is dominant) and a strain of white eyed flies. Your scientist friend from Hawaii sends you a very interesting red eyed fly. You are studying eye color in fruit flies. You have a strain of red eyed flies (red is dominant) and a strain of white eyed flies. Your scientist friend from Hawaii sends you a very interesting red eyed fly. What can you do to figure out if your new interesting fly is homozygous for the red eye allele? What can you do to figure out if your new interesting fly is homozygous for the red eye allele? Punnett Squares 1 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: YY x Yy (Y = yellow pea pod; y = green pea pod) What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? 100% Answer Key Name: __________________ y Y y YY Yy 50% 3 Real Genetics You are studying eye color in fruit flies. You have a strain of red eyed flies (red is dominant) and a strain of white eyed flies. Your scientist friend from Hawaii sends you a very interesting red eyed fly. What can you do to figure out if your new interesting fly is homozygous for the red eye allele? Punnett Squares 2 In the space below, write a Punnett Square for the following cross: A hybrid yellow pea pod plant crossed to a green pod plant. Y = yellow pea pod y = green pea pod y Y What percent of the progeny will have yellow pea pods? y YY Yy Perform a test cross! Cross that fly to a white eyed fly. Look at the progeny. If there are any white-eyed progeny, the red eyed fly parent was a heterozygote. Answer Key Name: __________________ y Yy yy y Yy yy Teacher Instructions: I recommend using these “exit tickets” for the last 3-5 minutes of class. Pass them out, ask your students to fill them out, and then go over the answer right then and there after they switch with their partner to correct. I recommend having the “partner switch” be different every day (Behind you, in front of you, to the left/right etc). That way you can give them a participation grade by just checking them off in your gradebook (I’m sure you don’t have time to grade 100+ of these a day...) It’s a great way to get a quick formative assessment of how they understood the lesson. © Bethany Lau Answer Key Name: __________________ Thank you! Thank you for downloading one of my doodle diagrams. I work hard to create the best quality content for my students and I hope this resource helps you teach in your own classroom. If you have any questions, concerns, or find an occasional typo, please email me at [email protected]. :) If you like this resource, please stop by my store and check out my other doodle diagram resources. You can find other biology doodle diagrams in this bundle here: Terms of use Purchasing or downloading my teaching resources allows you to: * Make copies for your own classes only. * Place this file on your own password-protected class page or server (Blackboard, Google Drive, etc) AS LONG AS no other teacher has access to that class webpage. If you and a team of teachers would like to use this resource together, please purchase additional licenses on the resource purchase page. By purchasing or downloading my teaching resource, you ARE NOT ALLOWED TO: * Make copies for other teachers or their classes. * Distribute it digitally to other teachers. * Post this resource on any web page or server that is available for public view or is able to be searched on internet. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THESE TERMS OF USE IS A COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND A VIOLATION OF THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT. IMAGES AND ELEMENTS FOUND IN THIS PDF ARE COPYRIGHTED AND CANNOT BE EXTRACTED AND USED OUTSIDE OF THIS FILE WITHOUT PERMISSION OR LICENSE. Adobe Stock, Stockunlimited.com, Deposit Photos Fonts by Kimberly Geswein Fonts and Brittney Murphy Design. Clipart from Photo Clipz © Bethany Lau Because I have created many of my own graphics using Illustrator and other graphics are licensed and used with permission from the following artists/sources, I cannot offer my resources in editable form. Thanks for understanding!