Download Ecology & Eco Review

Ecology Review
1. Which of the following statements relating to “pyramids of energy” is true?
A. they are never inverted.
B. they show how energy is cycled in a given ecosystem.
C. they always have the same shape as the pyramid of numbers for the relationship being
studied.
D. they can be inverted (turned upside-down) for a highly productive ecosystem such as a
tropical rain forest.
2. The various microorganisms, plants and animals living in a pond form a (an)
A.
B.
C.
D.
ecological niche
community
population
ecosystem
3. A group of organisms of the same species occupying a given area at a given time may be
considered as
A.
B.
C.
D.
a biome
a population
an ecosystem
a community
4. Trees
sap-sucking insects
carnivorous insects
birds
bird parasites
is a food chain which might occur in a woodland. Which of the following pyramids of
numbers might best describe the food chain?
A.
bird parasites
B.
birds
birds
carnivorous insects
carnivorous insects
sap sucking insects
sap sucking insects
trees
C.
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bird parasites
bird parasites
trees
D.
bird parasites
birds
birds
carnivorous insects
carnivorous insects
sap sucking insects
sap sucking insects
trees
trees
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5. Wolves and lions are said to occupy the same trophic level because they
A.
B.
C.
D.
are both terrestrial
are both large mammals
both eat primary consumers
use their food with about a 10% efficiency
6. Which of the following is a result of biological magnification?
A. many nutrients are being removed from agricultural lands and washed into aquatic
ecosystems
B. DDT has spread throughout every ecosystem and is found in almost every organism
C. the greenhouse effect (global warming) will be most significant at the poles
D. top-level predators may be most harmed by toxic environment chemicals
7. Energy passes along a food chain in the form of
A.
B.
C.
D.
chemical energy
kinetic energy
light energy
heat energy
8. In a pyramid of numbers, whatever stage is analyzed, a reduction in the number of organisms
can almost always be observed when there is an increase in
A.
B.
C.
D.
the size of the organism
temperature
energy loss
birth rate
9. When ecologists attempt to define where a particular organism lives they are describing its
A.
B.
C.
D.
habitat
ecosystem
community
trophic level
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The following food web shows some of the feeding relationships in a lake in Western Africa.
Perch
Tilapia Fishes
Alestid Fishes
Insects
Freshwater Sardine
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
10. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tilapia fishes and zooplankton are both secondary consumers.
There would most probably be more perch in the lake than sardines.
Alestid fishes and fresh water sardines are both primary consumers.
Perch can be third level or fourth level consumers depending upon the food chain
involved.
11. A biome with high temperature, high rainfall and poor soil is
A.
B.
C.
D.
grassland
desert
boreal forest
tropical rainforest
12. Compared to a eutrophic lake, an oligotrophic lake contains a greater concentration of
A.
B.
C.
D.
organic matter
plants
animals
oxygen
13. Nutrient cycles may involve
A. movement of the nutrient from the organism into the atmosphere
B. movement of nutrients into the soil
C. limitations on the number of organisms in the ecosystem due to shortage of some
nutrients
D. loss of the nutrients from the ecosystem
E. all of the above
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS USING FULL SENTENCES.
Use this information and the table below to answer the following question.
An ecological system was studied over a period of years and the energy
content (expressed as kilojoules) of several species was determined. You
may consider the “energy content” as equivalent to the total biomass
produced in that year.
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
KILOJOULE (ENERGY) EQUIVALENTS OF BIOMASS
1997
1998
1999
2000
19
23
18
41
438
450
420
720
103
120
130
564
111
110
141
301
1
0.5
0.1
10.1
28
34
37
56
600
705
713
1065
113
75
141
138
2001
17
397
143
117
7.6
37
782
76
1. A. State which organism is most likely a producer? Support your data.
/2
B.
State which organism is most likely a predator and explain why.
C.
Give an explanation for the events of 1999 to 2000.
/2
/2
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2. Using the information provided for Question 1 on the previous page, construct a food
pyramid of four trophic levels. Identify one species from the chart at each level along
with the correct name for that trophic level.
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/2
3.
a.
Explain how producers and consumers are different.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
/2
b.
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary consumer?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c.
Differentiate among the following types of consumers:
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
/4
/2
4. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Diagram and label the nitrogen cycle below.
/4
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6. Using the food web shown below, identify four different food chains that make up
that food web.
/4
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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7.
/1
/8
a.
What is a niche?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Identify the problem and cause of the following environmental concerns:
a.
ozone depletion
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b.
acid rain
c.
greenhouse effect
d.
organic sewage
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Ecosystems and Populations Review
1.
In evolutionary terms, animals which are the 'best adapted' are those which
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
reproduce asexually
have the most variation
produce most offspring
produce the greatest number of eggs and sperm
A large population of a certain species of freshwater fish lives in South America. No
close relatives of this fish are known. Suppose you could somehow cause all mutations
to cease in this population and prevent all immigration into the population and
emigration from it. Which one of the following statements best expresses the probable
future of the population?
A. All evolution will promptly cease because without mutation there will be no new
traits for evolution.
B. The population will continue to evolve for a long time as selection acts on
variations within the population.
C. The population will begin to deteriorate after four or five generations because no
new traits will be brought in by immigration.
D. Although the population will cease to evolve, it may survive for a long time if
the environment remains constant.
3.
Population A occurs only in Africa. The closely related population B occurs only in
South America. Only a few minor structural differences between A and B can be
found. Population C, which is closely related to both A and B, occupies the same area
as B but differs more noticeably from B in several characteristics. In an attempt to
determine whether A and B belong to the same or different species, individuals from
the two populations were mated in the laboratory; they produced fertile offspring.
Populations A and B must be regarded as
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
Which bird is most evolutionarily successful?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
members of the same species
members of different species
members of the same species as C
uncertainly related because insufficient data is available to settle the matter
lays 7 eggs, 5 hatch and 4 reproduce
lays 9 eggs, 8 hatch and 2 reproduce
lays 2 eggs, 2 hatch and 2 reproduce
lays 5 eggs, 5 hatch and 3 reproduce
What is a genetic change that increases an organism’s chance of survival?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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a variation
an acquired trait
a mutation
an adaptation
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6.
In order for genes to stay in a population, the organisms with those genes must:
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
The continuing increase in the numbers of insect species is an example of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
divergent evolution
interbreeding
artificial selection
both a and b are correct
Populations are likely to evolve differently if:
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
survive
migrate
reproduce
both a and c are correct
they interbreed
genes are exchanged between the populations
environmental conditions are similar
geographical isolation occurs
Female birds are less colourful than males because:
A.
B.
C.
D.
camouflage aids in survival
female color is necessary for recognition
male color is necessary in courtship behaviour
both a and c are correct
10. Some organisms in a population of rabbits develop a heavier coat of hair. What will
determine whether the new trait will become more common?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the environment
whether the new trait is a mutation
the population of rabbits
the individual rabbit
11. In the process of evolution, which changes over a period of time?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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a population
an individual
a fossil
only extinct organisms
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12. Which represents a means of change for an organism?
A.
B.
C.
D.
mutation
environment
sexual recombination of genes
both a and c are correct
13. What has happened when isolated populations no longer interbreed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
speciation
genetic isolation
genes are no longer exchanged between populations
a, b and c are all correct
14. Which is true of fossils?
A.
B.
C.
D.
they provide direct evidence of evolution
they are always formed when organisms die
they are a sign of earlier life laid down in rock
they provide a complete history of past forms of life
15. Which provides the most exact age of a fossil?
A.
B.
C.
D.
sedimentation
comparative anatomy
radioactive carbon dating
comparative embryology
16. Carbon 14 with a half life of 5,568 years is used to date a sample of wood. The sample
as 1/8 the carbon 14 contained in a living tree of the same species. Approximately how
old is the specimen?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5,570 years
16,700 years
11,100 years
44,500 years
17. What is assumed in radioactive dating?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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carbon 14 decays at a regular rate
carbon 14 has always been taken into cells at the same rate
carbon 14 can be used to date both organic and inorganic materials
both a and b are correct
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18. An example of convergent evolution is provided by the case of:
A. the front limbs of land and aquatic mammal
B. the hind limbs of the mouse and the kangaroo
C. the fins of sharks and porpoises
D. the front limbs of the mouse and the bat
19. Which of the following pairs of structures are homologous?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The hind leg of a grasshopper; the hind leg of a kangaroo.
The wing of a bird; the wing of a bat.
The eye of a mammal; the eye of a fish.
The hind leg of a horse; the leg of a human.
20. The wings of a bird and the human forearm have similar structures. This suggests that
A.
B.
C.
D.
birds are derived from mammals
birds and mammals have a common ancestor
mammals are less well adapted to their environment
birds are closer to mammals than to any other animal group
21. Structures that are present but no longer function in an organism are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
homologous
vestigial
analogous
embryonic
22. When comparing the embryos of vertebrates, which of the following is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
organisms are completely different in their early embryonic development
a human embryo goes through a fish and a reptile embryo stage
genetic differences in different groups show up late in embryonic development
genetic differences become apparent at the beginning of development
23. A biochemical analysis of tissues from two species shows many similarities. What is the
best reason for assuming an evolutionary relationship?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the organisms live in the same environment
the organisms share homologous structures
the organisms have the same life requirements
the organisms have similar DNA sequences and cell proteins
24. Which is the best example of convergent evolution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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a bat and a bird
a horse and a man
a whale and a monkey
two interbreeding populations of frogs
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25. The Lamarckian Theory states that evolution occurs
A. by means of directed mutations
B. by means of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. in a series of major steps
D. by means of natural selection
26. According to Lamarck a giraffe has a long neck because
A.
B.
C.
D.
it was created that way
its ancestors stretched their necks to create food
catastrophes eliminated short-necked forms
ancestral giraffes with slightly longer necks than others got more food and left
more surviving offspring
27. Darwin believed that a giraffe has a long neck because
A.
B.
C.
D.
it was created that way
catastrophes eliminated short-necked forms
its ancestors stretched their necks to create food
ancestral giraffes with slightly longer necks than others got more food and left
more surviving offspring
28. The struggle for existence is a consequence of
A.
B.
C.
D.
each organism leaving more offspring than needed to replace itself
competition among organisms for nutrients and water
insufficient space for an infinite number of organisms
all of these
29. The theory that proposed the inheritance of acquired traits was offered by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Darwin
Lamarck
DeVries
Mendel
30. The following are parts of the theory of natural selection: (1) struggle for survival (2)
variation (3) overpopulation (4) survival of the fittest. What is the correct sequence for
these events?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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2, 3, 1, 4
3, 1, 2, 4
3, 4, 1, 2
1, 2, 3, 4
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31. Why are acquired characteristics not inherited?
A.
B.
C.
D.
offspring are like their parents
use or disuse of organs is more important
the genes are not altered
the environment does not affect an organism
32. Darwin’s theory of evolution would state that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
giraffes’ necks have always been the same length
the environment has little effect on evolution
ancestral giraffes had necks of different lengths
giraffes’ necks became longer by use
33. Modern evidence concerning evolution:
A.
B.
C.
D.
supports Lamarck’s theory
supports both Darwin and Lamarck
conflicts with both Darwin and Lamarck
supports Darwin’s theory
34. A city was intensively sprayed with DDT in 1953 in an effort to control houseflies. The
number of flies was immediately greatly reduced. Each year after the city was again
sprayed with DDT, but the flies gradually increased in number until ten years later they
were almost as abundant as they were when the control program began. Which one of
the following is the most likely explanation?
A. Flies from other areas moved in and replaced the ones killed by the DDT.
B. The few flies that were affected by DDT but survived developed antibodies to
DDT, which they passed on to their descendants.
C. The DDT caused new mutations to occur in the surviving flies, and this resulted
in resistance to DDT.
D. The DDT killed susceptible flies but the few that were naturally resistant lived
and reproduced, and their offspring repopulated the area.
35. From the study of the effect of industrialization on the population of peppered moths in
England in the 19th century, it can be concluded that
A.
B.
C.
D.
birds prefer the taste of white moths over gray moths
pollution has caused some moths to become darker than others
black moths are more resistant to pollution than are gray moths
black moths are more likely to survive in polluted areas than are gray moths
36. In the evolution of the peppered moth, natural selection pressure was provided by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
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insecticides
birds eating the moths
the chemicals in the environment
other moths in the population
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Test items 37-42 concern the changes in the peppered moth population which took place in
England between 1840 and 1895. Mark A if the statement is true, mark B if it is false.
37. Birds acted as a selective agent in the environment. _____
38. Before the beginning of industrialization, all the moths were light-colored_____
39. The amount of soot in the environment became an important factor in the survival of the
light-colored moths_____
40. A dark color was an unfavorable trait before 1840_____
41. Between 1850 and 1895, the frequency of the light allele remained constant_____
42. In 1895, the light- and dark-colored moths had an equal chance of passing on their
alleles to the next generation_____
Short Answer Questions
Write complete sentence answers to each of the following questions.
43. What is meant by the term evolution? (2 marks)
44. Name and describe three kinds of evidence for evolution. Explain how each provides
evidence for evolution. (6 marks)
45. Discuss an example of how environmental impact caused by human activity can alter
the natural course of evolution. (4 marks)
Selective pressure causes a new trait to be favored:
46. Snakes evolved from ancestral reptiles that had legs. How would Lamarck have
explained the appearance of legless snakes? How would Darwin have explained the
appearance of legless snakes? (10 marks)
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