Download education

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1.Education in Russian Federation
2.British Schools
3.British Universities
4.School Education in the USA
5.Higher Education in the USA
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The Moscow
State
University
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Every citizen has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by
the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too. Every boy or
girl must get secondary education. They go to school at the age of six
or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years old. At school
pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature,
Mathematics, History, Biology, a Foreign Language and others.
After finishing nine forms of secondary school young people can
continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also
go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic
subjects and receive a profession. A college gives general knowledge in
academic subjects and a profound knowledge in one ore several
subjects.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college,
young people can start working or enter an institute or a university.
Institutes and universities train specialists in different fields. A
course at an institute or a university usually takes five years. Many
have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an
opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes and
universities usually have graduate courses which give candidate or
doctoral degrees.
Education in this country is free at most schools. There are some
private primary or secondary schools where pupils have to pay for
their studies. Students of institutes or universities get scholarships.
At many institutes or universities there are also departments where
students have to pay for their education.
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State
Schools
British
Schools
State
Schools
Private
Schools
Comprehensive
Schools
Grammar
Schools
Technica
l
schools
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Modern
Schools
All British children must stay at school from the age of 5 until they
are 16. Many of them stay longer and take final examinations when they
are 17 or 18. There are different types of secondary schools.
State schools are divided into the following types:
Grammar schools. Children who go to grammar schools usually prefer
academic subjects, although many grammar schools now also have some
technical courses.
Technical schools. Some children go to technical schools. Most
courses there are either commercial or technical.
Modern schools. Boys and girls who are interested in working with
their hands and learning in a practical way can go to a technical school
and learn some trade.
Comprehensive schools. These schools usually combine all types of
secondary education. They have physics, chemistry, biology,
laboratories, machine workshop for metal and woodwork and also
geography, history and art departments, commercial and domestic
courses.
There are also many schools which the state does not control. They
are private schools. They charge fees for educating children, and many
of them are boarding schools, at which pupils live during the term time.
After leaving school many young people go to colleges of further
education. Those who become students at Colleges of Technology come
from different schools at different ages between 15 and 17. The
lectures at such colleges, each an hour long, start at 9.15 in the morning
and end at 4.45 in the afternoon.
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Oxford.
Trinity College.
Cambridge
University
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There are about 90 universities in Great Britain. They are divided into
3 types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh
Universities), the 19lh century universities such as London and Manchester
Universities, and the new universities. Some years ago there were also
polytechnics. After graduating from a polytechnic the student got a
degree, but it was not a university degree. 31 former polytechnics were
given university status in 1992.
Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts or
Science. Most degree courses at universities last 3 years, language course
4 years (including a year spent abroad). Medicine and dentistry courses
are longer - 5-7 years. Students may receive grant from their local education authority to help pay for books, accommodation, transport and food.
The grant depends on the income of their parents
Most students live away from home in flats or halls of residence.
Students don't usually have jobs during term time because the lessons
called lectures and seminars , classes or tutorial (in small groups) are full
time. However, many students have to work in the evenings.
University life is considered "an experience". The exams are
competitive but the social life and living away from home are also
important. The social life is excellent with lots of bars, concerts, clubs and
parties.
There are not only universities in Britain but colleges. Colleges offer
courses in teacher training, technology and some professions connected
with medicine.
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Degrees
Bachelor’s
Degree
Master’s
Degree
Doctoral
Degree
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American
Schools
Public
Schools
Private
Schools
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The federal government pays little attention to school education in the
USA. There is neither a school uniform system nor a uniform curriculum.
Each state has its own system of schools. But there are some common
features in the organization of school education in the country.
Schools in the USA can be divided into state, or public, and private
schools. State schools are free, and private schools are fee-paying.
Elementary and secondary schools consist of twelve grades. Classes
meet for about ten month a year, five days a week and five hours a day. At
elementary schools children learn English, mathematics, science, music,
sports and other subjects.
Elementary education begins at the age of six, when a child goes to the
first grade. Secondary education is offered at high schools. At the age of
14 pupils go to junior high school. At the age of 16 children leave junior
high school and may continue their education at the upper grades of high
school.
Besides giving general education some high schools teach some other
subjects. Students choose these subjects if they want to enter colleges or
universities or hope to find jobs in industry or agriculture. Many schools
include classes teaching basic computer skills.
Many young people go to colleges or universities. But some students of
high school don't finish it. 1% of American citizens from the age of 14 can
neither read nor write.
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Boston.
Massachusetts
Institute of
Technology
Harvard University
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In the United States a student who finished high school, may continue in
higher education. There are several ways to do it: universities, colleges,
community colleges, technical or vocational schools.
A university in the United States usually has several different colleges in
it. Each has a special subject area. It may be a college of liberal arts, where
humanities, social science, natural science and mathematics are taught. It may
be a college of education or a college of business. A program for
undergraduates usually takes four years. University students get an
undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences. If they complete a course of
study, they get Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. Students may leave a
university at this time. They may also go on for a graduate or professional
degree. The university has always programs for graduate or professional study
in many subjects.
The university may get money from different sources. A public university
gets some money from the state government or private sources. A private
university gets money only from private sources.
College students also study four years. But a college doesn't have
graduate or professional programs. If a college student completes a course of
study in arts or sciences, he or she gets Bachelor of Arts or Science degree.
But if a student wants to continue for a graduate or professional degree, he
must go to the university.
The program of study in the community college usually lasts two years.
The community college may give courses in academic subjects or subjects like
dental technology and other non-academic, subjects. Not all students of a
community college have a high school diploma. They may then go to a college
for two more years to get a Bachelor's degree. Community colleges are nearly
always publicly funded.
A technical or vocational school has only job training, it has no academic
programs. Students may have a high school diploma or not. Programs may last
from six month to two years or more. The technical or vocational schools give
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training for work in