Download Chapter16 Respiratory System

Chapter #16: Respiratory System
Respiration:
The respiratory system consists of tubes that __filter________ incoming air and ___transport_______ it into the
microscopic
alveoli where gases are __ exchanged._________. What are the four processes of respiration? _ 1) ventilation;
2) external respiration; 3) internal respiration______
________________________________________________________________________________
Oxygen use and CO2 production by the cells is called __ cellular respiration _______ _________.
Respiratory Organs:
The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups: the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity,
sinuses, and pharynx), and the lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs).
Nose:
The nose, supported by ___BONE______ and cartilage, provides an entrance for air in which air is filtered by
coarse
___HAIRS__________ inside the nostrils.
Nasal cavity:
The nasal cavity is a space posterior to the nose that is divided medially by the ______nasal septum_ _______
Nasal conchae:
What are they? _____turbinate bones, divide the nasal cavities into three passageways and increase surface
area to warm and filter incoming air
____________________________________________________________________
What is their function? _turbinate bones, divide the nasal cavities into three passageways and increase surface
area to warm and filter incoming air
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Cilia:
Particles trapped in the mucus are pushed to the ____ pharynx________ by ciliary action, swallowed, and
carried to the
_ stomach__________, where gastric juice destroys any microorganisms in the mucus.
Paranasal sinuses:
What four bones are they found in? _ maxillary, frontal, ethmoid,
sphenoid_______________________________________________________
What is their function? ______ reduce weight of skull, serve as resonating chambers for voice
quality____________________________________________________________
Pharynx:
The pharynx is a common passageway for ___AIR________ and ______FOOD___, and it aids in producing
sounds for _________SPEECH______.
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Larynx:
The larynx is an enlargement in the airway, superior to the ___trachea_______ and inferior to the
_____pharynx_____.
It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and houses the vocal cords.
The larynx is composed of a framework of __muscles________ and __cartilage______ bound by elastic tissue.
What is the largest cartilage called? (Hint:
it is known as the Adam’s apple).
__thyroid
cartilage__________________
Inside the larynx, two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane make up
the ___vocal cords______ _________.
What is the upper pair called?
___ false vocal cords (vestibular folds), help close larynx during
swallowing____________________________________________________
What is their function?
_ false vocal cords (vestibular folds), help close larynx during
swallowing___________________________________________________________
What is the lower pair called? __ true vocal cords, vibrate to produce sounds when air is forced between
them_____________________________________________________
What is their function? _ true vocal cords, vibrate to produce sounds when air is forced between
them_____________________________________________________________________
What is the name of the triangular slit, through which air passes?
____glottis________________________________
What closes this space off when swallowing?
____epiglottis_________________________________________________
Trachea:
The trachea extends downward anterior to the ___ esophagus_______ and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits
into
right and left ____ bronchi_______.
What is the inner wall lined with? __ ciliated mucous membrane, filters incoming air and moves trapped
particles
upwards
into
the
pharynx__________________________________________________
Why? ____ ciliated mucous membrane, filters incoming air and moves trapped particles upwards into the
pharynx____________________________________________________________________
__
The tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings. Why are they incomplete and not complete?
____ 20, open area at back permits expansion of esophagus when swallowing
food___________________________________________________________________________________
Bronchial tree:
The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leading from the ___ trachea, to the ______ alveoli_______ _____.
The bronchial tree begins with the two primary __ bronchi____________, each leading to a lung.
Where do these lead? ___ to secondary bronchi,
How many secondary bronchi are on each side? ___3 on right and 2 on left____
____
What are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree called? ______bronchioles, ________________________
Do they have cartilage in their walls? ____no___
Where
does
the
actual
gas
exchange
take
place?
__in
the
alveoli_______________________________________
Lungs:
The right and left soft, spongy, cone-shaped lungs are separated medially by the __mediastinum, and are
enclosed by the ___ diaphragm_________ __________ and thoracic cage. A primary bronchus and large blood
vessels enter each
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
lung.
A layer of serous membrane, the visceral ___ pleura_________, attached to the lung, folds back to form the
____ parietal pleura_____ ________.
The ____ parietal_______ pleura lines the thoracic cavity; serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between
these
two membranes.
Each lobe is composed of lobules that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
connective tissues.
Breathing Mechanism:
___ ventilation________ (breathing), the movement of air in and out of the lungs, is composed of 2 processes:
______ inspiration, expiration______ and __________.
Inspiration:
____ atmospheric__________ pressure is the force that moves air into the lungs.
What happens when pressure on the inside of the lungs decreases? air flows in from outside_______
Air pressure inside the lungs is decreased by _ increasing___________ the size of the thoracic cavity; due to
surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow along with the chest wall and _
expand_________.
What are the muscles involved in inspiration (expanding the thoracic cavity)? _ diaphragm and external
intercostals_________________________
What keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other and collapsing? a lipoprotein called
surfactant___________________________________
Expiration:
The process of expiration results from the elastic ___ recoil______ of lung and muscle tissues, and from the
surface
tension within the alveoli.
Forced expiration is aided by _____ thoracic____ ________ muscles, and abdominal wall muscles that compress
the abdomen against the diaphragm.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities:
The measurement of different air volumes is called __ spirometry_________, and it describes four distinct
respiratory
volumes.
Define each of the following volumes and capacities.

Tidal volume (TV): __________ volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one respiratory
cycle______________________________________________________

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): ___ additional volume that can be inhaled by forced
inspiration__________________________________________________

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): additional volume that can be exhaled by force
expiration;_____________________________________________________

Residual volume (RV): _ air remaining in bronchial tree after
exhalation____________________________________________________________

Vital capacity (VC): _____ tidal volume+inspiratory reserve+expiratory reserve
volume___________________________________________________________
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Inspiratory capacity (IC): __ tidal volume+inspiratory reserve volume;
__________________________________________________________

Functional residual capacity (FRC): ___ expiratory reserve volume+anatomical dead space;
_________________________________________________

Total lung capacity (TLC): ___ vital capacity+anatomical dead
space________________________________________________________
Anatomic Dead Space: Volume of air that never reaches the gas exchange area of the lungs.
Control of Respiration:
Normal breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary act, even though the muscles are under __
voluntary_____________ control.
The respiratory centers in the ____ medulla___________ & ____ pons,___________ sends impulses to control
respiration. This process is
controlled primarily by the level of __ carbon dioxide,____________ in the blood. The level of ______
oxygen________ plays only a
minor role (only when levels are extremely low).
An inflation reflex, triggered by stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli, helps to prevent
______ overinflation________ of the lungs during forceful breathing.
Hyperventilation lowers the amount of ___ carbon dioxide________ ____________ in the blood.
Gas Exchange:
The ___ alveoli_______ are the only sites of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood. They are tiny
sacs
clustered at the distal ends of the ___ alveolar______________ ducts.
The ____ respiratory___________ membrane consists of the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells
of
the capillary, and the fused basement membranes of these layers.
Gases diffuse from areas of ____higher___________ pressure to areas of _______lower________ pressure.
In a mixture of gases, each gas accounts for a portion of the total pressure; the amount of pressure each gas exerts
is called its partial pressure.
When the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveolar air than it is in the capillary blood, oxygen will
diffuse into the _co2______. When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in the blood than in the
alveolar
air, carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the ______blood__________ and into the _________alevoli______.
What factors favor increased diffusion across the respiratory membrane? _____ increased surface area,
increased partial gradient, shorter diffusion distance_________________ _
__________________________________________________________________________________
O2 transport:
Over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to ___ hemoglobin___________ of red blood cells, producing
_____________. This chemical is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas.
More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as the blood becomes more
acidic, and as blood temperature increases.
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues is called _____ hypoxia________, and has a variety of causes.
CO2 transport:
Carbon dioxide may be transported ___ dissolved__________ in blood plasma, as __ carbamino
hemoglobin___________, or as
________ bicarbonate_________ ions. Which is most common? __ bicarbonate________
When carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma, ___ carbonic__________ acid is formed slowly. Much
of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme ____ carbonic anhydrase_______
____________ speeds up this reaction.
The resulting acid dissociates immediately, releasing bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
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© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.