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Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 1 For full book listings, visit www.PrimroseKitten.com and follow @primrose_kitten First published 2019 Copyright: Primrose Kitten © Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 2 Table of Contents Revision ....................................................................................... 6 Techniques ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Timetable ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Planning Tips ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Weekday ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Weekend ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Exam command words ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Glossary of exam command words ............................................................................................................... 11 How to answer 6-mark questions .................................................................................................................. 12 Exam dates ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Exam content ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Maths Skills for Science Students .................................................................................................................. 15 Biology....................................................................................... 18 Five most common mistakes in a biology exam ...................................................................................... 18 Topic Guide ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Key Words ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 B1 – Characteristics and classification of living organisms ............................................................................... 24 B2 – Organisation of the organism ............................................................................................................... 26 B3 – Movement in and out of cells ................................................................................................................ 28 B4 – Biological Molecules .................................................................................................................................. 30 B5 – Enzymes ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 B6 – Plant nutrition ............................................................................................................................................. 33 B7 – Human nutrition ......................................................................................................................................... 35 B8 – Transport in Plants .................................................................................................................................... 38 B9 – Transport in animals ................................................................................................................................. 40 B10– Diseases and immunity .......................................................................................................................... 43 B11– Gas exchange in humans ...................................................................................................................... 45 B12 – Respiration ................................................................................................................................................. 47 B13 – Excretion in humans .............................................................................................................................. 48 B14 – Coordination and response .................................................................................................................. 51 B15 – Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 3 B16 – Reproduction ............................................................................................................................................. 56 B17 – Inheritance................................................................................................................................................. 59 B18 – Variation and selection.......................................................................................................................... 61 B19 – Organisms and their environment .................................................................................................... 63 B20 – Biotechnology and genetic engineering.......................................................................................... 66 B21 – Human influences on ecosystems..................................................................................................... 68 Chemistry ................................................................................... 71 5 most common mistakes in a chemistry exam....................................................................................... 71 Important tips........................................................................................................................................................ 71 Topic Guide ............................................................................................................................................................. 72 Equation Sheet ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 The formula of common acids and compounds ........................................................................................ 73 Reference table of common formulae .......................................................................................................... 74 The Reactivity Series .......................................................................................................................................... 75 Key Words ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 C1 – The particulate nature of matter ......................................................................................................... 78 C2 – Experimental techniques ........................................................................................................................ 80 C3 – Atoms, elements and compounds ....................................................................................................... 82 C4 – Stoichiometry .............................................................................................................................................. 85 C5 – Electricity and chemistry ........................................................................................................................ 87 C6 – Chemical energetics.................................................................................................................................. 89 C7 – Chemical Reactions ................................................................................................................................... 91 C8 – Acids, bases and salts .............................................................................................................................. 93 C9 – The Periodic Table ..................................................................................................................................... 95 C10– Metals ............................................................................................................................................................ 97 C11– Air and Water ............................................................................................................................................. 99 C12 – Sulfur and C13 – Carbonates ........................................................................................................... 101 C14– Organic Chemistry.................................................................................................................................. 102 Physics......................................................................................106 5 most common mistakes in a physics exam ......................................................................................... 106 Topic Guide ........................................................................................................................................................... 107 CIE GCSE Physics Equation Sheet ............................................................................................................... 107 P1 – General Physics......................................................................................................................................... 112 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 4 P2 – Thermal physics ........................................................................................................................................ 116 P3 – Properties of waves, including light and sound ............................................................................ 119 P4 – Electricity and magnetism .................................................................................................................... 123 P5 – Atomic Physics .......................................................................................................................................... 129 Answers ....................................................................................132 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 5 Revision Techniques Check out my revision technique playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7O6CcKg0HaEAmHG0SbleDHfdJOQvUcnM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Why do you need to revise effectively? Revision techniques #1 When should I start revising? Revision Techniques #2 How to find your motivation and stay motivated. Revision Techniques #3 5 easy and effective ways to revise and study. Revision Techniques #4 Flashcards. Revision Techniques #5 Using past exam papers to study. Revision Techniques #6 Colour - The easiest way to make study interesting. Revision Techniques #7 How to revise for the new specification maths exams. Revision Techniques #8 How to fill MASSIVE gaps in your knowledge. Revision Techniques #9 How to best use your revision guide. Revision Techniques #10 How best to use your revision guide, part 2. Revision techniques #11 The easiest way to improve your grades, which you're going to hate!! Revision Techniques #12 Study timetable. Revision techniques #13 Study Timetable - Plan with Me. Revision Techniques #13 Another easy way to improve your grades, which you're going to hate!! Revision Techniques #14 Study Space. Revision Techniques #15 Still not convinced? Here are some more links to help you. The science of revision: nine ways pupils can revise for exams more effectively. The Guardian. Bradley Busch Psychologist @Inner_drive Tuesday 19 April 2016 Ditch the highlighter and teach a friend. Psychology shows us a lot about how to improve our memory and avoid distractions – here are some dos and don’ts https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2016/apr/19/students-revise-exams-revisionscience?CMP=share_btn_tw Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 6 Timetable Planning Tips 1. Write your timetable in pencil (or make a version on the computer), so you can change things around if necessary. 2. Start by thinking about what activities you can’t miss (dinner, clubs or TV programs) and put these into your timetable. 3. Plan in when you need to do your homework to get it in on time 4. On top of your homework time, aim for a minimum of 2 extra hours on a weekday and 4 hours each day over the weekend. 5. Plan to revise for 1 hour per subject each week (this is in addition to homework) fill in the table below to help you work out how much time you need to spend on revision 6. Fill in the timetable spreading out the subjects (e.g., don’t do a whole day of Maths, do a bit each day) put contrasting subjects next to each other, to give your brain a break (e.g., English and Physics) 7. Stick to the timetable; it will help ensure you cover each subject and spread out your revision. Subject Group Priority Maths English Language English Literature Core Core Core A-level choice A-level choice A-level choice A-level choice Subject I struggle with Subject I struggle with Subject I struggle with Subject I struggle with High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) High (+2 hours) Medium (+1 hour) Medium (+1 hour) Medium (+1 hour) Medium (+1 hour) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Number of hours each week 7 Weekday Time 4.00 - 4.25 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 5-minute break 4.30 – 4.55 5-minute break 5.00 – 5.25 5-minute break 5.30 – 5.55 5-minute break 6.00 – 6.25 5-minute break 6.30 – 6.55 5-minute break 7.00 – 7.25 5-minute break 7.30 – 7.55 5-minute break 8.00 – 8.25 5-minute break 8.30 – 9.00 Weekend Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 8 Time Saturday Time Sunday 5-minute break 5-minute break 5-minute break 5-minute break 5-minute break 5-minute break Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 9 Exam command words Command words are words in exam questions that give you clues on what the examiners are looking for. Depending on the command word, your answer to a question will be very different. There are four main ones you’ll come across; give, describe, explain and evaluate. Give what is in the picture. For this answer, you simply need to state using one or two words what is in the picture A dress Describe what is in the picture. For this answer, you need to tell the examiners what it looks like or recall an event or process An orange halter neck dress with a pale band around the waist. Explain what is in the picture. For this answer, you need to give reasons why something is the way it is The dress is a summer dress, so it has a halter neck, it is from the 1950s and shows the style at the time. Evaluate what is in the picture. Here you need to give good points, bad points, your opinion and justify your opinion • • • • This dress is good because it is made from a light fabric so will be cool in summer This dress is bad because the colour is too bright Overall, I think this is a good dress… … because it is well suited to the purpose of being a summer dress. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 10 Glossary of exam command words Calculate/ Determine: use maths to work out the answer Choose: circle the answer from the selection Compare: what the similarities and differences are Complete: fill in the gaps - pay attention to any given words, some may be used more than once some not at all Define: what does the word mean? Describe: what it looks like, or recall an event or process Design: Plan something Draw: a scientific diagram, not an arty sketch Estimate: give a sensible guess Evaluate: give good points, bad points your option and justify your opinion Explain: give reasons why something is the way it is Give/Name: a short answer Identify/Label: name a part Justify: give an answer and support it with a reason Measure: you might need to get your ruler out for this one Plan: write a method, don’t forget your variables, controls and risk assessment Plot: mark points on a graph using an x Predict/suggest: what do you think is going to happen, you may need to use information from the question and knowledge from class Show: give evidence and come to a conclusion Sketch: a rough drawing, a graph doesn’t always need number labels on the axis, but it must be an accurate representation Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 11 How to answer 6-mark questions 1. Identify the command word; this tells you what the examiners are looking for. This is generally described, explain or evaluate. 2. Go back over the question and use different colour highlighter pens to pick out key bits of information. 3. Plan the structure of your question. Table, paragraphs, diagram. 4. Write your answer. 5. Check your answer fully answers the question, make sure is it balanced and cover all the points asked for in the question. 6. Check your spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 12 Exam dates Dates might be changed by CIE Exam Units covered 2019 exam dates Biology Paper 1 Biology Units 1 - 21 Friday 14th June PM Biology Paper 3 Biology Units 1 - 21 Tuesday 14th May PM For Separate Sciences: Biology (Core) For Separate Sciences Biology (Extended) Biology Paper 2 Biology Units 1 – 21 Friday 14th June PM Biology Paper 4 Biology Units 1 – 21 Tuesday 14th May PM For Separate Sciences: Biology (Core and Extended) Either Biology Paper 5 Biology Units 1 - 21 Thursday 2nd May PM Or Biology Paper 6 Biology Units 1 - 21 Thursday 2nd May PM For Separate Sciences: Chemistry (Core) Chemistry Paper 1 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 Chemistry Paper 3 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 For Separate Sciences: Chemistry (Extended) Friday 7th June PM Chemistry Paper 2 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 Chemistry Paper 4 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 For Separate Sciences: Chemistry (Core and Extended) Friday 7th June PM Either Chemistry Paper 5 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 Chemistry Units 1 – 14 Thursday 16th May PM Physics Paper 1 Physics Units 1 – 5 Physics Paper 3 Physics Units 1 – 5 Wednesday 12th June PM Wednesday 22nd May PM Or Chemistry Paper 6 Friday 3rd May PM Friday 3rd May PM Thursday 16th May PM For Separate Sciences: Physics (Core) For Separate Sciences: Physics (Extended) Physics Paper 2 Physics Units 1 – 5 Physics Paper 4 Physics Units 1 – 5 Wednesday 12th June PM Wednesday 22nd May PM For Separate Sciences: Physics (Core and Extended) Either Physics Paper 5 Physics Units 1 – 5 Thursday 9th May PM Or Physics Paper 6 Physics Units 1 – 5 Thursday 9th May PM Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 13 Exam content Papers 1 and 3 in each subject: • • • • Contain 40 Multiple Choice Questions Worth a maximum of 40 marks Worth 30% of each GCSE 45 Minutes allowed Papers 2 and 4 in each subject: • • • • Contain short answer and structured questions Worth a maximum of 80 marks Worth 50% of each GCSE 1 hour 15 minutes allowed Paper 5 in each subject: • • • • A practical examination on work done in any and all units of the specification Worth a maximum of 40 marks Worth 20% of each GCSE 1 hour and 15 minutes allowed Paper 6 in each subject: • • • • Contains short answer and structured questions as an alternative to a practical examination in any and all units of the specification Worth a maximum of 40 marks Worth 20% of each GCSE 1 hour allowed Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 14 Maths Skills for Science Students Maths pops up in every exam; roughly 10% of the marks in biology, 25% of the marks in chemistry and 40% of the marks in physics are based on mathematical skills and application A workbook containing some of the maths skills you’ll need is available from the Primrose Kitten website or from here https://youtu.be/LKPK6fZS1lQ Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam Bits to help if you don’t understand Changing the subject of the formula or rearranging equations I can rearrange equations ☺ ☺ ☺ I can solve algebraic expressions ☺ ☺ ☺ I can give numbers to a set number of significant figures https://youtu.be/mcnB aroQi_Q Maths and calculator skills for science students ☺ ☺ ☺ https://youtu.be/LKPK 6fZS1lQ Maths and calculator skills for science students I can write numbers in standard form ☺ I can use ratios, fractions and percentage ☺ ☺ ☺ https://youtu.be/LKPK 6fZS1lQ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level ☺ ☺ 15 I can calculate a mean and understand what to do with anomalous results ☺ I can use the symbols <, <<, >>, >, ∝, ~ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can find the y intercept from y=mx+c ☺ ☺ ☺ I can determine the gradient of a graph from the graph or from y=mx+c ☺ ☺ ☺ I can draw a tangent on a graph and determine the gradient ☺ ☺ ☺ I can measure angles ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate the area of a triangle ☺ ☺ ☺ Maths and calculator skills for science students https://youtu.be/LKPK 6fZS1lQ Inequalities https://youtu.be/HdyQ X0HAA0I Y = mx+c https://youtu.be/IoWlp xwqH34 Y = mx+c https://youtu.be/IoWlp xwqH34 Equation of a tangent https://youtu.be/qyC_ qxYrz7Q Making conclusions from graphs https://youtu.be/zQUL CHObXQQ ☺ ☺ Area of right angles triangles I can calculate the area of a rectangle ☺ I can calculate surface area of a cuboid ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate volume of a cuboid ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate probability ☺ ☺ ☺ I can draw and interpret frequency plots, and histograms ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ https://youtu.be/KaiuG aOGckc Surface area Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level https://youtu.be/l0KjH KFjkX4 Volume and ratio https://youtu.be/Wct9 Pw8-j9k Probability https://youtu.be/pyidw pprjsg 16 I can construct tables and charts I can construct graphs ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Maths and calculator skills for science students https://youtu.be/LKPK 6fZS1lQ Maths and calculator skills for science students https://youtu.be/LKPK 6fZS1lQ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 17 Biology Five most common mistakes in a biology exam 1. Not referring to the graphs - if the exam question asks about a graph, make sure you refer to it in your answer. Most marks can be picked up by clearly talking about the graph. Never be afraid to state the obvious! 2. Ignoring the patterns and relationships – if there is a link between two things then tell the examiner about it, this is probably what they are looking for. Often, there are marks for noticing the link. 3. Describe or explain – getting these two words confused is a common mistake in all exams but it happens more in biology than any other subject. Make sure you know what the difference is and make sure you do both if the question is asking you to! 4. Skipping levels – don’t just focus on what is at the top and the bottom, remember all those important bits in-between. Lots of marks can be gained by going into good levels of detail! 5. Forgetting the practical workloads of marks can be picked up by talking about the practical’s you have done in class. Clearly state all the details, methodology and risk Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 18 Topic Guide Topic First review Second review Third review B1 – Characteristics and classification of living organisms B2 – Organisation of the organism B3 – Movement in and out of cells B4 – Biological molecules B5 – Enzymes B6 – Plant nutrition B7 – Human nutrition B8 – Transport in plants B9 – Transport in animals B10 – Diseases and immunity B11 – Gas exchange in humans B12 – Respiration B13 – Excretion in humans B14 – Coordination and response B15 – Drugs B16 – Reproduction B17 – Inheritance B18 – Variation and selection B19 – Organisms and their environment B20 – Biotechnology and genetic engineering B21 – Human influences on ecosystems Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 19 Key Words These are easy marks but only if you know them! Active transport Adaptation Adrenal gland Aerobic Allele Amino acids Amylase Anaerobic Anthers Antibiotics Aorta Artery Asexual reproduction Aspirin Bacteria Bile Bronchi Cancer Capillary Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide Carnivore Cartilage Cell Cell membrane Cell wall Chlorophyll Chloroplast Chromosome Community Contraception Cytoplasm Deamination Deoxyribose nucleic acid Diabetes Movement of ions or gasses from against the concentration gradient Change in a species to suit the environment Large gland near the kidneys that releases hormone Respiration with oxygen Different version of gene Building block of proteins Enzyme that breaks carbohydrates into sugars Respiration without oxygen The part of a stamen that contains pollen Drugs that kill bacteria Major blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart Thick wall blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood around the body Reproduction with only one parent, resulting in identical offspring Painkiller developed from willow bark Tiny organism that causes illness by releasing toxins Produced by the liver, neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats Branches of the trachea Uncontrolled cell division within the body Thinned walled blood vessels that allow diffusion of gases and nutrients The movement of carbon through the environment Gas that has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen Only eat animals Connective tissue in animals Small structural unit that contains a nucleus and cytoplasm Partially permeable membrane that surrounds the cell and control what goes in and out Surrounds a cell and help maintain cell shape Green part of a plant Where photosynthesis takes place Long stretch of DNA The organism that lives in a particular environment Mechanism to prevent pregnancy Jelly-like substance within a cell The removal of amino groups from molecules Long strand of bases that contain genes Inability of the body to control blood glucose levels Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 20 Diffusion Digestive system Diploid Dominant Ecology Ecosystem Egg Endocrine system Enzyme Evolution Extinction Fatty acids Follicle stimulating hormone Fossils Fungi Gametes Gene Genome Genotype Glycerol Goblet cells Haploid Health Herbivore Heterozygous HIV Homoeostasis Homozygous Hormones Immune system In vitro fertilization Lipase Lipids Luteinizing hormone Malaria Movement of ions or gasses from a high concentration to a low concentration Organ system that absorbs nutrients from food Two copies of each chromosome Only one copy of the gene is needed to be expressed The study of organism within an environment The organism and the habitat they live in Female sex cell System that controls hormones and responses Biological catalyst Gradual change in a species over time No breading pair of a species exist Can be combined with glycerol to make lipids Hormone that causes an egg to develop Hard parts of long dead organism Group that includes mushrooms and moulds, they live of decomposing material Sex cells Section of DNA that controls a characteristic All of the genes in an organism What genes are present Can be combined with fatty acid to make lipids Cells that secrete mucus One copy of each chromosome State of mental and physical wellbeing Only eats plant Different copies of gene Virus that interfere with your body’s ability to fight disease Maintaining a constant internal environment Identical copies of gene Chemical that causes cells or tissue to respond Organs in the body that work together to defend against disease Medical treatment to aid getting pregnant Enzyme that breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol Stores of energy that can be broken down to form fatty acids and glycerol Hormone that causes an egg to be released Parasite transmitted by mosquitoes Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 21 Malignanttumou r Measles Meiosis Menstrual cycle Meristem Metabolism Mitochondria Mitosis Mutation Nucleus Oestrogen Organ system Osmosis Ovaries Ovulation Oxygen debt Palisade mesophyll Pancreas Pathogen Penicillin Phagocyte Phenotypes Phloem Photosynthesis Plasma Platelets Pollution Primary consumer Protease Proteins Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Recessive Red blood cell Reflex arc Respiration Respiratory system Ribosomes Lump of cells that have developed that ability to travel to other parts of the body Viral infection causing fever and rash, most common in children Type of cell division that ends in four different haploid daughter cells Monthly build up and breakdown of blood in the uterus Plant tissue found at growing tips Chemical process that occurs to maintain life Where respiration takes place Type of cell division that ends in two identical daughter cells A change in the DNA sequence Controlcentre of the cell that holds the DNA Hormone that acts of the pituitary gland A number of different organs working together towards one function Transport of water across a partially permeable membrane In women, these store the eggs Releases of an egg from the ovaries Arises after anaerobic respiration, needs oxygen to repay Upper layer of cell in a leaf Large gland behind the stomach which produces digestive enzymes Causes illness Antibiotic that comes from mould A type of white blood cell that consumes pathogens What characteristic are present Carries ions around a plant Process that turns carbon dioxide and water into sugars Fluid part of the blood Small fragments of blood cells that help clotting Harmful substance in an environment Herbivore Enzyme that breaks proteins into amino acids Long chains of amino acids that carry out the majority of functions within the body Bloodvessel el that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Two identical copies of the gene are needed to be expressed Carries oxygen around the body has no nucleus Nerve pathway including a sensory nerve a synapse and a motor nerve The process of turning sugars into energy takes place in mitochondria Organ system that moves oxygen around the body Part of the cell that is responsible for producing proteins Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 22 Selective breeding Sepal Sexual reproduction Sperm Spongy mesophyll Stem cell Testes Testosterone Trachea Transpiration Vaccines Vein Vena cava Virus Water cycle White blood cell Xylem Breading of animals or plants for a particular characteristic Part of a flower than encloses the petals Fusing of male and female gametes Male sex cell Interior layer of cells in a lean a type of cell that can differentiate into any other type of cell In men, these are responsible for the production of sperm Hormone found predominantly in men Long tube taking air down into the lungs Process where plant absorb and lose water Medication that containsinactive or dead virus to help develop immunity Blood vessels that have values and carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart Major blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart DNA within a protein coat that divides by invading cells, the resulting cell death causes illness in the host The movement of water through eh environment Part of the immune system, produces antibodies, and fights pathogens Carries water around a plant Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 23 B1 – Characteristics and classification of living organisms Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the terms “movement” and “respiration” I can define the terms “sensitivity” and “growth” I can define the terms “reproduction” and “excretion” I can define the term “nutrition” I can recall that organisms can be classified by shared features I can explain that classification is based on studies of anatomy and morphology and aims to reflect evolution Extended Only I can define the terms “species” and “binomial system” I can explain that DNA is used as a more accurate means of classification Extended Only I can relate the DNA similarity of organisms to their ancestry Extended Only I can recall that all living cells contain cytoplasm, DNA and a cell membrane I can recall that all living cells contain ribosomes and enzymes Extended Only I can list the main features used to place organisms into the appropriate kingdom I can list the main features used to place animals into groups within the animal kingdom First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Types of cells https://youtu.be/O v8TnnjqLmo 24 I can list the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom Extended Only I can recall the features of viruses Extended Only I can construct and use simple dichotomous keys ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “excretion” 2. State one organelle possessed by all living cells 3. State two organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells 4. Define the term “species” 5. Define the term “binomial system” Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 25 B2 – Organisation of the organism Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can compare the structures of animal and plant cells I can describe the cytoplasm structure of cells Extended Only I can recall that prokaryotes do not have mitochondria or a rough endoplasmic reticulum Extended Only I can describe the functions of parts of animal and plant cells I can identify the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in cells Extended Only I can recall that aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria Extended Only I can recall that cells with high metabolic rates require large numbers of mitochondria Extended Only I can relate the structure of cells to their function I can define the terms “tissue”, “organ” and “organ system” I can give examples of tissues, organs and organ systems I can identify different levels of organisation First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Animal cell – structure and function https://youtu.be/FjF_P O7QVGg Plant cell – structure and function https://youtu.be/aM3Z fC1K6W8 26 I can identify different levels of organisation from diagrams Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate magnification ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate magnification using micrometres Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ Magnification https://youtu.be/vKrUP3bu24 Quick fire questions 1. State the purpose of the nucleus within a cell 2. Define the term “tissue” 3. State one example of a human organ 4. State one example of a human organ system 5. A cell of width 2.5mm is viewed through a light microscope of magnification x20. State the width of the image of the cell Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 27 B3 – Movement in and out of cells Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “diffusion” I can state the energy source for diffusion Extended Only I can describe the importance of diffusion to organisms I can recall that diffusion occurs through the cell membrane I can describe the factors that affect the rate of diffusion Extended Only I can recall that water passes through partially permeable membranes through osmosis I can define “osmosis” Extended Only I can describe the effect on plant tissues on immersion in solutions of varying concentrations I can explain the effect on plant tissues of immersion in solutions of varying concentrations Extended Only I can use the terms “turgid”, “flaccid” and “plasmolysis” Extended Only I can describe the importance of water uptake to plants and animals Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Diffusion of potassium permanganate in hot and cold water https://youtu.be/IgbR -K1ff-w 28 I can state the plants are supported by water pressure inside cells I can define “active transport” I can describe the importance of active transport Extended Only I can describe how protein molecules move particles during active transport Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. State two factors that affect the rate of diffusion (Extended Only) 2. Define the term “osmosis” 3. Define the term “active transport” 4. Identify one substance moved in the human body by active transport Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 29 B4 – Biological Molecules Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can list the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates, fats and proteins I can recall that starch and glycogen are made from glucose I can recall that cellulose is made from glucose I can recall that proteins are made from amino acids I can recall that fats and oils are made from fatty acids and glycerol I can describe the tests for starch and reducing sugars I can describe the tests for proteins I can describe the tests for fats and oils, and for vitamin C I can recall that different amino acid sequences produce different proteins Extended Only I can relate the shape and structure of proteins to their function Extended Only I can describe the structure of DNA Extended Only I can recall that water is an important solvent I can describe the roles of water as a solvent First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Food tests https://youtu.be/6Lee2 yZ4W0M DNA https://youtu.be/erZB_ EhuKbA 30 Quick fire questions 1. State two elements found in proteins 2. Identify one source of carbohydrate in the human diet 3. Describe the test, and positive result, for lipids 4. State the smaller molecule from which proteins are constructed (Extended Only) 5. Identify one example of water acting as a solvent within the human body Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 31 B5 – Enzymes Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the term “catalyst” I can define the term “enzyme” I can describe why enzymes are important in all living things I can describe enzyme action in terms of the shape of an enzyme I can explain enzyme action with reference to the active site Extended Only I can explain the specificity of enzymes Extended Only I can describe the effect of pH and temperature on enzyme action I can explain the effects of pH and temperature on enzyme action Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Final review Week before exam Bits to help if you don’t understand ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Lock and key mechanism for enzyme action https://youtu.be/0jFBo sqlTaw Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “enzyme” 2. Describe the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzymecontrolled reaction 3. Enzymes cease to function above roughly 50`c. Explain why 4. Protease is an enzyme found in the stomach. Suggest an optimal pH value for protease. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 32 B6 – Plant nutrition Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “photosynthesis” I can write a word equation for photosynthesis I can write a balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis Extended Only I can describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis Extended Only I can describe the use of the products from photosynthesis Extended Only I can describe investigations in the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis I can define the term “limiting factor” Extended Only I can identify the limiting factors in the photosynthesis reaction Extended Only I can describe methods use to increase the rate of photosynthesis for agriculture Extended Only I can describe the use of hydrogen carbonate indicator in investigating gas exchange Extended Only I can identify leaf structures on a diagram First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Photosynthesis https://youtu.be/t6s1f Duqe_c 33 I can explain how a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis Extended Only I can describe the importance of nitrate and magnesium ions for plants I can explain the effects of nitrogen and magnesium ions on plant growth Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Write a word equation for photosynthesis 2. Write a balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis (Extended Only) 3. State two factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 34 B7 – Human nutrition Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the term “balanced diet” I can explain how age, gender and activity affect dietary needs I can explain how pregnancy and breast feeding affect dietary needs I can describe the effects of malnutrition I can recall sources of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins C and D, fibre, water and minerals I can explain the importance of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins C and D, minerals, fibre and water I can explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and iron deficiencies Extended Only I can explain the causes and effects of kwashiorkor and marasmus Extended Only I can define “ingestion” I can define “mechanical digestion” and “chemical digestion” I can define “absorption” and “assimilation” I can define “egestion” and “diarrhoea” I can describe the treatment of diarrhoea using rehydration I can describe cholera First review 4-7 months before exam Secon d review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Vitamins, minerals and deficiency disease https://youtu.be/JMFVg FuW8X4 35 I can describe and explain how cholera causes symptoms Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can identify the main regions of the digestive system ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the functions of the main regions of the digestive system I can identify the types of human teeth I can describe the structure of human teeth I can describe the functions of different types of teeth I can recall the causes and methods of prevention of dental decay I can describe the significance of chemical digestion I can state the functions of amylase, protease and lipase I can describe the digestion of starch Extended Only I can describe where amylase, protease and lipase are produced I can describe pepsin and trypsin Extended Only I can explain the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice I can describe the roles of bile Extended Only I can describe the role of the small intestine I can explain the significance of villi and microvilli in the small intestine Extended Only I can describe the structure of a villus Extended Only I can describe the role of capillaries and lacteals in villi Extended Only I can recall that water is absorbed mostly in the small intestine, but also in the colon Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level The Digestive System https://youtu.be/FOUK mw1uHQU 36 Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “balanced diet” 2. Suggest one way in which increasing age is likely to affect diet 3. Explain what is meant by the term “deficiency” (Extended Only) 4. Explain what is meant by “mechanical digestion” 5. State two common causes of tooth decay 6. State two ways in which the small intestine is adapted for the function of absorbing food into the bloodstream 7. Identify the organ which absorbs the majority of water from food Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 37 B8 – Transport in Plants Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state the functions of the xylem and phloem I can identify the position of the xylem and phloem I can identify root hair cells I can describe the adaptations of root hair cells for water uptake Extended Only I can state the pathway taken by water through a plant I can define “transpiration” I can explain the mechanism by which water moves upwards through a plant Extended Only I can describe and explain the factors which affect the rate of transpiration Extended Only I can explain how and why wilting occurs Extended Only I can describe investigations into the rate of transpiration I can define translocation Extended Only I can explain that some parts of plants may act as a source and a sink at different points of the day Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand 38 Quick fire questions 1. State the function of the xylem 2. Identify two adaptations of root hair cells for water uptake 3. Define the term “transpiration” 4. Define the term “translocation” (Extended Only) 5. State two factors that affect the rate of transpiration Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 39 B9 – Transport in animals Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the term “circulatory system” I can describe the single circulation of a fish Extended Only I can describe the double circulation of a mammal Extended Only I can explain the advantages of double circulation Extended Only I can name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart I can name and identify values in the mammalian heart Extended Only I can explain the relative thickness of the atria wall and ventricle walls Extended Only I can explain the importance of the septum Extended Only I can describe the physical process of the heart beating Extended Only I can describe ways of measuring the activity of the heart I can explain the effect of physical activity on heart rate Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand The heart and circulation https://youtu.be/2Nso pEjWJXQ The heart – structure and function https://youtu.be/09Wh IK0ueh8 40 I can describe the role of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease Extended Only I can describe coronary heart disease I can describe and evaluate the treatment methods of coronary heart disease Extended Only I can describe the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries I can explain how arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their function Extended Only I can state the functions of arterioles, venules and shunt vessel Extended Only I can name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs and kidneys I can outline the lymphatic system Extended Only I can describe the function of the lymphatic system Extended Only I can recall the components of blood I can identify red and white blood cells I can identify lymphocytes and phagocytes Extended Only I can state the functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes Extended Only I can describe the process and role of blood clotting Extended Only I can state the functions of the main components of blood I can describe the transfer of substances into and out of capillaries Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Blood vessel structure and function https://youtu.be/fjrKlY KtfP4 41 Quick fire questions 1. Explain what is meant by a “double circulatory system” 2. State the purpose of the pulmonary vein 3. Identify two components of blood 4. State one way in which capillaries are adapted for their function 5. Identify the purpose of phagocytes (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 42 B10– Diseases and immunity Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the terms “pathogen” and “transmissible disease” I can describe disease vectors I can describe the actions of antibodies Extended Only I can describe the importance of antigens Extended Only I can define “active immunity” Extended Only I can describe specific and nonspecific body defences I can describe and evaluate vaccination Extended Only I can explain the importance of hygienic food preparation, hygiene, waste disposal and sewage treatment I can define “passive immunity” Extended Only I can recall that some diseases are autoimmune Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Aseptic technique https://youtu.be/3tzrG e6EpYA Monoclonal antibodies https://youtu.be/Y4UT DV5EqpI 43 Quick fire questions; 1. Define the term “pathogen” 2. Identify two disease vectors 3. State two non-specific body defences 4. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage to mass vaccination programmes (Extended Only) 5. Define the term “passive immunity” (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 44 B11– Gas exchange in humans Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can list the adaptations of gas exchange surfaces in humans I can name and identify the parts of the respiratory system I can name and identify the internal and external intercostal muscles Extended Only I can describe the function of cartilage in the trachea Extended Only I can describe the differences between inspired and expired air I can explain the differences between inspired and expired air Extended Only I can describe the use of limewater to test for carbon dioxide I can describe investigations into the effect of activity on breathing I can explain the link between activity and the depth and speed of breathing Extended Only I can describe the roles of goblet cells, mucus and ciliated cells in the gas exchange system Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Mechanisms of breathing https://youtu.be/Uaqu mmptKhQ Limewater test for carbon dioxide https://youtu.be/QR6G sydYUSI 45 Quick fire questions 1. State two adaptations of the lungs for gas exchange 2. Identify two gases present in expired air 3. Explain what is meant by the term “heart rate” 4. State the role of goblet cells (Extended Only) 5. Identify the test, and positive result, for carbon dioxide Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 46 B12 – Respiration Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state the uses of energy in the body I can recall that respiration involves the action of enzymes in cells I can define “aerobic respiration” I can write a word equation for aerobic respiration I can write a balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration Extended Only I can describe investigations into the effect of temperature on respiration Extended Only I can describe investigations into oxygen uptake of respiring organisms I can define “anaerobic respiration” I can write word equations for anaerobic respiration I can write a balanced symbol equation for the anaerobic respiration of yeast Extended Only I can recall that anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration I can describe how anaerobic respiration causes oxygen debt First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Aerobic and anaerobic respiration https://youtu.be/vQW sLrhhKQo 47 Extended Only I can outline how oxygen debt is removed during recovery Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. State two uses of energy produced by respiration 2. Write a word equation for aerobic respiration 3. Write a balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration (Extended Only) 4. Identify two disadvantages to the body of respiring anaerobically B13 – Excretion in humans Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 48 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids I can describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids Extended Only I can define “deamination” Extended Only I can recall that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs I can state that the kidneys excrete urea, excess water and salts I can recall the factors that affect urine production I can identify the ureters, bladder and urethra I can explain the need for excretion Extended Only I can outline the structure of the kidney Extended Only I can describe the structure and functioning of a kidney tubule Extended Only I can explain dialysis and describe the use of dialysis in kidney machines Extended Only I can evaluate the use of kidney transplants and kidney machines Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Bits to help if you don’t understand The kidneys, ADH and osmoregulation https://youtu.be/3eRZ _DQbWRg Quick fire questions Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 49 1. State the location of the formation or urea in the body 2. Identify two ways in which water leaves the body 3. State one advantage and one disadvantage of kidney transplants 4. Define the term “deamination” (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 50 B14 – Coordination and response Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can describe a nerve impulse I can describe the structure of the human nervous system I can identify motor, relay and sensory neurones I can describe the reflex arc I can distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions Extended Only I can describe a reflex action I can define “synapse” I can describe the structure of a synapse Extended Only I can describe the transmission of signals across a synapse Extended Only I can recall that many drugs act upon synapses Extended Only I can define the term “sense organ” I can identify the structures of the eye I can describe the functions of the structures of the eye I can explain the pupil reflex I can explain the pupil reflex in terms of circular and radial muscles Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Reflex arc and neurotransmission https://youtu.be/YFfYP 5Nz5kE The eye, accommodation and iris reflex https://youtu.be/qB_M s1FxjcM 51 I can explain accommodation in the eye Extended Only I can state the distribution of rods and cones in the eye Extended Only I can outline the function of rods and cones in the eye Extended Only I can identify the position of the fovea Extended Only I can define the term “hormone” I can identify endocrine glands and their secretions I can describe adrenaline I can describe the role of adrenaline Extended Only I can state examples of situations where adrenaline secretions increase I can compare the nervous and hormonal systems Extended Only I can state the functions of insulin, oestrogen and testosterone I can define “homeostasis” I can describe the role of homeostasis Extended Only I can describe the concept of “negative feedback” Extended Only I can describe the control of blood glucose in the body Extended Only I can describe, and label a diagram of, the structure of skin I can describe the maintenance of constant internal temperature I can explain the role of blood in the maintenance of constant internal temperature Extended Only I can outline the symptoms and treatments of Type 1 diabetes ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Homeostasis https://youtu.be/57hkL ag3tnA 52 I can define “gravitropism” and “phototropism” I can describe gravitropism and phototropism of a shoot Extended Only I can describe investigations into the gravitropism and phototropism of plants I can describe the role of auxin in controlling plant growth Extended Only I can describe the use of plant hormones in weed killers Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Geotropism https://youtu.be/57IX UG0CHSQ What factors affect plant growth? https://youtu.be/jKVQ oerxJO0 Quick fire questions; 1. State two human sense organs 2. Explain what is meant by “effector” 3. Define the term “synapse” 4. Explain the purpose of cones in the retina of the eye (Extended Only) 5. Define “homeostasis” 6. State one response carried out by the body when the internal temperature is too high 7. Define “phototropism” (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 53 B15 – Drugs Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the term “drug” I can describe the use of antibiotics I can recall that some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics I can explain the development of resistant bacteria Extended Only I can explain how the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria can be minimised Extended Only I can recall that antibiotics do not kill viruses I can explain why antibiotics do not kill viruses Extended Only I can describe the effects of excess alcohol consumption I can explain how heroin affects the nervous system Extended Only I can describe the effects of heroin consumption I can describe the effects and risks of smoking tobacco I can discuss and evaluate evidence about tobacco smoking and lung cancer Extended Only I can describe the use of hormones in sport First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand The effect of antibiotics https://youtu.be/SSn H7Vz0KF8 54 Extended Only I can recall that toxins such as alcohol are broken down in the liver ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “drug” 2. Explain why antibiotics will have no effect on a disease caused by a virus 3. State two negative effects of tobacco smoke 4. Identify the organ in which toxins are broken down 5. Hormones have been used extensively in sport. Suggest a reason why. (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 55 B16 – Reproduction Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “asexual reproduction” I can state examples of asexual reproduction I can evaluate asexual reproduction Extended Only I can define “sexual reproduction” and “fertilisation” I can recall that the nuclei of gametes are haploid and the nucleus of a zygote is diploid Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Final review Week before exam ☺ I can evaluate sexual reproduction Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can identify the structures of the reproductive system of an insectpollinated flower ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can state the functions of sepals, petals, anthers, stigmas and ovaries I can distinguish between the pollen of insect-pollinated and windpollinated flowers I can define “pollination” I can define “self-pollination” Extended Only I can define “cross pollination” Extended Only I can evaluate self-pollination and cross-pollination Extended Only I can describe fertilisation in plants Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Human reproduction and menstruation https://youtu.be/A5kv S19XYCc The anatomy of a flower https://youtu.be/1NGS xivdaeE 56 I can describe the growth and action of the pollen tube Extended Only I can describe the adaptations of wind=pollinated and insectpollinated flowers I can describe the environmental conditions that affect the germination of seeds I can identify and describe the parts of the male and female reproductive systems I can describe fertilisation in humans I can compare male and female gametes Extended Only I can state the adaptive features of sperm and egg cells I can explain the adaptive features of egg cells Extended Only I can describe an embryo I can state the functions of the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid I can describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in terms of exchange of nutrients Extended Only I can recall that some toxins can pass through the placenta Extended Only I can describe the antenatal care of pregnant women I can evaluate breastfeeding Extended Only I can outline the process of labour and birth I can describe the role of testosterone and oestrogen in the development of sexual characteristics I can describe the production of oestrogen and progesterone Extended Only I can describe the menstrual cycle ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Menstrual cycle https://youtu.be/RkTrp YWPuKYv 57 I can describe the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle Extended Only I can list methods of birth control I can outline the use of hormones in contraception and fertility treatment Extended Only I can outline artificial insemination and IVF Extended Only I can discuss social implications of contraception and fertility treatments I can define “sexually transmitted infection” I can describe HIV Extended Only I can explain how STIs are controlled I can describe the methods of transmission of HIV ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “asexual reproduction” 2. State the process by which sexual reproduction occurs 3. Identify two factors which influence the germination of seeds (Extended Only) 4. State one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction 5. Define the term “pollination” (Extended Only) 6. State the purpose of the stamen in flowering plants 7. State one example of a sexually transmitted disease Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 58 B17 – Inheritance Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “inheritance” I can define “chromosome”, “gene” and “allele” I can describe the inheritance of sex in humans I can relate genetic code to protein production Extended Only I can explain how DNA controls cell functions Extended Only I can explain how proteins are made Extended Only I can recall that not all genes are expressed in a cell Extended Only I can define the terms “diploid” and “haploid” I can define “mitosis” I can describe the role of mitosis in the body I can describe stem cells I can describe the process of mitosis in the body Extended Only I can define “meiosis” First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Final review Week before exam Bits to help if you don’t understand ☺ DNA https://youtu.be/erZB_E huKbA Mitosis https://youtu.be/HO00b JDFk-8 Meiosis https://youtu.be/WWNXl vP3Ydc 59 I can recall that meiosis is involved in the production of gametes Extended Only I can explain how meiosis produces variation Extended Only I can define the terms “genotype”, “phenotype” and “pure breeding” I can define the terms “homozygous” and “heterozygous” I can define the terms “dominant” and “recessive” I can interpret pedigree diagrams I can draw and interpret genetic diagrams and Punnett squares I can explain how to use a test cross to identify a genotype Extended Only I can explain co-dominance by references to blood group Extended Only I can define a “sex-linked characteristic” Extended Only I can use genetic diagrams to predict the results of monohybrid crosses involving co-dominance or sex linkage Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Drawing a genetic cross in Punnett square diagrams https://youtu.be/gWaN m1eOIH0 Quick fire questions 1. State the location of DNA within the body 2. Define the term “phenotype” 3. Explain what is meant by the term “homozygous” 4. Define the term “dominant” 5. Explain how a change in the DNA sequence can result in a change in protein production (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 60 B18 – Variation and selection Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “variation” I can distinguish between phenotypic variation and genetic variation I can state that phenotypic variation is caused by both genetic and environmental factors Extended Only I can describe continuous and discontinuous variation I can state that discontinuous variation is mostly caused by genes alone Extended Only I can describe investigations into continuous and discontinuous variation I can define “mutation” I can define “gene mutation” Extended Only I can describe causes of mutation I can describe the causes and symptoms of sickle-cell anaemia Extended Only I can define “adaptive feature” I can interpret images to describe adaptive features I can define “fitness” Extended Only I can explain the adaptive features of hydrophytes and xerophytes Extended Only I can describe natural selection First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Natural selection https://youtu.be/rTHV Ph1kO5o 61 I can describe evolution Extended Only I can define “process of adaptation” Extended Only I can describe the development of resistant bacteria by natural selection Extended Only I can describe selective breeding I can state the differences between natural and artificial selection Extended Only I can describe the use of selective breeding in agriculture Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Explain what is meant by “phenotypic variation” 2. State one example of continuous variation in humans 3. State one example of non-continuous variation in humans 4. Define the term “mutation” 5. Explain what is meant by the term “adaptive feature” 6. Describe one example of the use of selective breeding in agriculture Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 62 B19 – Organisms and their environment Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state that the sun is the main source of energy for ecosystems I can describe the flow of energy through living organisms Extended Only I can define “food chain” and construct simple food chains I can define “trophic level” and describe how energy is transferred between trophic levels Extended Only I can explain why the transfer of energy between levels is inefficient Extended Only I can explain why food chains usually have less than five trophic levels Extended Only I can explain why plants are an efficient food source Extended Only I can define the terms “food web”, “producer” and “consumer” I can define the terms “herbivore”, “carnivore” and “decomposer” I can classify consumers I can relate types of consumers to their position in food webs and chains Extended Only I can interpret food chains and food webs I can draw and interpret pyramids of numbers First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand 63 I can draw and interpret pyramids of biomass Extended Only I can evaluate the use of pyramids of biomass Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the carbon cycle ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation on carbon dioxide levels ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the water cycle ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the nitrogen cycle Extended Only I can state the role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle Extended Only I can define the term “population” I can define the terms “ecosystem” and “community” Extended Only I can recall factors affecting population growth I can identify the phases in sigmoid population growth Extended Only I can explain the phases in sigmoid population growth Extended Only I can describe and evaluate human population growth Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level The Carbon Cycle https://youtu.be/Uoqp 7QjWW-M The Water Cycle https://youtu.be/Dt25c 1VODSE 64 Quick fire questions 1. State the main source of energy for all ecosystems on earth 2. Identify two reasons why the transfer of energy between trophic levels is not 100% efficient 3. Explain what is meant by “secondary consumer” (Extended Only) 4. Define the term “community” 5. State the process by which carbon is removed from the air 6. State two ways in which humans put carbon into the atmosphere Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 65 B20 – Biotechnology and genetic engineering Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can explain why bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering I can evaluate the use of bacteria in biotechnology and genetic engineering Extended Only I can describe the role of anaerobic respiration in producing biofuels and bread I can describe the use of pectinase in fruit juice production I can describe the use of enzymes in washing powders I can describe the use of lactase in lactose free milk production Extended Only I can describe the production of penicillin Extended Only I can define “genetic engineering” I can state examples of genetic engineering I can outline the process of genetic engineering, using the bacterial production of human proteins as an example Extended Only I can evaluate the use of genetically modified crops Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand 66 Quick fire questions 1. State one advantage to the use of bacteria in genetic engineering 2. State one disadvantage to genetically modified crops 3. Describe one use of lactase in food production (Extended Only) 4. Describe one use of yeast in food production Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 67 B21 – Human influences on ecosystems Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state how modern technology has increased food production I can evaluate the impact of increasing human populations Extended Only I can discuss the problems which contribute to famines Extended Only I can describe the impacts of intensive livestock and crop production I can describe the reasons for habitat destruction I can describe how humans have a negative impact on habitats I can list the effects of deforestation I can explain the effects of deforestation Extended Only I can state the sources of pollution of land and water I can state the effects of pollution of water I can explain the process of eutrophication Extended Only I can discuss the effects of nonbiodegradable plastics Extended Only I can state the sources and effects of air pollution I can discuss the causes and effects of acid rain Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Acid Rain https://youtu.be/nitv 5kjgTKQ 68 I can state the measures taken to limit acid rain Extended Only I can describe the process of global warming Extended Only I can describe the impacts of female contraceptive hormones in water supplies Extended Only I can define “sustainable resource” I can define “sustainable development” Extended Only I can explain the need to conserve non-renewable resources I can state that some resources can be maintained I can explain how some resources can be maintained Extended Only I can state that some products can be reused and recycled Extended Only I can outline the treatment of sewage I can explain how organisms become endangered I can describe how endangered species can be conserved I can explain the reasons for conservation programmes Extended Only I can describe sustainable development Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect https://youtu.be/y5P Z1RN5mt0 69 Quick fire questions; 1. Explain what is meant by “acid rain” (Extended Only) 2. State two reasons for deforestation 3. Explain what is meant by “sustainable development” 4. State one non-renewable fuel resource 5. Identify two possible consequences of global warming Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 70 Chemistry 5 most common mistakes in a chemistry exam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Not being precise on colour changes Not showing every step of a calculation Forgetting to add units to answers Forgetting to convert units to grams or dm3 Not using precise chemical terminology Important tips • • • When balancing equations, work through one element at a time Reaction conditions usually involve heat, and a catalyst Always show all of your working for any calculations Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 71 Topic Guide Topic First review Second review Third review C1 – The particulate nature of matter C2 – Experimental techniques C3 – Atoms, elements and compounds C4 – Stoichiometry C5 – Electricity and chemistry C6 – Chemical energetics C7 – Chemical reactions C8 – Acids, bases and salts C9 – The Periodic Table C10 – Metals C11 – Air and water C12 and C13 – Sulfur and Carbonates C14 – Organic Chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 72 Equation Sheet Percentage yield = Actual yield . .Theoretical yield Atom Economy = Mr of atoms in the required products. . Mr of reactants Moles = mass . Mr . Concentration (mol/dm3) = amount (mol) . volume (dm3) The formula of common acids and compounds Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Water H2O Carbon dioxide CO2 Oxygen gas O2 Hydrogen gas H2 Nitrogen gas N2 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 73 Reference table of common formulae They won’t give you these in the exam - so learn them!!! Available as flashcards on the Primrose Kitten website As a general rule, elements in group one form +1 ions, group 2 form +2 ions, group 6 form 2 ions and group 7 form -1 ions. Positive Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Potassium Copper (I) Silver Ammonium H+ Li+ Na+ K+ Cu+ Ag+ NH4+ Magnesium Barium Strontium Calcium Iron (II) Copper (II) Nickel (II) Zinc Tin (II) Lead (II) Mg2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Fe2+ Cu2+ Ni2+ Zn2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ Chromium Iron (III) Aluminium Cr3+ Fe3+ Al3+ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Negative Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Hydroxide Nitrate Nitrite Hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen sulfate FClBrIOHNO3NO2HCO3HSO4- Sulfate Carbonate Sulfide Oxide SO42CO32S2O2- Nitride Phosphate N3PO43- 74 The Reactivity Series You need to learn the order and how to use it! Element Chemical symbol Potassium K Lithium Li Calcium Ca Magnesium Mg Aluminium Al Carbon C Zinc Zn Iron Fe Hydrogen H Copper Cu Silver Ag Gold Au Platinum Pt Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 75 Key Words These are easy marks, but only if you know them!! Acid Activation energy Alkali Alkanes Alkenes Amphoteric Alloy Atom Atomic number Avogadro Constant Boiling point Bromine water Catalyst Chromatograp hy Combustion Compound Covalent bonding Cracking Crude oil Diamond Displacement Electrolysis Electron Element Endothermic Exothermic Fractional distillation Gas Graphite A solution that has a low pH due to the hydrogen ions The energy needed to start reaction A solution that has a high pH due to hydroxide ions Hydrocarbon containing only single bonds Hydrocarbon containing double bonds Can be either acidic or basic A mixture of atoms that lead to distorted layers that cannot slide A small part of matter, made up of a mixture of protons, neutrons, and electrons The number of protons in an atom The numbers of atoms or molecules in a mole (6.022 x 1023) The point at which a liquid turns into a gas The orange liquid that can be used to test for double bonds Something that speeds up a react of reaction without being used up Method of separating out mixtures Burning of a compound in oxygen Two or more elements chemically bonded together Sharing of electron between two non-metals Breaking a long hydrocarbon chain to short hydrocarbon chains A mixture of different length hydrocarbon chains made from decomposing dead plant and animals The giant covalent compound where each carbon atom makes four bonds A type of reaction where one element replaces another in a compound Separating compounds using electricity Found in the shells around the nucleus, has a charge of minus one and no mass Group of (or single) atoms that all have the same chemical characteristics (can be found on the periodic table). A reaction that takes in energy A reaction that releases energy Separating out a mixture of different length hydrocarbon chains based upon boiling point A state of matter where the atoms move atom in a fast and random matter (can compressed and flow). The giant covalent compound where each carbon atom makes three bonds Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 76 Greenhouse gas Halogen Hydrocarbon Ion Ionic bonding Isomers Liquid Mass number Melting point Metal Mixture Mole Neutralization Neutron Nobel gas Non-metal Nucleus Oxidation Percentage yield Periodic table pH Proton Reactivity series Reduction Reversible reaction Solid Titration Transition metal Gas that traps infra-red radiation Highly reactive non-metals found on the right-hand side of the periodic table A compound that only has carbon and hydrogen in it Atoms that have lost or gained electrons Transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures A state of matter, where the atoms can move and flow, but they cannot be compressed the number of protons and neutrons in an atom The point at which a solid turns into a liquid On the left-hand side of the periodic table, form positive ions Lots of different elements that may or may not be chemically bonded together The molecular mass in grams Mixing of an acid and alkali to give a pH of 7 Found in the nucleus of atoms, has no charge and a mass of one Unreactive gases found on the right of the periodic table On the right-hand side of the periodic table, form negative ions In the centre of atoms, contains the protons and the neutrons Loss of electrons A way of determining how much yield you get from a reaction A way of sorting out the elements How acid or alkali a solution is Found in the nucleus of atoms, has a charge of plus one and a mass of one List of metals in order of reactivity Gain of electrons A reaction that can go in either direction A state of matter, where the atoms vibrate around a fixed position Method for determining the concentration of solution Group of metals that are in the middle of the periodic table, form colour compounds and can be used as catalysts Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 77 C1 – The particulate nature of matter Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state the distinguishing properties of the states of matter I can describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particles I can describe changes of state I can explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory Extended Only I can describe gases in terms of the effect of temperature and pressure on particles I can describe the random motion of particles in suspension I can explain Brownian motion Extended Only I can state evidence for Brownian motion Extended Only I can describe and explain diffusion I can relate diffusion rates to molecular mass Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand States of matter: solid, liquid or gas? https://youtu.be/hs9 DIOqzgRgk 78 Quick fire questions 1. State the distinguishing property of the liquid state of matter 2. Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid 3. Explain what is meant by “Brownian Motion” (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 79 C2 – Experimental techniques Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam I can name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe paper chromatography ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can interpret simple chromatograms I can use R values in chromatography Extended Only I can outline how chromatography can be used on colourless substances Extended Only I can explain the importance of purity of substances in everyday life I can describe and explain methods of purification I can suggest suitable purification techniques for given examples ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Chromatography https://youtu.be/rS8iu eAEF3Q Testing the purity of a substance by finding the melting point https://youtu.be/cCBcT r2SI6Y 80 Quick fire questions 1. Suggest a suitable measuring device for measuring a mass of 0.5kg 2. Define the term “pure substance” 3. Suggest a technique for separating a liquid from a dissolved solid 4. Explain why, when performing chromatography, the starting line is always drawn using pencil. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 81 C3 – Atoms, elements and compounds Knowledge Checklist Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… Self-assessment First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam I can state the relative mass and charge of subatomic particles ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define “proton number” and “mass number” ☺ ☺ ☺ I can relate proton number to the structure of the periodic table ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define “isotopes” ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can explain why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties Extended Only I can state that isotopes are radioactive or non-radioactive I can recall medical and industrial uses of isotopes I can state that electrons are arranged in shells I can describe differences between elements, mixtures and compounds ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe differences between metals and non-metals ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define the term “alloy” ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level ☺ Bits to help if you don’t understand ☺ The mass and size of subatomic particles https://youtu.be/ljyzVt 8bJSA Mass number and atomic number https://youtu.be/Hq6Y MQnR0P0 Isotopes https://youtu.be/fIC2B 935oXQ Element, compound or mixture? https://youtu.be/tguhu iq9tVs The difference between pure metals and alloys https://youtu.be/Lgfsk mrx3Aw 82 I can describe the formation of ions ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the formation of ionic bonds ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the formation of single covalent bonds ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the electron arrangement in simple covalent structures Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the differences in physical characteristics between covalent and ionic compounds I can explain the differences in covalent characteristics between covalent and ionic compounds Extended Only I can describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and diamond I can relate the structures of diamond and graphite to their uses ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ What is the difference between an atom and an ion? https://youtu.be/9K3R vTq-LwU Introduction to ionic bonding https://youtu.be/TI6xR yWDtok Ionic compounds – structure and properties https://youtu.be/2LeqYeejcE Introduction to covalent bonding https://youtu.be/4I4Iq Z2qcfU The difference between ionic and covalent compounds https://youtu.be/yJ8p5 BboNos The difference between diamond and graphite https://youtu.be/NoCC dXFRi3g ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe metallic bonding Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ Metallic bonding https://youtu.be/NcRN RS3Zays I can explain the conductivity of metals in terms of bonding Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ Why do metals conduct heat? I can describe the structure of silicon dioxide Extended Only I can describe similarities in the properties of diamond and silicone dioxide Extended Only Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 83 https://youtu.be/dfwg SPWUdLU Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “isotope” 2. Identify the type of bonding present in Sodium Bromide 3. Define the term “alloy” 4. Draw a dot and cross diagram to represent the bonding present in an atom of methane (CH4) 5. Explain, in terms of bonding, why metals conduct electricity (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 84 C4 – Stoichiometry Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can write the formulae of simple compounds First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ I can determine the formulae of ionic compounds Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can deduce the formulae of simple compounds from diagrams and atoms present ☺ ☺ ☺ I can construct balanced equations Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can use and interpret state symbols Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define “relative atomic mass” and “relative formula mass” I can define “mole” and “Avogadro constant” Extended Only I can use the molar gas volume of 24dm3 Extended Only I can calculate the reacting masses of gases, solids and liquids using moles Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate empirical formulae Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate percentage yield and percentage purity Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Formulae of ionic compounds https://youtu.be/f7vqg ushoKM Balanced equations https://youtu.be/T0wb 4z-_kmY Relative formula mass https://youtu.be/_Nqu pF1z6xk Moles https://youtu.be/JN_q mij-pkQ Reacting masses https://youtu.be/53Mv I7o8t-c Empirical formula https://youtu.be/gTMK C0cCjlI Percentage yield https://youtu.be/N47M b-Vvpvc 85 Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “relative atomic mass” 2. State the Avogadro constant (Extended Only) 3. Deduce the formula of a compound with one atom of carbon for every two atoms of oxygen 4. Explain what is meant by the term “percentage yield” 5. State the volume of 1.5 moles of hydrogen gas (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 86 C5 – Electricity and chemistry Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define “electrolysis” I can describe the electrode products during the electrolysis of simple compounds I can relate the products of electrolysis to the electrolyte used Extended Only I can define the terms “anode” and “cathode” I can define electrolysis in terms of ions present Extended Only I can describe the process of electrolysis I can write half equations for the process of electrolysis Extended Only I can describe the process and uses of electroplating I can explain why copper and aluminium are used in electrical cables I can recall that plastics and ceramics are electrical insulators I can describe the flow of charge during electrolysis Extended Only I can describe the production of electricity from simple cells Extended Only I can describe the manufacture of aluminium using electrolysis First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Electrolysis https://youtu.be/L_BjG KdM2Bk Ionic half equation https://youtu.be/vbic3 491cE8 Electrolysis of aluminium 87 Extended Only I can describe the manufacture of chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide using the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride Extended Only https://youtu.be/h0G0 ebmztUQ ☺ ☺ ☺ Electrolysis of sodium chloride https://youtu.be/r0kbE j2PDEg Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “electrolysis” 2. Explain what is meant by “anode” 3. Write a half equation for the reaction at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride (Extended Only) 4. State one disadvantage to using electrolysis to extract metals Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 88 C6 – Chemical energetics Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can define the terms “exothermic” and “endothermic” I can recall that bond breaking is endothermic Extended Only I can recall that bond forming is exothermic Extended Only I can interpret energy level diagrams I can draw energy level diagrams from data provided Extended Only I can describe the release of heat from burning fuels I can recall that hydrogen can be used as a fuel I can describe the use of hydrogen as a fuel Extended Only I can describe the use of radioactive isotopes as a source of energy First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Exothermic and endothermic reactions https://youtu.be/0HxS Wa_36_s Bond energy https://youtu.be/B3hs 4GEgJQc Energy level diagrams https://youtu.be/bMnd HV8m-w8 89 Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “exothermic” 2. Draw an energy level diagram for a typical endothermic reaction 3. Define the term “fuel” Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 90 C7 – Chemical Reactions Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can distinguish between physical and chemical changes I can describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of a reaction I can describe and evaluate investigations into rate of reaction Extended Only I can describe the dangers of explosive combustion of fine powders I can explain the effect the factors which effect rate of reaction in terms of the kinetic energy of particles Extended Only I can interpret experimental data involving rate of reaction I can describe and explain the role of light in photochemical reactions Extended Only I can describe the use of silver salts in photography Extended Only I can define “reversible reaction” I can predict the effects of changing conditions on reversible reactions Extended Only I can define the term “equilibrium” Extended Only I can define “oxidation” and “reduction” in terms of oxygen I can define “redox” in terms of electron transfer First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Measuring the rate of reaction by collecting a gas https://youtu.be/SXU Wo-V-WgQ Oilrig – Oxidation and Reduction 91 https://youtu.be/5fL5IOPSfs I can define “oxidising agent” and identify oxidising agents Extended Only I can identify redox reactions using oxidation states Extended Only I can identify redox reactions from colour changes Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Redox reactions https://youtu.be/OLP hqYrMoWI Quick fire questions 1. State two factors that affect the rate of a reaction 2. Explain why a fine powder will react much faster than a large cube of reactant 3. Define the term “reversible reaction” 4. Define the term “reduction” in terms of electrons (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 92 C8 – Acids, bases and salts Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam I can describe the characteristic properties of acids and bases ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define the term “neutral” I can describe the use of indicators ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the pH scale ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the preparation of soluble salts ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the preparation of insoluble salts Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define “acid” and “base” in terms of proton transfer Extended Only I can describe the importance of controlling soil acidity I can define the terms “strong” and “weak” in terms of acids and bases Extended Only I can classify oxides are acidic or basic I can classify oxides as neutral or amphoteric Extended Only I can describe the tests to identify aqueous cations ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level ☺ ☺ Bits to help if you don’t understand Acid and metal reactions https://youtu.be/J5kDF pAHbqs Acid and alkali ions, the pH scale and neutralisation https://youtu.be/Cvmh bNYroeo Making salts https://youtu.be/ttsAm aNu4ao Anion and cation identification https://youtu.be/LC4N xd5dwEM 93 I can describe the use of flame tests to identify lithium, sodium, potassium and copper (II) I can describe the tests for halides and carbonates I can describe the tests for nitrate ions, sulfate ions and sulphite ions ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the tests for ammonia, chlorine and carbon dioxide ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the tests for hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur dioxide ☺ ☺ ☺ Flame tests https://youtu.be/i3fEV B9VN0Y Limewater test for carbon dioxide https://youtu.be/QR6G sydYUSI Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “neutral” 2. Suggest a pH value for concentrated hydrochloric acid 3. State the two products from a general neutralisation reaction 4. Explain what is meant by “acid” in terms of protons (Extended Only) 5. State the test, and positive result, for chlorine Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 94 C9 – The Periodic Table Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam I can describe the purpose of the periodic table ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a period ☺ ☺ ☺ I can relate group number to electron structure Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the characteristics of Group 1 metals ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the characteristics of the Group 7 halogens ☺ ☺ ☺ I can identify trends in groups from data provided Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the properties of transition metals ☺ ☺ ☺ I can state that transition metals have variable oxidation states Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the characteristics of the Noble Gases ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level ☺ ☺ Bits to help if you don’t understand Introduction to the periodic table https://youtu.be/GhOk zDuHIDc The modern periodic table https://youtu.be/8GYM LQt18zQ Why do elements in the same group behave the same? https://youtu.be/uERU J-HVG3s Alkali Metals (Group 1) https://youtu.be/UNew X9i1Nh4 The Halogens (Group 7) https://youtu.be/vK5yc 2RR0XQ Transition metals https://youtu.be/Tw3N J_it3tc Why are noble gases unreactive? https://youtu.be/_zmU N7Qq5QM 95 I can explain the characteristics of the Noble Gases I can state the uses of the Noble Gases ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. State one physical characteristic of the Group 1 metals 2. State the group number of an atom with 5 electrons in its outer shell 3. State one use for the noble gases 4. State one distinguishing feature of transition metals Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 96 C10– Metals Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can list the general physical properties of metals I can describe the general chemical properties of metals First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can explain why alloys are used instead of pure metals ☺ ☺ ☺ I can identify alloys from structural diagrams ☺ ☺ ☺ I can recall the reactivity series I can construct orders of reactivity from experimental results I can relate the reactivity series to the tendency of a metal to form an ion Extended Only I can describe and explain the action of heat on the hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates of metals Extended Only I can explain the apparent unreactivity of aluminium Extended Only I can relate the ease of metal extraction to reactivity I can outline the extraction of zinc Extended Only I can outline the extraction of iron ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand The difference between a pure metal and an alloy https://youtu.be/Lgfsk mrx3Aw Displacement reactions – the reactivity series https://youtu.be/7Pm5 -ox6YGM Thermal decomposition of metal carbonates https://youtu.be/2dbq 0KJ-HRw 97 I can outline the conversion of iron into steel I can state that aluminium is extracted by electrolysis I can outline the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis Extended Only I can evaluate the recycling of metals I can name the uses of aluminium I can explain the uses of zinc for galvanising and making brass I can name the uses of copper I can name the uses of mild steel I can describe the changing of the properties of iron by addition of additives Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Quick fire questions 1. Explain why alloys are usually harder than pure metals 2. Gold is usually found as a pure metal in the earth. Explain why 3. State one use of copper 4. State one use of aluminium 5. Identify one advantage of recycling metals Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 98 C11– Air and Water Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can describe chemical tests for water I can describe the treatment of water supplies I can state industrial and domestic uses of water I can discuss the implications of inadequate water supplies Extended Only I can recall the composition of air I can describe the separation of liquid air by fractional distillation Extended Only I can name the common pollutants of air I can state the sources of common pollutants of air I can explain the production of pollutants in car engines Extended Only I can explain the effects of air pollution I can recall the conditions required for the rusting of iron I can describe and explain methods of rust prevention I can describe and explain sacrificial protection Extended Only I can define “NPK fertilisers” First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand The Atmosphere https://youtu.be/7IIF4 Ydb5J0 Rusting – Iron + water + oxygen = iron oxide https://youtu.be/LQprcAHM_U 99 I can explain the need for NPK fertilisers I can describe the production of ammonia using the Haber process Extended Only I can describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts I can recall that methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases I can list the sources of carbon dioxides ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the carbon cycle Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can state the sources of methane ☺ ☺ ☺ Haber Process https://youtu.be/0Yz1E gqfxAk The Carbon Cycle https://youtu.be/Uoqp 7QjWW-M Quick fire questions 1. State the most common gas found in the modern atmosphere 2. Identify one way in which humans cause air pollution 3. State one possible consequence of global warming 4. Explain what is meant by “NPK fertilisers” (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 100 C12 – Sulfur and C13 – Carbonates Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can recall sources of sulfur I can recall that sulfur is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid I can state the uses of sulfur dioxide I can describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the Contact process Extended Only I can describe the properties of dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid Extended Only I can describe the manufacture of lime from calcium carbonate I can recall uses of lime and slaked lime I can recall uses of calcium carbonate First review 4-7 months before exam ☺ Second review 1-2 months before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Bits to help if you don’t understand Final review Week before exam ☺ The Limestone Cycle https://youtu.be/v7Q mvIKRyo4 Quick fire questions 1. State one use of calcium carbonate 2. Identify the process by which sulfuric acid is made (Extended Only) 3. Write a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 101 C14– Organic Chemistry Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can name and draw the structures of methane, ethane, ethanol, and ethanoic acid I can name and draw the structures of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and acids with four carbon atoms or less Extended Only I can recall the suffixes of functional groups I can name and draw the structures of esters Extended Only I can name the fossil fuels I can recall that methane is the main constituent of natural gas I can describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons I can describe fractional distillation I can describe the properties of molecules within a fraction I can recall the uses of the different fractions I can define “homologous series” I can describe the general characteristics of a homologous series I can describe and identify structural isomerism First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand What is an organic compound? https://youtu.be/FE_ wFJDXm8E Burning fossil fuels https://youtu.be/PK8 aljEFRKA Fractional distillation https://youtu.be/XXn cE3cZ4H8 102 I can describe the properties of alkanes I can describe the bonding in alkanes I can describe substitution reactions of alkanes with chlorine Extended Only I can describe the manufacture of alkenes by cracking I can describe the properties of alkenes Extended Only I can describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine, steam and hydrogen Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the formation of polyethene ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the manufacturing methods of ethanol I can evaluate methods of producing ethanol Extended Only I can describe the properties of ethanol in terms of burning I can recall that ethanol is used as a solvent and as a fuel I can describe the properties of aqueous ethanoic acid I can describe the methods of formation of ethanoic acid Extended Only I can recall that ethanoic acid is a typical weak acid Extended Only I can describe the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester Extended Only I can define the term “polymer” ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Alkanes https://youtu.be/5kp o5W0UaX8 Alkenes https://youtu.be/YNH KmgMKVI0 Using bromine water to test for alkenes https://youtu.be/UQh yzisHawI Alcohols https://youtu.be/DVY 3YCpfNo4 Carboxylic Acids https://youtu.be/uIHo Lv4_Zlg ☺ ☺ ☺ Esters https://youtu.be/DlXK JEhzATw ☺ ☺ ☺ Polymers https://youtu.be/KTm j3bB2A2I Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 103 I can state that differing polymers have differing structures or linkages Extended Only I can state typical uses of plastics I can evaluate the use of plastics I can explain the differences between condensation and addition polymerisation Extended Only I can deduce the structures of polymers from monomer structures Extended Only I can deduce the structures of monomers from polymer structures Extended Only I can describe the formation of nylon and Terylene by condensation polymerisation Extended Only I can name proteins and carbohydrates as constituents of food I can describe proteins in terms of structure Extended Only I can describe the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids Extended Only I can describe complex carbohydrates Extended Only I can describe the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Condensation polymerisation https://youtu.be/HdL yEwyJ6Xw 104 Quick fire questions 1. State the molecular formula of ethane 2. Identify the functional group of alcohols 3. State the molecular formula of ethanoic acid 4. Identify the two reagents used to produce an ester (Extended Only) 5. Define the term “polymer” 6. State the biproduct from condensation polymerisation (Extended Only) 7. State one common use of alkanes Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 105 Physics 5 most common mistakes in a physics exam 1. Not knowing your units – there are often separate marks for including the units in your answer 2. Not being able to rearrange equations - if you want to get the top grades you will need to be able to rearrange equations to carry out calculations 3. Not giving answers to 3 significant figures, unless stated otherwise in the question 4. Not showing every step of a calculation – examiners can often award partial marks for correct methods 5. Using incorrect terminology – always remember to use to correct terminology Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 106 Topic Guide Topic First review Second review Third review P1 – General Physics P2 – Thermal Physics P3 – Properties of waves, including light and sound P4 – Electricity and magnetism P5 – Atomic Physics CIE GCSE Physics Equation Sheet Units and equations available as readymade flashcards from the Primrose Kitten website Equation Ek = ½ mv2 Ee = ½ ke2 Ep = mgh ΔE = mcΔθ P=E T P=W T Symbol Ek = kinetic energy m = mass v = speed Ee = elastic potential energy k = spring constant e = extension Ep = gravitational potential energy m = mass g = gravitational field strength h = height ΔE = change in thermal energy m = mass c = specific heat capacity Δθ = temperature change P = power E = energy transferred t = time P = power W = work done t = time Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Unit Ek = J (joules) m = kg (kilograms) v = m/s (meters per second) Ee = J (joules) k = N/m (newtons per meter) e = m (meters) Ep = J (joules) m = kg (kilograms) g = N/kg (newtons per kilogram) h = m (meters) ΔE = J (joules) m = kg (kilograms) c = J/kg˚C (joules per kilogram degree Celsius) Δθ = ˚C (degree Celsius) P = W (watts) E = J (joules) t = s (seconds) P = W (watts) E = J (joules) t = s (seconds) 107 Efficiency = useful energy out total energy in Efficiency = useful power out total power in Equation Q = It V = IR P = VI P = I 2R E = Pt E = QV Equation ρ=m V Symbols Q = Charge I = Current t = Time V = Potential difference I = Current R = Resistance P = Power V = Potential difference I = Current P = Power I = Current R = Resistance E = Energy P = Power t = Time E = Energy Q = Charge V = Potential difference Units Q = C (coulombs) I = A (amps) t = s (seconds) V = V (volts) I = A (amps) R = Ω (ohms) P = W (watts) V = V (volts) I = A (amps) P = W (watts) I = A (amps) R = Ω (ohms) E = J (joules) P = W (watts) t = s (seconds) E = J (joules) Q = C (coulombs) V = V (volts) Symbols ρ = density m = mass V = volume Units ρ = kg/m (kilograms per meter cubed m = kg (kilograms) V = m3 (meters cubed) ΔE = J (joules) m = kg (kilograms) c = J/kg˚C (joules per kilogram degree Celsius) Δθ = ˚C (degree Celsius) ΔE = change in thermal energy m = mass c = specific heat capacity Δθ = temperature change E = mL pV = constant 3 E = Energy m = mass L = specific latent heat E = J (joules) m = kg (kilograms) L = J/kg (joules per kilogram) p = pressure V = volume p = Pa (pascals) V = m3 (meters cubed) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 108 Equation W = mg Symbols W = weight m = mass g = gravitational field strength W = work done F = force s = distance F = force k = spring constant e = extension Ee = elastic potential energy k = spring constant e = extension Units W = N (newton’s) m = kg (kilograms) g = N/kg (newtons per kilogram) W = J (joules) F = N (newtons) s = m (meters) F = N (newtons) k = N/m (newtons per meter) e = m (meters) Ee = J (joules) k = N/m (newtons per meter) e = m (meters) M = Fd M = moment F = force d = distance M = Nm (newton-meters) F = N (newtons) d = m (meters) p=F A p = pressure F = force A = area p = Pa (pascals) F = N (newtons) A = m2 (meters squared) p = pressure h = height ρ = density g = gravitational field strength p = Pa (pascals) h = m (meters) ρ = kg/m3 (kilograms per meter cubed g = N/kg (newtons per kilogram) s = distance v = speed t = time a = acceleration Δv = change in velocity t = time s = m (meters) v = m/s (meters per second) t = s (seconds) a = m/s2 (meters per second squared) Δv = m/s (meters per second) t = s (seconds) v = final velocity u = initial velocity a = acceleration s = distance v = m/s (meters per second) u = m/s (meters per second) a = m/s2 (meters per second squared) s = m (meters) F = force F = N (newtons) W = Fs F = ke Ee = ½ ke2 p = hρg s = vt a = Δv t v2 – u2 = 2as F = ma Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 109 m = mass a = acceleration p = mv F = m Δv Δt Equation Period = 1 . Frequency T=1 F v = fλ p = momentum m = mass v = velocity F = force m = mass v = velocity t = time Symbols T = Period f = frequency v = velocity f = frequency λ = wavelength (lambda) Magnification = image height object height Equation F = BIl Vp = np Vs ns Vs I s = V p I p m = kg (kilograms) a = m/s2 (meters per second squared) p = kg m/s (kilograms metre per second) m = kg (kilograms) v = m/s (meters per second) F = N (newtons) m = kg (kilograms) v = m/s (meters per second) t = s (seconds) Units Period = s (seconds) Frequency = Hz (hertz) T = s (seconds) f = Hz (hertz) v = m/s (meters per second) f = Hz (hertz) λ = m (meters) Ratio, so has no units Symbols F = force B = magnetic flux density I = Current l = length Units F = N (newtons) B = T (tesla) I = A (Amps or Amperes) l = m (meters) Vp = potential difference across the primary coil Vs = potential difference across the secondary coil np = number of turns on the primary coil ns = number of turns on the secondary coil Vp = V (volts) Vs = V (volts) np and ns have no units as they are just numbers Vs = potential difference across the secondary coil Vs = V (volts) Vp = V (volts) Is = A (Amps or Amperes) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 110 Vp = potential difference across the primary coil Is = current in the secondary coil Ip = current in the primary coil Vs Is = power output Vp Ip = power input Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Ip = A (Amps or Amperes) 111 P1 – General Physics Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders I can describe the use of clocks I can describe the use of micrometres Extended Only I can describe the use of multiples in obtaining values for small distances I can define and calculate “speed” First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can distinguish between speed and velocity Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can plot and interpret speed-time graphs ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define and calculate “acceleration” Extended Only I can calculate speed and acceleration from a speed-time graph I can calculate the area under a speed-time graph I can recognise linear and nonlinear motion Extended Only I can state that the acceleration of free fall for a body is constant I can describe the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand What is the difference between speed and velocity? https://youtu.be/Nfm0 a1Ui5pw Velocity-time graphs https://youtu.be/ZTwy 8BYOhCs 112 Extended Only I can distinguish between mass and weight I can calculate weight I can describe the comparison of weights using a balance I can describe the effect of gravity on a mass Extended Only I can calculate density I can describe an experiment to determine the density of solids and liquids I can predict if an object will float based on density I can recognise that a force may produce a change in the size and shape of a body I can plot and interpret extensionload graphs I can state and use Hooke’s law Extended Only I can explain the significance of “limit of proportionality” Extended Only I can calculate force from mass and acceleration Extended Only I can find resultant forces I can describe the effect of resultant forces I can describe friction I can define “moment” I can relate moments to the length of pivots I can calculate moments using pivots I can recognise that when there is no resultant force, a system is in equilibrium I can describe an experiment to find centre of mass ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Density https://youtu.be/txzQd IX_KQA Hooke’s law https://youtu.be/s0YM DXf-2SI Resultant forces https://youtu.be/Oa9L glsNm2o Moment https://youtu.be/WpT6 55stxUQ Centre of mass 113 https://youtu.be/8Z5Ff WGjREw I can describe the effect of centre of mass on stability of objects I can distinguish between scalar and vector quantities Extended Only I can determine the result of two vectors Extended Only I can define “momentum” and “impulse” Extended Only I can calculate momentum Extended Only I can calculate impulse Extended Only I can apply the principle of conservation of momentum Extended Only I can identify changes in energy stores I can calculate kinetic energy Extended Only I can recognise that energy is transferred during events and processes I can apply the principle of conservation of energy to simple examples I can apply the principle of conservation of energy to examples with multiple stages Extended Only I can describe energy dissipation Extended Only I can describe energy resources available on the earth I can state that the sun is the source of energy for most resources Extended Only I can recall that energy is released from the sun by nuclear fusion Extended Only I can evaluate the use of different energy resources ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Vector or scalar? https://youtu.be/5Xcie 8V-UTw Kinetic energy calculations https://youtu.be/RRm_ 8BDgH1M Types of energy https://youtu.be/ujdUE wMfIok The issues surrounding nuclear power 114 https://youtu.be/IPBPqpz2Tw I can define “efficiency” ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate efficiency Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define “work done” I can calculate work done I can relate work done to the magnitude and distance of a force I can relate power to work done and time taken I can calculate power I can calculate pressure I can relate pressure to force and area I can describe the use of a simple mercury barometer I can relate the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and density I can calculate the pressure beneath a liquid surface Extended Only I can describe the use of a manometer Efficiency calculations https://youtu.be/GVSiL 39bnrc Quick fire questions 1. Suggest a suitable instrument for measuring temperature 2. Define the term “speed” 3. Explain what is meant by “resultant forces” 4. A car goes from 5m/s to 15m/s over 2 seconds. Find the acceleration of the car 5. Explain what is meant by “work done” 6. Suggest one advantage to the use of geothermal power 7. Suggest one disadvantage to the use of wind power 8. Explain what a manometer is used for (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 115 P2 – Thermal physics Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases I can describe states of matter in terms of particles I can relate the properties of states of matter to the motion of molecules Extended Only I can interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules I can describe the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules I can describe Brownian motion I can state that massive particles may be moved by fast, light molecules I can describe evaporation I can explain the factors that affect evaporation Extended Only I can relate evaporation to the cooling of a liquid I can relate evaporation to the cooling of a body in contact with liquid Extended Only I can describe the effect on gases of changing temperature and volume I can use the equation pV = constant First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand States of matter: Solid, liquid or gas https://youtu.be/hs9DI OqzgRg 116 Extended Only I can describe the thermal expansion of matter I can explain the thermal expansion of matter Extended Only I can identify uses of the thermal expansion of matter I can describe the measurement of temperature I can describe the need for fixed points I can describe the structure of a thermocouple Extended Only I can state the need for sensitivity, range and linearity when measuring temperature Extended Only I can describe and explain the operation of liquid-in-glass thermometers I can relate a rise in temperature of a body to a rise in total energy I can define “thermal capacity” I can define and calculate “specific heat capacity” Extended Only I can describe melting and boiling in terms of energy I can describe condensation and solidification in terms of molecules I can distinguish between boiling and evaporation Extended Only I can define and calculate specific latent heat Extended Only I can describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad conductors I can describe the conduction of heat in terms of molecules Extended Only I can describe convection ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Specific heat capacity calculations https://youtu.be/_goo QFvVqzk Cream Egg conduction https://youtu.be/IQ2su Vc7KAw Convection demonstration https://youtu.be/iBLTa CV6iPU 117 I can relate convection to density changes in a fluid I can identify radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum I can recognise that radiation of heat does not require a medium I can describe the effect of colour and texture on radiation I can describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and absorbers of radiation Extended Only I can identify and explain everyday applications of conduction, convection and radiation ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Radiation of energy https://youtu.be/f9Me9 djm5Zw Quick fire questions 1. State the distinguishing property of gases 2. State two factors that affect the pressure of a gas 3. Define the term “specific heat capacity” (Extended Only) 4. Define the term “specific latent heat” (Extended Only) 5. State by which method of heat transfer household radiators work 6. State two properties of a good emitter of heat Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 118 P3 – Properties of waves, including light and sound Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can recall that waves transfer energy I can define “wave front” I can define “frequency”, “amplitude”, “frequency” and “wavelength” I can calculate wavelength Extended Only I can distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves I can describe how waves can be refracted, reflected or diffracted I can describe diffraction through a gap Extended Only I can describe diffraction at an edge Extended Only I can describe the use of water to demonstrate refraction, diffraction and reflection I can describe the formation of an image by a plane mirror I can calculate angle of incidence for reflection I can perform simple constructions and calculations for reflection by plane mirrors Extended Only I can recall that the image in a plane mirror is virtual Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Refraction of light https://youtu.be/jPrqy Z_d9pI 119 I can describe the refraction of light I can describe the passage of light through a transparent material I can define “critical angle”, “angle of refraction” and “angle of incidence” ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe internal and total internal reflection ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate refractive index Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe and explain the action of optical fibres Extended Only I can describe the action of a thin converging lends on a beam of light I can use the terms principal focus and focal length I can draw ray diagrams for the formation of a real image by a single lens I can draw ray diagrams for the formation of a virtual image by a single lens Extended Only I can describe the nature of an image I can describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass Extended Only I can define the terms “real image” and “virtual image” Extended Only I can describe the dispersion of light I can define the term “monochromatic light” Extended Only I can describe the main groups of the electromagnetic spectrum I can recall that the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is 3.0x108 m/s Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Refraction: Does light bend towards or away from the normal? Total internal reflection and refraction https://youtu.be/rFFTv 24-8h8 Refractive index https://youtu.be/pILsy r_K8AU Lenses and ray diagrams https://youtu.be/19SLr BwZYSA 120 I can recall that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum ☺ ☺ ☺ I can recall examples of the uses of electromagnetic waves ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can recall examples of the safety issues in the use of electromagnetic waves I can describe the production of sound by vibration I can describe sound waves I can describe the compression and rarefaction of sound waves Extended Only I can recall that the human ear can hear sounds between 20 and 20000hz I can define “ultrasound” I can recall that a medium is needed to transmit sound I can describe an experiment to show the speed of sound in air I can state typical values of the speed of sound in gases, liquids and solids Extended Only I can relate the loudness and pitch of sound to amplitude and frequency I can describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level X-rays https://youtu.be/_1esq y3Ia9g How does sound travel? https://youtu.be/j77sr Y0ZStM 121 Quick fire questions 1. Define the term “amplitude” 2. State one example of transverse waves 3. State one common use of total internal reflection 4. State one use of x-rays 5. Identify one disadvantage to the use of UV radiation for tanning 6. Describe how an echo of a sound wave is produced (Extended Only) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 122 P4 – Electricity and magnetism Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can describe the forces between magnets I can explain the forces between magnets Extended Only I can describe induced magnetism I can distinguish between magnetic and non-magnetic materials I can describe methods of magnetisation I can describe methods of demagnetisation Extended Only I can draw the magnetic field of a bar magnet I can describe an experiment to identify the matter of a magnetic field I can distinguish between the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel I can distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets I can state that charge is measured in coulombs I can state that the direction of an electric field is the direction of force on a positive charge at that point Extended Only First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Magnetic fields and electromagnets https://youtu.be/V0Ok OHKIcjQ 123 I can recall that like charges repel and unlike charges attract I can describe experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges I can describe an electric field and simple field patterns Extended Only I can distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators, and give examples of both I can describe charging by induction Extended Only I can describe conduction in terms of electrons Extended Only I can relate current to flow of charge I can calculate current in terms of charge flow per time Extended Only I can describe the use of an ammeter I can relate current to flow of electrons I can distinguish between the flow of electrons and the direction of current I can define “electromotive force” I can explain that electromotive force is defined in terms of energy supplied Extended Only I can define “potential difference” I can define potential difference in terms of joules I can describe the use of a voltmeter I can define resistance I can calculate resistance ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Like charges repel, opposing charges attract https://youtu.be/BJ_c GWei5bY Electromagnetic induction https://youtu.be/6GMA K_evAz8 What are current, resistance and potential difference? https://youtu.be/k3vC g3lGpys 124 I can draw and interpret currentvoltage graphs for resistors and filament lamps Extended Only I can describe an experiment to determine resistance I can relate the resistance of a wire to its diameter and length I can describe the proportionality between resistance and the size of a wire Extended Only I can recall that electrical circuits transfer energy I can calculate the power and energy transferred in circuits Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can recall circuit diagram symbols ☺ ☺ ☺ I can draw and interpret circuit diagrams Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can distinguish between series and parallel circuits ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can calculate resistance in series and parallel circuits I can calculate voltage in series and parallel circuits I can calculate current in series and parallel circuits I can evaluate the use of series and parallel circuits I can describe the action of a potentiometer I can describe the use of a diode Extended Only I can describe the use of thermistors and light dependent resistors I can describe the action of a relay I can describe the use of circuits as light-sensitive and temperaturesensitive switches Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Current-potential difference graphs https://youtu.be/fxDN qQ3hH2A Circuit symbol flashcards https://youtu.be/HiVcn pDQOcI Drawing circuit diagrams https://youtu.be/_ZvJn eX3Vww Current and potential difference in series and parallel circuits https://youtu.be/g2kUj 3xfM90 LDRs and thermistors https://youtu.be/Ra7s qF8oZxg 125 Extended Only I can explain and use the terms analogue and digital Extended Only I can describe the usage and symbols for logic gates Extended Only I can design and understand simple digital circuits Extended Only I can use and interpret truth tables Extended Only I can describe the hazards of damaged insulation, cables overheating and damp conditions I can describe and explain the usage of fuses I can explain the benefits of earthing metal cases I can describe electromagnetic induction I can state that the direction of an induced electromotive force opposes the charge causing it Extended Only I can describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction I can recall the factors affecting the magnitude of induced electromotive force I can use Flemings left hand rule Extended Only I can distinguish between a.c current and d.c. current I can describe and explain a rotating coil generator Extended Only I can draw a graph of output against time for a simple a.c. generator I can describe the construction of a basic transformer I can calculate the coils required and voltage output of a simple transformer ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Flemings left hand rule https://youtu.be/whfpE eoHxNw 126 I can calculate the voltage and current output of a simple transformer Extended Only I can define the terms “step up” and “step down” I can evaluate the use of high voltage transmission I can explain why power losses in cables and lower when the voltage is high Extended Only I can describe the pattern of magnetic fields caused by currents I can describe the strength of different parts of a magnetic field caused by a current Extended Only I can describe applications of the magnetic effect of current I can describe a geographical compass I can describe the effect on a magnetic field of changing the magnitude and direction of current Extended Only I can describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnetic field I can state and use the relative directions of force, field and current Extended Only I can describe an experiment to show force on beams of charged particles caused by a current Extended Only I can state that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect I can describe the factors which affect the turning effect of a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field I can describe the action of an electric motor Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Transformers https://youtu.be/54s2 HcJOBKA 127 Quick fire questions 1. Draw the circuit symbol for a resistor 2. Explain what is meant by “current” 3. State the unit of measurement for resistance 4. Calculate the resistance present in a circuit of 9v drawing 0.1a 5. State one advantage to the use of high voltage transmission 6. Describe the purpose of a step-down transformer 7. Explain why it is important that devices with metal casings are earthed Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 128 P5 – Atomic Physics Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to know, make sure you can do all of these… I can describe the structure of the atom I can describe the alpha-particle scattering experiment and the conclusions drawn from it Extended Only I can describe the composition of the nucleus I can define “nuclear fusion” and “nuclear fission” Extended Only I can state the charges of subatomic particles I can define the terms “proton number”, “nucleon number” and “nuclide” First review 4-7 months before exam Second review 1-2 months before exam Final review Week before exam ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ I can write simple nuclear equations ☺ ☺ ☺ I can balance nuclear equations Extended Only ☺ ☺ ☺ I can define the term “isotope” ☺ ☺ ☺ I can describe the sources of background radiation ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Bits to help if you don’t understand Introduction to atomic structure https://youtu.be/1m22_ 6XherM Nuclear fission https://youtu.be/I97zD2 WACzo Nuclear fusion https://youtu.be/IekhpiMhTs Alpha and beta decay equations https://youtu.be/L99xB AZY4AE Isotopes https://youtu.be/fIC2B9 35oXQ Background radiation https://youtu.be/LlVoVv peQ5o 129 I can describe the detection of alpha, beta and gamma radiation I can describe the nature, ionising effects and penetrative ability of alpha, beta and gamma radiation I can describe the deflection in electric fields of alpha, beta and gamma radiation Extended Only I can interpret the ionising effects of alpha, beta and gamma radiation Extended Only I can give examples of the practical uses of alpha, beta and gamma radiation Extended Only I can define “radioactive decay” I can write nuclear equations Extended Only I can recall that during alpha or beta decay the nucleus changes I can use the term “half-life” in simple calculations I can calculate “half-life” from data or decay curves Extended Only I can recall the effects of ionising radiation on living tissue I can describe the safety precautions needed when using, handling or storing radioactive material ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level Types of radiation – alpha, beta and gamma https://youtu.be/NzGkp 8ZcjZ0 Half-life and radioactive decay https://youtu.be/A9ej_7 z03O8 130 Quick fire questions 1. State the charge present on a proton 2. Explain what is meant by the term “nucleon number” 3. Define the term “isotope” 4. Identify two sources of background radiation 5. State the name of the process by which energy is produced in the sun Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 131 Answers Question Unit B1 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B2 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B3 1 2 3 4 Unit B4 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B5 1 2 3 4 Unit B6 Answer Unit B1 A1M for idea of waste / unused resources A1M for link to leaving / exiting the organism A1M for cytoplasm / cell membrane / etc A1M each for any two of cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast A1M for idea of members being able to breed A1M for living OR viable offspring A1M for system of classification A1M for idea of two names Unit B2 A1M for control / brain of the cell / etc A1M for containing DNA A1M for group of cells / mass of cells A1M for idea of single purpose A1M for any reasonable example, such as skin, stomach, etc A1M for any reasonable example, such as nervous, digestive, etc A1M for use of M = i/a A1M for I = M x a A1M for 20 x 2.5 A1M for 50mm/5cm Unit B3 A1M each for any two of: temperature, pressure, membrane thickness, surface area A1M for mention of movement of water A1M for partially permeable membrane A1M for down concentration gradient A1M for movement of particles A1M for idea of using energy or ATP A1M for any reasonable answer, such as ions from food, mineral ions, etc Unit B4 A1M each for any two of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen A1M for any reasonable answer, such as bread, potatoes, rice, etc A1M for emulsion test A1M for solution / emulsion formed A1M for amino acids A1M for any reasonable example, such as blood plasma, cytoplasm, lymph etc Unit B5 A1M for biological catalyst A1M for idea of rate increasing as concentration increases A1M for not increasing past given point / levels off A1M for link to enzyme concentration no longer being limiting factor A1M for idea that enzyme unravels / denatures Do NOT accept “breaks” A1M for any answer between 0.0 and 6.9 Unit B6 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 132 1 2 3 Unit B7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unit B8 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B9 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B10 1 2 3 4 5 A1M for reagents A1M for products Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen A1M for reagents A1M for products A1M for balancing 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as temperature, light intensity, etc Unit B7 A1M for diet / food intake that has a suitable proportion / right amounts A1M for link to all food groups A1M for idea of requiring less food A1M for lack of / none of / insufficient amount A1M for physical breakdown of food A1M for linked example – teeth, mastication etc A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as sugary diet, starchy diet, lack of brushing, etc A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such high surface area, thin membrane, dedicated blood supply, etc. Accept answers related to the adaptations of villi A1M for large intestine Unit B8 A1M for idea of transportation of water A1M for high surface area A1M for thin membrane / thin cell wall A1M for movement of water through a plant A1M for idea of leaving plant through leaves and/or entering through roots A1M for movement of food / ions / minerals through plant A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, etc Unit B9 A1M for idea of two “loops” or pumping blood twice Allow example such as “pumping to lungs and then pumping to body” A1M for pumping oxygenated blood A1M for idea of being towards heart A1M each for any two of: plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets A1M for any of: numerous, high surface area, thin membrane A1M for consuming / devouring / etc A1M for link to pathogens Unit B10 A1M for microorganism A1M for link to causing disease A1M each for any two of: water, air, contact, pests, animals A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as skin, mucus, cilia, etc A1M for any reasonable advantage, such as reducing disease spreading, saving lives, etc A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as expense, ethical issues, etc A1M for idea of immunity / protection from disease Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 133 Unit B11 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B12 1 2 3 4 Unit B13 1 2 3 4 Unit B14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unit B15 1 2 A1M for link to idea that it is inherent in the body / not requiring reaction / action Unit B11 A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as high surface area, thin membrane, dedicated blood supply A1M each for any two of, nitrogen , carbon dioxide, water, argon, etc A1M for idea of hearts beating A1M for link to “per time” or “per minute” etc A1M for mucus production A1M for limewater A1M for milky / white / cream Unit B12 A1M for any two reasonable answers A1M for reagents A1M for products Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water A1M for reagents A1M for products A1M for balancing C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O A1M for mention of lactic acid A1M for idea of less energy produced / less efficient Unit B13 A1M for kidney A1M each for any of: urine, sweat, expired air A1M for any reasonable advantage, such as permanent fix, long term, etc A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as risk of rejection, requires surgery, etc A1M for removal of amino acids Unit B14 A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as eyes, ears, skin, etc A1M for idea of carrying out action / accept muscle A1M for gap / space A1M for idea of being between neurones A1M for idea of seeing colour / transmitting colour signals A1M for idea of maintaining constant / the same A1M for link to internal body A1M for any of - Sweating - Thirst - Vasoconstriction - Surface hair standing up A1M for growth or movement A1M for link to in response to / towards light Unit B15 A1M for substance / chemical substance A1M for link to changing chemical reactions in the body A1M for idea of antibiotics only working on bacterial infections Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 134 3 4 5 Unit B16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unit B17 1 2 3 4 5 Unit B18 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unit B19 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unit B20 1 2 3 A1M for any two reasonable answers, such as higher risk of lung cancer, teeth discolouration, lung diseases (Accept named) A1M for liver A1M for idea of higher performance Unit B16 A1M for mention of mitosis or idea of only one individual required A1M for meiosis A1M each for any two reasonable answers, such as temperature, light intensity A1M for any reasonable advantage, such as quick, no mate needed, etc A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as no variation produced, clone produced A1M for transfer of pollen A1M for idea of holding pollen A1M for any reasonable example, such as HIV / genital warts / crabs / etc Unit B17 A1M for mention of chromosomes A1M for link to nucleus A1M for idea of displayed characteristics A1M for idea of both alleles / copies A1M for link to them being the same A1M for idea of only one copy of the gene is needed A1M for link to being expressed A1M for idea of change in DNA sequence means change in amino acids produced A1M for idea that proteins are made of many amino acids A1M for link to different protein produced Unit B18 A1M for idea of differences in displayed characteristics A1M for idea of across a population or species A1M for any reasonable example, such as height or weight A1M for any reasonable example, such as eye colour or hair colour A1M for idea of change in DNA A1M for physical or chemical feature A1M for link to increased chance of survival A1M for any reasonable example, such as breeding sheep to be wooly, or breeding chickens for higher meat quantities Unit B19 A1M for the sun A1M for idea that not all of an organism is consumed A1M for idea that some energy is used up in growth / reproduction A1M for idea of eating primary consumers A1M for all the species / organisms A1M for link to given area A1M for photosynthesis A1M for respiration A1M for combustion / burning / etc Unit B20 A1M for idea of fast growth or no ethnical issues A1M for idea of shared vulnerability / no variation A1M for any mention of lactose free milk Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 135 4 Unit B21 1 2 3 4 5 Unit C1 1 2 3 Unit C2 1 2 3 4 Unit C3 1 2 3 4 5 Unit C4 1 2 3 4 5 Unit C5 1 2 3 A1M for any mention of bread or brewing Unit B21 A1M for idea of rain with dissolved / containing A1M for named acid (Nitric or Sulfuric) A1M for idea of land needed for crops A1M for mention of wood as fuel A1M for idea of development / urbanisation with minimal impact on environment A1M for coal, oil, or gas A1M each for any two reasonable consequences, such as rising sea levels, extinction etc Unit C1 A1M for idea of filling shape of container A1M for link to not filling volume A1M for rigid structure / tightly packed A1M for idea of random motion A1M for link to particles in suspension Unit C2 A1M for scale or balance A1M for idea of no contaminants / other substances A1M for evaporation A1M for idea of pencil not soluble / pen would dissolve A1M for link to unbiased result or fair test Unit C3 A1M for idea of same number of protons A1M for link to different numbers of neutrons A1M for Ionic A1M for mixture A1M for metals ./ metal and non-metal A1M for one electron per hydrogen A1M for one electron per carbon in each bond A1M for 4 bonds total A1M for mention of delocalised electrons A1M for idea of them being able to move A1M for link to charge being carried Unit C4 A1M for idea of mass of an atom of an element A1M for comparison with atom of hydrogen A1M for 6.022 x 1023= A1M for CO2 A1M for idea of actual product obtained A1M for comparison with theoretical amount obtainable A1M for 1.5 x 24 A1M for 36 Ignore Units Unit C5 A1M for idea of breaking or splitting A1M for link to using electricity A1M for positively charged electrode A1M for products Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 136 4 Unit C6 1 2 3 Unit C7 1 2 3 4 Unit C8 1 2 3 4 5 Unit C9 1 2 3 5 Unit C10 1 2 3 4 5 Unit C11 1 2 3 4 Unit C12/C13 1 A1M for reactants Na+ + e- = Na A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as cost, complexity, potential danger Unit C6 A1M for idea of releasing heat to surroundings A1M for reaction progress or time on x axis A1M for energy on y axis A1M for products higher than reactants Ignore activation energy Ignore curve if drawn A1M for idea of burning to release heat / exothermic in combustion Unit C7 A1M each for any two of temperature, pressure, presence of catalyst, surface area, concentration A1M for reference to surface area A1M for idea that products can be reacted A1M for link to forming reactants A1M for gain of electrons Unit C8 A1M for idea of being neither acidic not alkaline Accept pH 7 A1M for answer between 0.01 and 6.99 A1M for salt A1M for water A1M for proton donor A1M for wet litmus A1M for bleaching / goes white Unit C9 A1M for any of shiny, soft, not dense, low melting point, etc A1M for group 5 A1M for any reasonable use, such as safe atmospheres, lighting, etc A1M for variable oxidation states or hard or unreactive Unit C10 A1M for idea of no layers / irregular structure A1M for idea that particles cannot slide over each other A1M for reference to gold being unreactive A1M for any reasonable use, such as electrical circuits A1M for any reasonable use, such as car bodies or construction A1M for any reasonable advantage, such as less use of raw materials or environmental concerns Unit C11 A1M for Nitrogen A1M for any reasonable answer, such as combustion / acid rain etc A1M for any reasonable answer, such as rising sea levels or extinction A1M for contains Nitrogen, Potassium and/or Phosphorus Unit C12/C13 A1M for any reasonable answer, such as construction Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 137 2 3 Unit C14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unit P1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Unit P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unit P3 1 2 3 4 A1M for contact process A1M for reactants A1M for products A1M for balancing CaCO3 = CaO + O2 Unit C14 A1M for C2H6 A1M for -OH A1M for C2H4O2 Allow CH3COOH A1M for alcohol A1M for carboxylic acid A1M for large molecule / long chain A1M for reference to many smaller monomers A1M for water A1M for fuels Unit P1 A1M for thermometer / temperature probe A1M for distance covered A1M for link to unit time A1M for idea of overall force A1M for link to two or more forces acting on an object A1M for 10/2 A1M for 5 Ignore units A1M for energy transferred A1M for link to unit time A1M for any reasonable advantage, such as no carbon dioxide produced or renewable A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as unreliable or noise pollution A1M for measuring pressure Unit P2 A1M for idea of filling shape and volume of container A1M for size of container A1M for temperature A1M for energy required to heat A1M for link to 1g of a substance b 1`c A1M for energy required A1M for link to change of state A1M for convection A1M for matt A1M for light colour Unit P3 A1M for movement or displacement A1M for link to origin A1M for any reasonable example, such as EM radiation A1M for fibre optics / communication A1M for medical scanning / etc Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 138 5 6 Unit P4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unit P8 1 2 3 4 5 A1M for any reasonable disadvantage, such as health risks or energy consumption A1M for reference to reflection A1M for link to reflected back to producing location Unit P4 A1M for rectangular box A1M for charge per unit time A1M for ohms, accept symbol A1M for use of v = ir A1M for r = v/i A1M for 9/0.1 A1M for 0 A1M for idea of less current lost A1M for idea of reducing voltage A1M for idea of safety A1M for link to stopping current passing through user Unit P8 A1M for +1 / positive A1M for mass of protons and neutrons A1M for same number of protons A1M for different number of neutrons A1M for any two reasonable answers, such as minerals / cosmic rays / medical experimentation / etc A1M for nuclear fusion Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A Level 139
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