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c AkerWirth Marine Mineral Resources Potential and Limits Dr. Christian Reichert, BGR Dr. Michael Wiedicke-Hombach and MMR-Team, BGR Mineral Resources of the Deep Sea (MMR) water depth Mn-Nodules (Ni, Cu, Co, Mo, possibly REE) 4.000 – 6.000 m Cobalt-enriched Crusts (Co, Ni, Pt, Te) Massive-Sulfides (Cu, Zn, Pb, Au) 1.000 – 2.500 m 1.000 – 3.000 m MMR occurrences Deep Ocean Basins(Mn-nodules) Seamounts (West-Pacific) (crusts) Mid-ocean Ridges(sulfides) trends of metal prices 10 LMR prices, Dec.2011 copper Kupfer 8 nickel Nickel cobalt Kobalt financial crisis manganese 2,970 $/t Mangan 7,567 $/t 18,149 $/t 32.1 $/kg 6 4 2 BGR 0 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Mn nodules: potential ore deposits Mexico Hawaii German license areas ….. at the seafloor 4.400 m 5 cm Wiedicke-Hombach Mn nodules: chemical composition Cu 1.3% Ni 1.4% Co 0.3% Valuable ore : Mn 31,2% ca. 3 % Ni, Cu, and Co; and Mn Trace metals of interest: Fe 6,2% 15,0% Mg, Na, Al, Si 44.0% hydroxidecompound - Molybdenum (0,06%) - Heavy Rare Earth Elements(REE) Wiedicke environment aspects impacts: production platform cargo vessel suspension cloud size of affected area production pipe with pump system suspension cloud reduction of hard substrate Mn nodule collector biodiversity Mn nodules 4.000 – 5.500 m TUSCH Environment Impact Experiment: relative recovery ~ 7 J. Japan (Kajitani, 1997) : suspension cloud 1-2 km Mining area: patch work suspension cloud sea floor development of sustainable mining approach example nodule exploration: necessary work exploration sampling, surveying, high-resolution! BIONOD 2012. environment studies ….. EIA mining system (collector test) extraction methods (metallurgy) 2012 2006 2011 2016 2021 marine sulfides BGR pilot study for possible license application (since 2011) Map: Wikipedia marine vs. terrestrial mining smaller mobile mining infrastructure minimal coverage/stripping smaller CO2 emissions … modified after D. Heydon lesser societal effects increased operational safety lesser mining waste nodules 2001 UNCLOS PART XII PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (EMP) UNCLOS & mineral exploration Certificate of sponsoring state (=> responsible partner) Concept of “reserved areas” (=> return 50% before contracting) Fees or joint venture (=> involve ISA in profits) Know-how transfer Common heritage of mankind (=> make technology available) Training (plan for ISA trainees) Environmental protection (UNCLOS PART XII) (=> monitoring, and no serious threat or damage) Thank You for your attention