Download Strategies for students with physical disabilities - ED505-Mon

Nichole, Anner, Danielle, Tynell
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An impairment is a problem in body function or
structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty
encountered by an individual in executing a task or
action; while a participation restriction is a problem
experienced by an individual in involvement in life
situations. Such impairments may include physical,
sensory, and cognitive or developmental disabilities.
A physical impairment is any disability which limits the
physical function of limbs or fine or gross motor ability.
Jones
Nichole
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Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments,
activity limitations, and participation restrictions.
An individual may also qualify as disabled if he/she has
had an impairment in the past or is seen as disabled
based on a personal or group standard or norm.
Mental disorders (also known as psychiatric or
psychosocial disability) and various types of chronic
disease may also be considered qualifying disabilities.
Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an
interaction between features of a person’s body and
features of the society in which he or she lives. A
disability may occur during a person's lifetime or may
be present from birth.
Nichole Jones
Some people with disabilities do not like the
term "handicap" because of a belief that it
originally meant someone who could not
work and went begging with their cap in
hand. Handicap is any physical disability or
disadvantage resulting from physical, mental,
or social impairment or abnormality.
Nichole Jones
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According to the Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals
with Disabilities Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-407), an assistive
technology means any item, piece of equipment, or product
system, whether acquired commercially, off-the-shelf, modified
or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve
functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.
Assistive technology is any service that directly assists an
individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of
an assistive technology device(GPAT, 2007).
Nichole Jones
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Mainstreaming in the context of education is a term that
refers to the practice of educating students with special
needs in regular classes during specific time periods
based on their skills. This means regular education classes
are combined with special education classes. Schools that
practice mainstreaming believe that special needs students
who cannot function in a regular classroom to a certain
extent "belong" to the special education environment.
Mainstreaming may imply a more gradual, partial, or
part-time process (e.g., a student who is mainstreamed
may attend separate classes within a regular school, or
may participate in regular gym and lunch programs only).
In mainstreamed programs, students are often expected to
fit in the regular class in which they want to participate,
whereas in an inclusive program the classes are designed
to fit all students (DRM Guide, 1997).
Nichole Jones
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Inclusion in the context of education is the practice,
in which students with special education needs spend
most or all of their time with non-disabled students.
Inclusion recognizes every individual's right to be
treated equally, and to be accorded the same services
and opportunities as everyone else. In a school
setting, full inclusion involves educating all children
in regular classrooms all of the time, regardless of
the degree or severity of a disability. Effective
inclusion programs take place in conjunction with a
planned system of training and supports. Such
programs usually involve the collaboration of a
multidisciplinary team which includes regular and
special educators (or other personnel) as well as
family members and peer (DRM Guide, 1997).
Nichole Jones
Assistive technology devices are identified in the IDEA 2004
as: Any item, piece of equipment or product system, whether
acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized,
that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional
capabilities of children with disabilities. The term does not
include a medical device that is surgically implanted, or the
replacement of such device. (Authority 20 U.S.C. 1401(1))
The definition of an assistive technology device is very broad
and gives IEP teams the flexibility that they need to make
decisions about appropriate assistive technology devices for
individual students. Assistive technology includes technology
solutions that are generally considered instructional
technology tools, if they have been identified as educationally
necessary and documented in the student’s IEP(GPAT, 2007).
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"Low" Technology: Visual support strategies which do not involve any type of
electronic or battery operated device - typically low cost, and easy to use
equipment. Example: dry erase boards, clipboards, 3-ring binders, manila
file folders, photo albums, laminated PCS/photographs, highlight tape, etc.
"Mid" Technology: Battery operated devices or "simple" electronic devices
requiring limited advancements in technology. Example: tape recorder,
Language Master, overhead projector, timers, calculators, and simple voice
output devices.
"High" Technology: Complex technological support strategies - typically
"high" cost equipment. Example: video cameras, computers and adaptive
hardware, complex voice output devices.
Nichole Jones
An alternative keyboard is a keyboard designed
to attempt to change the user’s posture.
Alternative keyboards have been shown to
promote neutral wrist posture.
There is no available research that provides
conclusive evidence that alternative keyboard
reduce the risk of discomfort or injury.
www.cdc.gov/niosh
Anner Gray
FM amplification describes a technology that uses wireless
radio frequencies to transmit audio signals directly into
hearing aids. Typically, the signal of interest is speech,
although other audio sources such as television, music,
theater, church, etc., might also be transmitted by the
frequency-modulated (FM) system. Although the hearing aid
itself is, of course, the most common means of providing
personal amplification for the hearing impaired person, a
major drawback is the need for the person speaking to be
close by for clarity of amplification. FM amplification
represents the best solution to these hearing aid problems. A
wireless microphone is worn near the speaker’s mouth, or
placed near the desired audio source, and the desired
acoustic signal is transmitted directly into the hearing aid(s)
by radio frequency.
Handsandvoices.org
Anner Gray
A joystick is a hardware device used to play
computer games with. With the advent of
gamepads in recent years, joysticks are now
becoming less popular than in their heyday of
the 1970's and 1980's. Joysticks are usually
only available for use on PC cdrom games and
are usually designed for flight simulation
games such as Topgun and Microsoft's flight
simulation software.
Internetguide.co.uk
Anner Gray
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The OCR part concerns document scanning,
document capture and data capture.
Thereafter, ReadSoft business solutions
interprets and validates the captured data and
transfers it into any target system. From
document scanning, via OCR/data capture,
document capture and text recognition to
complete Document Automation.
Readsoft.com
Anner Gray
Software for the visually impaired that reads
the contents of a computer screen,
converting the text to speech. Screen
readers are designed for specific operating
systems and generally work with most
applications. See text-to-speech and MSAA.
computer desk encyclopedia
Anner Gray
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels
incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific
output port that will take the data toward its intended
destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone
network, one or more switches are used to set up a dedicated
though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between
two or more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a
switch determines from the physical device (Media Access
Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which
output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packetswitched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from
the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the
next part of its trip to the intended destination.
Computer Desk Reference
Anner Gray
Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can use the Web. More
specifically, Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can
perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, and that they can
contribute to the Web. Web accessibility also benefits others, including older
people with changing abilities due to aging.
 Web accessibility encompasses all disabilities that affect access to the Web,
including visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, and neurological
disabilities. The document "How People with Disabilities Use the Web"
describes how different disabilities affect Web use and includes scenarios of
people with disabilities using the Web.
 Millions of people have disabilities that affect their use of the Web. Currently
most Web sites and Web software have accessibility barriers that make it
difficult or impossible for many people with disabilities to use the Web. As
more accessible Web sites and software become available, people with
disabilities are able to use and contribute to the Web more effectively.
 Web accessibility also benefits people without disabilities. For example, a key
principle of Web accessibility is designing Web sites and software that are
flexible to meet different user needs, preferences, and situations. This
flexibility also benefits people without disabilities in certain situations, such
as people using a slow Internet connection, people with "temporary
disabilities" such as a broken arm, and people with changing abilities due to
aging. The document "Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your
Organization" describes many different benefits of Web accessibility,
including benefits for organizations.
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“This law provides funding to develop statewide, consumerresponsive information and training programs designed to
meet the assistive technology (AT) needs of individuals with
disabilities of all ages.”
This law helps students with disabilities to acquire assistive
devices that will help them to better function in the classroom
by allotting funding for such purposes.
Danielle Morlan
http://www.naset.org/techassist2.
0.html
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“IDEA is a federal law that guarantees all students between
the ages of 3 through 21 with disabilities the right to a free
appropriate public education designed to meet their
individual needs. It also offers protections for the rights of
students with disabilities and their parents.”
Students are guaranteed 2 protections:
◦ An Individualized Education Program (IEP)
◦ Due Process Procedures
Under IDEA there are 4 rights for students:
◦ A Free Appropriate Public Education
◦ An Education in the Least Restrictive Environment
◦ Related Services (psychological, speech, OT)
◦ Fair Assessment
Danielle Morlan
http://www.insource.org/pl10501
7.htm
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This act was put into place for three purposes:
◦ Create accountability
◦ Close the achievement gap
◦ Put in place teacher qualifications
Under the NCLB, students are required to participate in
annual assessments provided by each state. The act began in
2002 and stated that in 2014, 100% of students will be
performing on grade level. Also, each year schools must
make Adequate Yearly Progress, which is determined by the
participation rate and the annual measured objectives for
each subgroup.
Danielle Morlan
http://www.asdk12.org/nclb/everyone/summary.asp
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“Universal design is an approach to designing course instruction,
materials, and content to benefit people of all learning styles without
adaptation or retrofitting. Universal design provides equal access to
learning, not simply equal access to information. Universal Design allows
the student to control the method of accessing information while the
teacher monitors the learning process and initiates any beneficial
methods.”
The three parts of UDL include:
◦ Multiple means of expression
◦ Multiple means of representation
◦ Multiple means of engagement
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Using UDL with technology
◦ Make course content available online so that students can review lecture
◦ Allow students to record lectures using personal computers/tape recorders
◦ Provide online videos or podcasts that supplement the lecture/reading
Danielle Morlan
http://ada.osu.edu/resources/fastfacts/Universal_Design.htm
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Reading skills software
Text-to-speech products
Interactive storybooks
Voice recognition software
Word prediction software
Graphing software
Drills, games, and tutorials
Example: can be used by individual students
in centers or during allotted computer time
Tynell Fields Mitchell
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Functional/Life Skills software
Social and Life Skill videos
Example: can be used to teach and reinforce
functional skills and behavior for daily
activities
Tynell Fields Mitchell
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Alternative keyboard, mouse, and/or monitor
Place assistive/adaptive technologies in the
best location for the student
Train the student on how to operate
technology
Example: a wireless mouse or clicker can be
used with educational software.
Tynell Fields Mitchell
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Screen readers
Text-to-Braille converters
Canes and sensor technologies to assist with
movement
Example: can use screen readers so those
with low or no vision can hear what is being
visually presented
Tynell Fields Mitchell
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Engaging websites and software that provide
learning and motivating opportunities
Electronic instructional material with
immediate performance feedback
Example: a quiz that reports results upon
completion
Tynell Fields Mitchell
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Challenge them in their appropriate area by
locating websites on the content
Provide them with the necessary tools to
engage in self-directed research
Example: multimedia presentations, web page
design, and electronic portfolios
Tynell Fields Mitchell
Roblyer, M, & Doering, A. (2010). Summary of
technology integration strategies for special
education. Retrieved from
http://www.education.com/reference/article/
technology-strategies-special-education/
Tynell Fields Mitchell